Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, (born Feb. 22, 1879, Varde, Den.—died Dec. 17, 1947, Copenhagen), Danish physical chemist known for a widely applicable acid-base concept identical to that of Thomas Martin Lowry of England. Though both men introduced their definitions simultaneously (1923), they did so independently of each other. Brønsted was also an authority on the catalytic properties and strengths of acids and bases. His chief interest was thermodynamic studies, but he also did important work with electrolyte solutions. The son of a civil engineer, Brønsted received his degree in chemical engineering (1899) and his doctorate in chemistry from the University of Copenhagen in ...

1. Born February 22, 1879
Verde, Denmark
Died December 17,1947 (aged 68)
Copenhagen,Denmark
Residence Copenhagen,Denmark
Nationality Danish
Fields Physical chemistry

2. Institutions University of Copenhagen
Alma mater University of Copenhagen
Known for Brønsted-Lowryacid-base theory
Brønsted catalysis equation

5. Born 26 October 1874
Low Moor, Bradford, UK
Died 2 November 1936 (aged 62)
Cambridge,UK
Nationality British
Fields Physical chemistry
Known for Brønsted–Lowryacid–base theory
Notable awards Fellow of the Royal Society

6. Was an English physical chemist who developed the
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory simultaneously
with and independently of Johannes Nicolas
Brønsted and was a founder-member and president
(1928–1930) of the Faraday was an English physical
chemist.
Biography
Lowry was born in Low Moor, Bradford, West Yorkshire,
England, in a Cornish family. He was the second son of
the Reverend E. P. Lowry. He was educated at Kingwood
School, Bath, Somerset, and then at the Central Technical
College in South Kensington. During those years he
realized that he wanted to be a chemist. He studied
chemistry under Henry Edward Armstrong, an English
chemist whose interests were primarily in organic
chemistry but also included the nature of ions in aqueous
solutions. From 1896 to 1913 Lowry was assistantto
Armstrong, and between 1904 and 1913 worked as
Lecturer in Chemistry at the WestminsterTraining
College. In 1913, he was appointed head of the chemical
department in Guy’s Hospital Medical and became the
first teacher of chemistry in a Medical School to be made
a University Professor, at the University of London. From

7. 1920 till his death, Lowry served as the Chair of Physical
Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. He married a
daughter of the Rev. C. Wood in 1904 and was survived
by his widow, two sons and a daughter.
Since the establishment of the Faraday Society in 1903,
Lowry had been its active member and served as its
President between 1928 and 1930. In 1914 he was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. During and after
the World War I, Lowry acted as Director of Shell-filling
(1917–1919)and worked for the Trench Warfare
Committee, Chemical Warfare Committee and Ordnance
Committee. For this service, he was awarded the Order
of the British Empire and the Order of Saints Maurice and
Lazarus.
Research
In 1898, Lowry noted the change in optical rotation on
nitro-d-camphor with time and invented the term
mutarotational to describe this phenomenon. He studied
changes in optical rotation caused by acid- and base-
catalyzed reactions of camphor derivatives. This led in

8. 1923 to his formulation of the photonic definition of
acids and bases, now known as Brønsted–Lowry acid-
base theory, independently of the work by Johannes
Nicolas Brønsted. Lowry published a few hundred papers
and several books. His 1935 monograph on "Optical
Rotatory Power" (1935)has long been regarded as a
standard work on the subject.