1. Pulp and Paper Processes forPulp and Paper Processes for
Sustainable ProductionSustainable Production
Keith Larson
2. History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper Making
105 A.D. Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court105 A.D. Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court
official, invented paperofficial, invented paper
mulberry bark, hemp and rags with watermulberry bark, hemp and rags with water
Paper was first produced in EgyptPaper was first produced in Egypt
around 900 A.D.around 900 A.D.
England early in the 14th CenturyEngland early in the 14th Century
To this point all paper and
books were produced by hand
3. History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper Making
Gutenberg Press in 1436Gutenberg Press in 1436
On September 30, 1452On September 30, 1452
Guttenberg's Bible was publishedGuttenberg's Bible was published
TThe printing press allowedhe printing press allowed
printed materials to beprinted materials to be
produced at a greater rateproduced at a greater rate
thus increasing the demandthus increasing the demand
for paperfor paper
4. History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper Making
First North American paper mill inFirst North American paper mill in
1690 near Philadelphia1690 near Philadelphia
America's first writing papers wereAmerica's first writing papers were
produced by collecting, separating,produced by collecting, separating,
and cleaning old cloth ragsand cleaning old cloth rags
The paper was made in single sheetsThe paper was made in single sheets
5. History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper Making
1798, Nicholas-Louis Robert of1798, Nicholas-Louis Robert of
France invented a paper makingFrance invented a paper making
machine that produced paper on anmachine that produced paper on an
endless wire screenendless wire screen
Further developed in England byFurther developed in England by
Brian DonkinBrian Donkin
Not put into service until 1804Not put into service until 1804
6. History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper Making
The FourdrinierThe Fourdrinier
1st
Fourdrinier machine
in the US, 1827
7. History of Paper MakingHistory of Paper Making
18661866
American BenjaminAmerican Benjamin
Tilghman developedTilghman developed
thethe sulfite pulpingsulfite pulping
processprocess
Dominant pulpingDominant pulping
process until theprocess until the
1930s1930s
18791879
German chemist, C. F.German chemist, C. F.
Dahl, developed theDahl, developed the
Kraft pulpingKraft pulping
processprocess
1930s dominant1930s dominant
pulping processpulping process
and still is todayand still is today
Two major advancements in pulping were
developed in the late 1800s
8. Advantages of the Kraft ProcessAdvantages of the Kraft Process
The majority of the chemicals used inThe majority of the chemicals used in
the pulping process are recoverablethe pulping process are recoverable
for use in further pulping operationsfor use in further pulping operations
Large amounts of energy areLarge amounts of energy are
produced in the recovery boilersproduced in the recovery boilers
during the recovery processduring the recovery process
The Kraft process can pulp pine treesThe Kraft process can pulp pine trees
9. Pine trees are abundant throughout muchPine trees are abundant throughout much
of the United States. The Kraft processof the United States. The Kraft process
allowed the United States to become aallowed the United States to become a
major producer of paper products.major producer of paper products.
However, the Kraft process has createdHowever, the Kraft process has created
environmental problemsenvironmental problems
Ocala National Forest, Dec. 1998
10. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
The process of making paper begins far fromThe process of making paper begins far from
the paper mill itselfthe paper mill itself
Clearcut in Oregon's Coast Range
11. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Paper Making Process Overview [Chesterton, 2004]
12. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Wood Yard [Chesterton, 2004]
13. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
1)1) Mechanical PulpingMechanical Pulping
2)2) ChemimechanicalChemimechanical
3)3) ThermomechanicalThermomechanical
4)4) Chemimechanical andChemimechanical and
Thermomechanical Pulping (CTMP)Thermomechanical Pulping (CTMP)
5)5) Chemical PulpingChemical Pulping
Five Methods of pulping
14. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
The chemical method is the most popularThe chemical method is the most popular
because it produces a higher quality paperbecause it produces a higher quality paper
than mechanical pulpingthan mechanical pulping
The most popular method of pulp productionThe most popular method of pulp production
is the Kraft process, producing nearly 85%is the Kraft process, producing nearly 85%
of all pulp in the United Statesof all pulp in the United States
This will be the focus of the pulpingThis will be the focus of the pulping
descriptiondescription
15. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Chesterton Pulp Digester [Chesterton, 2004]
16. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Chesterton Pulp washers [Chesterton, 2004]
17. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Chesterton Bleach Plant [Chesterton, 2004]
18. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Paper Machine [Chesterton, 2004]
19. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Recovery Evaporators [Chesterton, 2004]
20. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Recovery Boiler [Chesterton, 2004]
21. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Recovery Causticizing [Chesterton, 2004]
22. The Modern Paper Making ProcessThe Modern Paper Making Process
Water Treatment [Chesterton, 2004]
23. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
The pulp and paper industry came intoThe pulp and paper industry came into
its own during a period when theits own during a period when the
environmental effects of chemicalenvironmental effects of chemical
plants were not well understood, andplants were not well understood, and
discharges were not well regulateddischarges were not well regulated
The operation of a pulp and paper millThe operation of a pulp and paper mill
creates many environmentalcreates many environmental
concernsconcerns
24. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
One of the very firstOne of the very first
impacts of the paperimpacts of the paper
industry was theindustry was the
deforestation ofdeforestation of
large tracts of landlarge tracts of land
in the early 1900sin the early 1900s
Today the paperToday the paper
companies practicecompanies practice
a process ofa process of
sustainable forestrysustainable forestry
Brush Creek, Private Land, Oregon
25. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
The Sustainable Forest Initiative programThe Sustainable Forest Initiative program
was developed in 1994 by the Americanwas developed in 1994 by the American
Forest & Paper Association to ensureForest & Paper Association to ensure
forests are protectedforests are protected
““responsible environmental practices andresponsible environmental practices and
sound business practices can besound business practices can be
integrated to the benefit of landowners,integrated to the benefit of landowners,
shareholders, customers and the peopleshareholders, customers and the people
they serve”they serve” [aboutsfi, 2004][aboutsfi, 2004]
26. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
For every treeFor every tree
harvested today, theharvested today, the
paper companies arepaper companies are
planting five seedlingsplanting five seedlings
There is now moreThere is now more
forestland than inforestland than in
19701970
The Sustainable ForestThe Sustainable Forest
Initiative has been aInitiative has been a
successsuccess
27. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
Many environmental concernsMany environmental concerns
surround water usagesurround water usage
Release of Hydrogen Sulfide (HRelease of Hydrogen Sulfide (H22S)S)
and Sludgeand Sludge
Creation of Dioxins and FuransCreation of Dioxins and Furans
BOD, COD, TSSBOD, COD, TSS
28. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that smellsHydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that smells
like rotten eggslike rotten eggs
At elevated levels, it can irritate the eyesAt elevated levels, it can irritate the eyes
and respiratory systemand respiratory system
It can be deadly at very high levels (greaterIt can be deadly at very high levels (greater
than 500,000 parts per billion)than 500,000 parts per billion)
29. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
No current Federal Limits on HNo current Federal Limits on H22SS
In January 2000, EPA issued aIn January 2000, EPA issued a
Federal RegisterFederal Register notice announcingnotice announcing
H2S is one of the chemicals for whichH2S is one of the chemicals for which
EPA is developing a healthEPA is developing a health
assessmentassessment
Individual States are setting limitsIndividual States are setting limits
30. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
Dioxins and FuransDioxins and Furans
Most toxic chemicals known toMost toxic chemicals known to
sciencescience
The most toxic compound is 2,3,7,8-The most toxic compound is 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or TCDDtetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or TCDD
Any process that uses chlorine canAny process that uses chlorine can
change or generate chlorinatedchange or generate chlorinated
dioxins and furansdioxins and furans
White Paper bleaching uses ChlorineWhite Paper bleaching uses Chlorine
32. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
Reduction of WastewaterReduction of Wastewater
Reduce the demand for the highReduce the demand for the high
quality bright-white paperquality bright-white paper
For “lower quality” papers use aFor “lower quality” papers use a
combination of other chemicals incombination of other chemicals in
the bleach process (oxygen forthe bleach process (oxygen for
example)example)
Do a better job of pulping the woodDo a better job of pulping the wood
33. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
Ash and smoke,Ash and smoke,
byproducts ofbyproducts of
burning theburning the
black liquor andblack liquor and
fuel in thefuel in the
recovery boilerrecovery boiler
and powerand power
boiler, escapesboiler, escapes
thru the smokethru the smoke
stacksstacks
34. The Problems and SolutionsThe Problems and Solutions
Improved electrostatic precipitatorsImproved electrostatic precipitators
are being installed to help preventare being installed to help prevent
the release of ash and smoke intothe release of ash and smoke into
the atmospherethe atmosphere
The process of concentrating theThe process of concentrating the
black liquor has been improvedblack liquor has been improved
Use cleaner burning fuelsUse cleaner burning fuels
35. Hope for the FutureHope for the Future
Still have a long way to go to prevent anyStill have a long way to go to prevent any
environmental impactenvironmental impact
Operating a paper mill is a balancing actOperating a paper mill is a balancing act
Cost
Quality
Environment
Time
36. Hope for the FutureHope for the Future
Advances Toward SustainabilityAdvances Toward Sustainability
Sustainable Forest Initiative ProgramSustainable Forest Initiative Program
Recovery of Process ChemicalsRecovery of Process Chemicals
Recycling of Process WaterRecycling of Process Water
Reduction of Dioxin ProductionReduction of Dioxin Production
Make use of by-product ResidueMake use of by-product Residue
Tall Oil – used in paints, perfume, cosmeticsTall Oil – used in paints, perfume, cosmetics
TurpentineTurpentine
37. Hope for the FutureHope for the Future
““responsible environmental practices and soundresponsible environmental practices and sound
business practices can be integrated to thebusiness practices can be integrated to the
benefit of landowners, shareholders, customersbenefit of landowners, shareholders, customers
and the people they serve”and the people they serve”
38. ReferencesReferences
http://www.americanlands.org/forestweb/photos.htmhttp://www.americanlands.org/forestweb/photos.htm
http://www.aboutsfi.org/about.asp , 2004.http://www.aboutsfi.org/about.asp , 2004.
http://www.afandpa.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Pulphttp://www.afandpa.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Pulp
_and_Paper/Paper_-_the_history_and_making/Paper_-_and_Paper/Paper_-_the_history_and_making/Paper_-
_the_history_and_making.htm , 2004._the_history_and_making.htm , 2004.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?
deid=20797,deid=20797, (EPA/600/C-01/012, March, 2001)(EPA/600/C-01/012, March, 2001)
http://www.chesterton.com/pulp-paper/ , 2004.http://www.chesterton.com/pulp-paper/ , 2004.
http://www.linde.com/en/en.jsp ,2004.http://www.linde.com/en/en.jsp ,2004.
http://www.paperhall.org/info/glossary.html , 2004.http://www.paperhall.org/info/glossary.html , 2004.
Profile of the PulpProfile of the Pulp andand Paper Manufacturing Sector inPaper Manufacturing Sector in
Georgia, 1993,Georgia, 1993,
http://www.ganet.org/dnr/p2ad/pblcations/pulp/pagehttp://www.ganet.org/dnr/p2ad/pblcations/pulp/page
1.html1.html
World Bank. 1996. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement:World Bank. 1996. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement:
Pulp and Paper Mills.” Draft Technical BackgroundPulp and Paper Mills.” Draft Technical Background
Document. The Environment Department, Washington,Document. The Environment Department, Washington,
D.C.D.C.
World Bank. 1998. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement:World Bank. 1998. “Pollution Prevention and Abatement:
Pulp and Paper Mills.” Darft Technical BackgroundPulp and Paper Mills.” Darft Technical Background
Document. The Environment Department, Washington,Document. The Environment Department, Washington,
