Why is concrete such a widely used construction material Concrete i.pdf

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Why is concrete such a widely used construction material? Concrete is basically, (fine and coarse), abd paste\" (water and Portland cement) The devolvement of cementing materials traces back to the Egyptians and Romans. In 1824, Joseph Aspdin produced a Portland cement from a heated mixture of and .in 1872 the first Portland cement plant was opened in. A material that reacts with water to form a hardened mass. The chemical reaction between water and Portland cement, that leads to the formation of hardened concrete. A by-product of the hydration reaction between water and Portland cement. The leaching of free lime. Caused by a reaction of chemicals in the mix water with the cement paste, usually leaving a white stain Solution portland cement is from a heated mixture of clay and calcium carbonate cement: it is the material which reacts with water and forms a hardend mass hydration of cement : the chemical reaction between water and cement , that leads to the formation of hardend mass tricalcium silicate C3S : it is the by product of hydration reaction between water and cement compaction of concrete : it increases the density of plastic concrete by expelleing the entraped air water cement ratio : the ratio of mass of water to that of cement in batch of plastic concrete admixtures : any ingredient other than cement , water, or aggregates , that is added to a batch of plastic concrete to impart certain desirable properties to the plastic or hardened concrete flashing: the ability of cemtn to maintain a stable volume after setting.

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1. What are the basic ingredients in concrete? 2. What is the difference between density (solid density) with bulk density? 3. Define initial set and final set. Briefly discuss one method used to determine them. What is a false set and flash set of portland cement? 5. What is meant by air- entraining? 6. What type of cement would you use in each of the following cases a. Construction of a large pier b. Construction in cold weather c. Concrete structure without any specific exposure condition d. Building foundation in a soil with severe sulfate exposure 7. You are an engineer in charge of mixing concrete in an undeveloped area where no potable water is available for mixing concrete. A source of water is available that has some impurities. What tests would you run to evaluate the suitability of this water for concrete mixing? What criteria would you use? 8. Three standard mortar cubes were made using nonpotable water available at the job site, and three others were made using potable water. The cubes were tested for compressive strength after 7 days of curing and produced the failure loads in kips shown in Table P6.23. The Vicat test was conducted on the cement paste made with the questionable water and showed that the set time was 45 minutes more than the set time of paste made with potable water. Based on these results, would you accept that water for mixing concrete according to ASTM standards? Explain why TABLE P6.23 Nonpotable Water 15.8 164 16.6 Potable Water 16.0 18.7 17.4 9. How does the addition of air-entraining materials to Portland cement improve the concrete? 10. How does the fineness of the cement affect the concrete? 11. What natural aggregates are used in making concrete? Solution 1)Concrete and cement are not the same thing; cement is actually just a component of concrete. Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and Portland cement. Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and aggregates. This combination, or concrete mix, will be poured and harden into the durable material with which we are all familiar. There are three basic ingredients in the concrete mix: Portland Cement Water Aggregates (rock and sand) Portland Cement - The cement and water form a paste that coats the aggregate and sand in the mix. The paste hardens and binds the aggregates and sand together. Water- Water is needed to chemically react with the cement (hydration) and too provide workability with the concrete. The amount of water in the mix in pounds compared with the amount of cement is called the water/cement ratio. The lower the w/c ratio, the stronger the concrete. (higher strength, less permeability) Aggregates- Sand is the fine aggregate. Gravel or crushed stone is the coarse aggregate in most mixes. 2) Density and bulk density are properties of matter, which are very important when it comes to the study of properties of matter. These are defined for substances such as.

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