Why Did Islam Religion Spread

Why Did Islam Religion Spread
In the 7th Century came the rise of a new religion that began in the heart of the Middle East. Islam,
the second most popular religion in the world today ("Major Religions Ranked by Size"), was
formed after a man named Muhammad claimed he had received a revelation from god himself.
Muhammad, known famously as the Prophet Muhammad, spread his message that he received
through his revelations to his people and eventually to the world. Although the famous prophet ran
into his fair share of obstacles, he was ultimately successful with his quest to spread the message
throughout the Middle East alongside his Sahaba (the Prophet Muhammad's companions that helped
him spread the message). While Islam started off as one big group when Muhammad was in ... Show
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The instigation of this battle was started by a man named Mu'awiya, an administrator in Syria who
challenged Ali on his handling of the death of Uthman. Mu'awiya felt like Ali did not do enough
avenge the death of Uthman and felt like because of this, he did not deserve to be the caliph, so he
decided to challenge him for the throne of caliph. During the battle, Ali's men happened to have the
upper hand in the majority of battle, which led to Mu'awiya strategically trying to negotiate with Ali.
While Ali refused at first, believing their differences should be settled on the battlefield, Mu'awiya
insisted that they should do arbitration, or the settlement of the dispute. Ali in the end ultimately
agreed to the arbitration. This is where thing took a turn for the worst for Ali. Some of Ali's
followers did not agree with the Arbitration, some of them felt that they should not settle their
differences like this and should just leave it to god to settle it for them on the battlefield. This group
of people were angered by Ali's decision for arbitration and decided to form their own sect known as
Khawarij. "The word 'khawarij', that is, 'rebels', comes from 'khuruj' which means 'revolt' and
'insurrection'. This group came into being during the process of arbitration" ("How The Khawarij
Came Into Existence"). The Khawarij were formed because they did not agree with Ali's decision,
they, like Shias formed their own sect to separate from the majority. The Khawarij are much
different than Sunnis and Shias because compare to the latter two, Khawarij had very extreme
views. "The Kharijite ideology is based upon the following evil tenets: Declaring Muslims to be
unbelievers. Rejecting lawful obedience to the rulers. Justifying violence against Muslims and
innocent people" ("Dangers of the Khawarij ideology of violence"). The Khawarij had beliefs that
one who sinned was not Muslim, so therefore it was okay to punish them. The
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The Prophet Muhammad : The Rise And Fall Of Islam
The Prophet Muhammad is undoubtedly one of the single most important figures in all of history.
His messages as the Prophet of God created a new community of Believers that has morphed into
the second largest religion in the world, and created one of the greatest states in history, the
caliphate. However, since his death 1400 years ago, his followers have struggled to define exactly
how Muhammad's authority and teachings apply in their day and age (Donner xi). Was he a
commanding military leader, a devout theologian, or a master legislator? Muslims throughout
history have taken vastly different positions on this spectrum, yielding varied sects of Islam, and
leading to the rise and fall of caliphates throughout the ages. Two good examples of this are the
Kharijites and the Umayyad dynasty, who through their actions show us their opinions on the
authority of the prophet Muhammad, whether as a political leader or spiritual icon. These definitions
shaped the rise and fall of the Umayyad dynasty and Kharijite sect by affecting their policy towards
other religions and sects of Islam. Through their arguably extreme beliefs and actions, the Kharijites
show us that they firmly believed Muhammad was both a moral exemplar and spiritual master and a
military leader. Their hardline beliefs led them to become a marginalized people, who were often
fomenting insurrection against the caliphate. This position cemented their status as the original
fundamental Muslims, and led to their

The Shia 's View On Abu Bakr
The Shia had an entirely different view on Abu Bakr, and on whom the next successor should be.
The Shia's emerged as a political division over who should lead the community. They believed that
Ali, the Prophet's son in law and cousin, should be the First Caliph. The word Shia quite literally
means party of Ali. They wanted to keep the succession well in the family line, and had a tarnished
view of Abu Bakr. The believed that Ali was a part of the Ahlul–Bayth –– people of the family or
home. The Ahlul–Byath is mentioned very ambiguously in the Quran, and is unclear wether it means
family ro larger community. The Shias believe that the Ahlul–Byath was of key importance and
meant small, immediate family, which is why Ali in their minds was ... Show more content on
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A sad thought because during the Prophet's entire life he promoted the idea of unity within an umma
and so soon after his death there was a great conflict regarding his succession.
2.) Jihad is the struggle and strive toward an endeavor. The greater Jihad is an internal struggle –
first seen during the Meccan period (610–622)– the struggle when being pressured and persecuted.
The lesser Jihad (622–632) is more physical and outward Jihad, more relating to violence. Jihad al–
Nafs is the struggle with oneself, or soul. The Jihadd al–Saif is the struggle of the soul. The
Khawarij's even adopted the concept of jihad as one of their pillars of Islam (Rahman 37). The
Quran describes it as a system similar to checks and balances in which one group has the
responsibility to check other groups if they violate there rights and it is their duty to bring them back
into correct order. The concept of Jihad has greatly evolved over time, with present day scholars and
apologists furiously trying to explain that the term does not mean what many think it does. Presently
it has taken a negative connotation and misconception due to the terror committed under this word.
Jihad in the Quran in ints 199 references, is most usually referring to "holy war'. However it does
not necessarily promote war for no reason, and killings. Jihad became a mean for the umma to
defend and expand their society in

A Discussion Of Faith Rose Surrounding The World Trade Center
After the Brussels massacre that took place on March 22nd, a question of faith rose surrounding the
sanctity of the Islamic faith. In an article meant to expose answers to this very question John Kasich
brings up a point that when people claim France is at war with Islam, they actually should be
referring to radical Islam. This point pulled further controversy as those who were not Islamic began
to wonder if the faith condoned suicide bombings in the name of expelling infidels and bringing the
coming of the Caliphate. Another case mentioned in the same article details the prosecution of the
Blind Sheikh, whose terrorist group attempted to bring down the World Trade Center back in 1993.
While the U.S. government had attempted to paint ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muslim conquests lasted from 622 AD to 750 AD, and would continue to move forward until the
18th century. These expansions of religion and politics were led by dynasties of Caliphs , beginning
with the prophet Muhammad and then the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Islam spread from Mecca
to Medina and furthered into central Asia, North Africa, Spain, and parts of the old Byzantine and
Persian empires. Despite this, there is a large misunderstanding about the spread of Islam during this
period of time and why the expansion of the Catholic Church after the Dark Ages instead takes
precedence in Western Europe. The halt of the expansion of Islamic rule in Europe can be linked
back to the Battle of Tours back in 733 AD. This battle was meant to be the Islamic Empires first
expansion into Europe nearing the end of the period called the Dark Ages in European history. This
resulted in the expansion of the early modern Catholic Church in Europe during the Renaissance and
the misunderstanding of Islamic politics. The Prophet Muhammad's large influences over the
foundations of Islam helped shape its empire into a powerful militant group that would result in the
unification of Arabia in 622 AD . From there, Muhammad would be looked to by many as both a
religious prophet and a competent military leader. Conquests made my Muhammad lasted from 622
CE to

The Abbasid Revolution
The Abbasid Revolution
The Abbasid Dynasty, known to its supporters as the 'blessed dynasty', which imposed its authority
on the Islamic empire in 132/750, claimed to inaugurate a new era of justice, piety and happiness.
The dynasty ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 AD, making it one of the longest and
most influential Islamic dynasties. For most of its early history, it was the largest empire in the
world, and this meant that it had contact with distant neighbors such as the Chinese and Indians in
the East, and the Byzantines in the West, allowing it to adopt and synthesize ideas from these
cultures.
The replacement of the Umayyads by the Abbasids in the leadership of the Islamic community was
more than a mere change of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Abbasids maintained the hereditary control of the caliphate, forming a new dynasty. The
alliance with the Shiites was short lived, and the Abbasids became champions of Sunni orthodoxy,
upholding the authority of their family over that of Ali, and continuing the subjugation of the
Shiites. Even Abu Muslim, the popular leader who more than any other single individual was the
architect of the Abbasid victory, was put to death by the second Abbasid Caliph, Al– Mansur.
However, the Abbasids did prove loyal to their Persian mawali allies. In fact, Abbasid culture would
come to be dominated by the legacy of Persian civilization. The Abbasid court was heavily
influenced by Persian customs, and members of the powerful Persian Barmakid family acted as the
advisers of the caliphs and rivaled them in wealth and power.
One of the earliest and most important changes the Abbasids made was to move the capital of the
Islamic empire from the old Umayyad power base of Damascus to a new city–Baghdad. Baghdad
was founded in 762 by al–Mansur on the banks of the Tigris River. The city was round in shape, and
designed from the beginning to be a great capital and the center of the Islamic world.
Baghdad grew quickly with encouragement from the Abbasid state, and it was soon the largest city
in the world. At Baghdad, the Persian culture that the Umayyads had attempted to suppress was now
allowed to thrive. Art, poetry, and science flourished. The Abbasids learned from the Chinese

Islam : The Greatest Prophets Of All Time
Islam is a religion that was founded by Muhammad, who is recognized by Muslims as one of the
greatest prophets of all time. Thanks to Muhammad, it is the second most popular religion in the
world behind Christianity, and it is known for having a large impact in humanity. The word means
"submit", which refers to the submission of oneself to Allah. Around 610 AD, Muhammad began
proclaiming that an angel, Gabriel, was visiting him to to deliver messages from God. Gabriel
claimed that the bible had errors from being copied and passed down through many generations. He
told Muhammad that there was only one God, and that God was Allah. Allah was perceived as the
one true God, who had no equal. Muhammad began spreading the word, but the Pagans ... Show
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He annihilated all the churches and temples that the Pagans and Jews had built, and he restored them
with mosques. When Muhammad passed away, Islam had already become one of the most powerful
religions in the world. Overtime, the Islam religion continued to expand and did not seem as if it
was slowing. Within about one hundred years, Muslims had taken over the Middle East. They
eventually expanded and conquered many territories in Europe as well. Muhammad was the primary
reason for the rise of Islam. Islam originated from Muhammad, but he did not spread his faith and
teachings on his own. He had other important religious figures that helped him along the way. Abu
Bakr, who was Muhammad's father–in–law, participated in many religious campaigns throughout
Muhammad's life that helped bring others to convert to the Islamic religion. After Muhammad's
passing, he continued to spread the word through many friends and family members, who converted
based off of his teachings. He became the first Muslim caliph, who helped further succeed the
actions taken out by Muhammad. Umar, one of the most powerful Muslim caliphs in history, came
to power after Abu Bakr's death. Under his rule, the caliphate expanded exponentially, taking over
more than half of the Byzantine empire. Umar expanded even further politically. The empire was
separated into provinces, maintained by governors. The provinces were then further divided into

Why Islam Matters To Western Culture
The first part of Silverstein's answer on why Islam matters to westerners is to first know the story of
Islam, its peoples and cultures, and the different institutions in it. He breaks the history of Islam into
4 main time eras in the book's first chapter; 600–800 CE, 800–1100 CE, 1100–1500 CE, and 1500 to
present. The first time frame shows how The existence of Islam "is all due to the events in the 600–
800 period" (page 19). It is when the Prophet Muhammad, with his monotheistic message,
established a new community (umma) made up of fellow of the "new" religion,(page 10) . It is also
the period where different sects in Islam emerged that was due to the death of Muhammad, their
political and religious leader. After the prophet's death the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
When waves of Turkish tribes, who migrated westwards, continuously conducted raids into
Byzantine territory that led the Byzantine emperor to seek assistance from western Christians, which
brings us to the second form of outsider intervention in Islamic lands. Crusades were not merely a
response to the Byzantine request for assistance against the Turks, but had a "wider context of
Christian offensives against Islam and the recovery of Jerusalem and the Holy Land for Christianity"
(page 27). Finally, it's in the 1500–present period where Silverstein believed was the end of Islamic
history, where the Ottoman empire was the first Muslim super–state to rise and the last to fall of this
period (lasting from the early 14th to the early 20th centuries). Page 39 Islamic history shows that
Islam's spread as a religion and as a political power did not overlap: in many cases, in fact, Islam did
particularly well when Muslim rulers were not doing very well. As a result, Islam gained more
converts during the period of European colonial rule than in any other period, (as well as the
dramatical increase in the geographical distribution of Muslims in the post–colonial period. → page

Ali Amin Sentenced To 11 Years In Prison Case Study
Should A 17 Year Old Teen Ali Amin Be Sentenced To 11 Years in Prison?
17 year old in Virginia by the name of Ali Amin was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison because
of his support of the terrorist group ISIS. He ran a pro ISIS twitter account and helped an 18 year
old friend escape to Syria to help ISIS battle militants and rebels. "Amin, who peaded guilty in June
to conspiring to provide material support to terrorists, tweeted approximately 7,000 times from the
apparently pro ISIS account @AmreekiWitness which had more than 4,000 followers, and has since
been suspended. He also introduced his friend Reza Niknesad to ISIS members online and helped
the 18 year old travel and join the militia in Syria." (The Washington Post) "Prosecutors =, who
described Amin as a prolific, sophisticated Islamic state supporter sought the maximum sentence of
15 years; Amins defense attorneys asked for a six year and three month sentence." (The Washington
Post) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ali is clearly pro ISIS and his actions were clearly wrong, but should the court be sentencing Ali for
11 years? The first amendment clearly states "Congress should make no law respecting an
establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridge the freedom of speech,
or the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances." The major crime was when Ali helped his friend to go to Syria. Having a
twitter account that supports ISIS is not a wrongdoing. It is loathsome, but other groups such as the
KKK or the American Nazi Party are loathsome as well, but not targeted by the authorities. The key
to this part of the case is the fact that the teen provided "materialistic support" by letting individuals
make anonymous donations via

Compare And Contrast Baghdad And Istanbul
Baghdad and Istanbul, beautiful cities that both faced conquests from two different large and
powerful empires, both were a tribe of nomads from Central/North Asia. The fall of these cities was
separated by about 200 years, where Mongols took Baghdad in 1258 and ruled for about a hundred
years, and the Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453 and for about four hundred years. Although,
these two great empires came from the same region, had very much in common, yet the way they
treated the cities and its people they conquered was very different. The people of Baghdad faced one
of the most brutal, merciless and barbarian army when the Mongols attacked, but when the
Ottomans entered Constantinople they were different. Istanbul by the Ottomans NOTES Greek
Orthodox Church under Mehmed II Conversion of 6 major churches after the conquest Recognition
of the Greek Orthodox church despite the opposition of Muslim ... Show more content on
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They lived on the steppe of that region, relying on a nomadic lifestyle of constant movement as a
way of life. They were forever dependent on and attached to their horses, which was their main
mode of transportation. Religiously, they were polytheistic animists. They never established a large,
organized empire, and instead stayed as a loose coalition of tribes north of China. Throughout
history, they were usually at war with their neighbors. China to the south, built the Great Wall of
China in order to keep the Mongols and others away from their villages. The Mongols also feuded
with other tribal groups in Central Asia such as Turkic tribes and the Tatars. It was at this historic
and landmark city that the Mongols arrived in 1258. Their army, estimated at over 150,000 soldiers,
stood before the city that was just a shadow of the great capital of the Muslim world of the 800s.
The siege began in mid–January and only lasted two weeks. On February 10th, 1258, the Mongols
entered the city of the

The Rise Of Prophet Muhammad Essay
To some the Prophet Muhammad was nothing more than a common man who shared what he
believed to be the word of God and his teachings and to others he was the most compassionate being
who would eventually be the savior to all humanity when the time presents itself. During his
existence he generated a movement, influenced the thoughts of many individuals and united large
groups of people under one common belief. He introduced what would be later known as Islam to
anyone willingly to listen. Although met with some opposition and discontent for this form of
ideology, it did not prevent people already belonging to religious groups such as, Judaism and
Christianity, from being included in the movement. The Believer's movement, the name given to the
early religion and followers of Muhammad, continued throughout his lifetime and shortly after his
passing. However, once he left this world his path of succession became so conflated and construed
wars would be fought over who deserved to learned by either birthrate or a people's favorite. The
Believers Movement, a name that was quickly losing its' importance, became less about the actual
teachings and more about who looked best leading it. There were separate groups before the death of
the Prophet Muhammad's death, however, these divisions increased and the meaning of his teaching
changed drastically. By comparing two separate group of people during this time period one would
better understand how different the focus on leadership and

Key Characteristics Of Muhammad And Islam In The Islamic...
Islam came to influence during the 7th century there were key characteristics that led to the Islamic
Empire becoming one of the greatest civilisations of the era. During this initial period of Islam there
were crucial elements that influenced the direction of the Islamic world. These were the emergence
of caliphates and the rise of ruling dynasties, the rapid expansion of Islamic territories through trade
and conquest, and finally the development of cultural, intellectual and scientific collaboration and
exchange.
The prophet Muhammad and Islam, brought about an age of unification for the people of the
Arabian Peninsula. The initial response to Muhammad and his teachings were slow, but saw religion
replacing kinship as the basis of a collective identity, however, he was a charismatic peacemaker
who preached the divine revelations of the one true God – Allah, these would later become part of
the Qur'an. Muhammad became a leader in Medina, and his followers became known as the Ummah
(a single community of believers which transcends place). The Muslim people saw Muhammad not
as a 'divine figure' but as the 'perfect man', he had so completely given himself to his divine
revelations that he influenced Muslim society so fully that it enabled his people to live in harmony
(Armstrong 2002, p.24).
The death of Muhammad in 632CE saw the emergence of caliphs (supreme religious and political
rulers), the first four had all been close to the prophet and had learned directly from his

The Political And Economic Structure Of ISIS
What is ISIS? Some people dislike the current world order, some people are doing something about
it, and some will kill mercilessly to create a rupture in it–these people are ISIS. ISIS is a growing
threat originating in the middle east that has killed tens of thousands of civilians in just the past
couple years in an attempt to install their ideology worldwide. ISIS' influence is currently global,
and they are still growing. Fitting the profile of terrorism, ISIS has their own political and economic
structures. They also follow some Islamic teachings, while having the attention of the world's largest
governments. ISIS' structure is strange. Many world leaders don't recognize ISIS as a country
despite it having many provinces, an army, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wood describes that the idea of being part of something bigger than the mundane life of the
everyday working class is the main factor as to why people join ISIS (2015). To further back up
Wood's idea, a NBER study (by economists Efraim Benmelech and Esteban Klor) proved that for
every ten percent increase in GDP per capita there is also a 1.5 percent increase in the likelihood of
the country's citizens to join ISIS. This study goes on to say that it is not the politically oppressed
either–there is no strong correlation with the freedom of speech and recruitment to join ISIS
("Where Are ISIS's Foreign Fighters Coming From?," 2016). In "Why So Many Foreign Fighters
Flock to ISIS," Florida discovers that the two main factors that decide what countries tend to have
citizens that join ISIS are: one: the amount of Muslims in the country, and two: those where the
religious and ethnic minorities feel that their host countries do not accept them (2016). ISIS exploits
this to their advantage and uses many techniques to recruit

Political Beliefs Of Shia And Sunnis
Sunni and Shia are part of the 1.6 billion Muslims followers across the world. After all, Shia are a
minority group that have been recently attacked by Sunnis. Shias are being targeted and killed for
their beliefs. Yet, Sunni and Shia have many similar beliefs and customs, but their main difference is
based on who should be the political figure. When the Sunni and Shia chose different political
figures, they also came upon different ideology. Soon as the prophet Muhammad died in the seventh
century, he did not designate a political ruler after his death. Thus, the country was left without an
appointed figure leaving the Muslim community without a caliphate. Consequently, the people had
to decide who was going to be appointed as the leader of the Muslim community. The Sunni
believed that Abu Bakr should be the leader and was given the popularity of the vote, but Shia
believed that the family of the prophet should be the leader. However, "Shia argued that only Ali
was qualified to uphold the spiritual values that underpinned the whole future direction of Islam."
(Rogerson 5) The disagreement of who should be the leader grew to the establishment of Shia, who
supported Ali. Shia believed that Ali should have been the first caliph instead of Abu Bakr being the
first. Shia came to the conclusion that Sunni falsified hadith and Abu angered Fatima, in which
Fatima was part of Muhammad causing Shia to believe that he does not have right to become first
caliph. As a result, that left

The Emergence Of Islam During The Umayyad Caliphate
The early centuries following the emergence of Islam were shrouded with numerous internal
conflicts and Fitnas, particularly during the Umayyad Caliphate. With the expansion of Islam so
successful, why would there be such strife among the Muslims? Possible answers lie with divisions
among groups on who should rule, how he should rule and how religious doctrine was to be upheld
by the amir al–muminin or "commander of the faithful." These were prominent among all other
problems of the period. The seventh and eighth centuries contain evidence demonstrating that the
Muslims fought each other due to matters of revenge, caliphate succession and opposition to policy;
they used tribal ethics, religious association to the prophet Muhammad and Quranic doctrine to
justify such actions. The first Fitna or civil war among Muslims may have been the Battle of Camel
in 656 in which Caliph Ali b. Abi Talib and his supports from Kufa faced off against Al–Zubayr b.
Awwam, the prophet's widow Aisha and Talha b. Ubayd Allah near Basra. The latter sought to
eliminate the threat of Ali to the continuation of Quraysh rule after Uthman's assassination. While
this dissenting coalition in favor of Al–Zubayr was reactionary to Ali's rule after Uthman's death, it
was motivated by the desire of the Quraysh to retain political control rather than avenge the late
Caliph's murder. The notion of revenge was left to the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya. He was a
member of the Umayyad clan who adopted the

Christianity In The Byzantine Empire And The Islamic...
Religion affected how the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphate was run. Christianity greatly
influenced the Byzantine Empire while Islam influenced the Islamic Caliphate. Political leaders in
both empires were the head of the state and the church. Islamic caliphs began by being related
Muhammed. The Islamic Caliphate treated everyone more equally, because of the faith in Umma,
but started to fade as the Caliphate went on. The Byzantine Empire believed that others who weren't
Christians were lesser. In both empires, women were seen as inferior to men, however, in Islam
women were seen as spiritually similar. Both the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphate
disliked icons but icons cause influenced trouble in the Byzantine Empire.
Religion greatly affected who was a political leader and how the leaders took control in both
empires. The Christian religion and the Byzantine Empire were closely linked because the Empire
started in the city that made Christianity famous, Constantinople. In the Byzantine Empire, the
emperor was not only the head of the state, but they were also, the pope. Not only did they appoint
the patriarch of the Orthodox Church, they treated the church as a government department. Nearly
everyone who lived in the Byzantine Empire was Christian and anyone who wasn't was deemed a
minority. The emperors and the people strongly believed that Christianity was the superior religion.
While in the Islamic Caliphate, the Caliph, someone who ruled the Muslim

Children Of Dust By Ali Eteraz
Children Of Dust Ali Eteraz is a smart and thoughtful writer. He also has a way of adding a bit of
comedic value in his writings when needed. His book "Children of Dust" is a memoir of his life in
Pakistan and America. This book also reads more like a story as opposed to a book that just states
facts. This book "Children Of Dust" is broken down into five parts. Each one of these parts signify a
different name he takes for himself. Meaning, each of these names or parts identify a certain stage in
his life, that he comes to terms with something. Such as Pakistan, Islam, and America and how he
belongs to each.
The first part of this book is called The Promised – Abir ul Islam. This means the Perfume of Islam,
and is about Ali as a child in Pakistan, who learns of his destiny and attends a maraca (Eteraz, 1).
Before Ali was born, his father enters a mannat, or a Covenant with God. He said that if God were to
give him a son, then he would promise that the family will become a great leader and a servant of
Islam. After Ali was born, his mother went to Hajj and brought Ali with her. She then rubbed the
baby's chest on the wall of the Ka'ba in Mecca. This was a way for him to be blessed by God, or
Allah. He grew up in a small Pakistan village and has fond memories of his family. However, he did
grow up in a strict Muslim household. After a brief but hard madrassa education, this chapter in his
life is over. His father, who is a doctor, gets a work visa to

Piety And Its Role As Powerful Positions During The Period...
Piety and its Role in Powerful Positions
During the period of early Arab conquests, massive transformations were taking place as a new great
confessional empire was emerging. During this time many conflicts and questions arose. Who is the
rightful Caliph once the prophet Muhammad dies? What makes a good Caliph? What is to be done
with the non–Muslims? What does it mean to be a Muslim? One of the major themes that arose from
these questions was the importance of being pious when holding some form of power, whether
political or military. Primary sources demonstrate how this theme has come to fruition, such as in a
letter to the Caliph Umar II, and Tabari's The History of Prophet's and Kings. The letter to Caliph
Umar II is important in developing the role of religious devotion in connection to holding power
because it starts to question what exactly the role of the Caliph is. It seems by this letter that the role
of the Caliph is not just to be a political head for the conquered land of the Caliphate, but they also
need to be a religious leader as well. An important part of being that religious head is being pious, to
demonstrate to others how to fully become devout and submit to God. The writer, Hasan al–Basri, in
this letter is asking the Caliph to do away with luxury and go back to the simpler times because it is
dangerous to dally in decadence. It is a critique of the lavish life style of the recent Caliphs, with
desert palaces and extravagant mosques, and how that

Caliph Dbq Research Paper
Caitlin La
Mr.Chan
World History AP
October 11, 2016
LEQ #2 Muhammad was the founder of Islam and is usually referred to as the last prophet of God. A
caliphate is an area containing a caliph, a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic
prophet, Muhammad. He was a leader of the entire Muslim community. In the period 700 to 1300,
the Islamic religion introduced a different view on women, the caliphate became more secular and
how they chose the caliph changed, while the religion and traditions of Islam were kept the same.
After Muhammad's death, the next 4 caliphs were chosen by the elders. By the 13th century, the
caliph was elected but then instead of an election, it changed to become a dynasty. In the beginning,
around the 7th century, the caliphate was an Islamic state led by a caliph, a political and religious
leader who is a successor to the Islamic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After Muhammad's death in 632, the question was who'd be the caliph? Muhammad's successors,the
four caliphs, were chosen by a group in the Muslim community, the elders, to carry out the
leadership of Islam. This only lasted for the four caliphates though; after that, it was the Abbasid
dynasty where the next ruler is related to the current.When Abu Bakr was chosen and made the first
caliph, from 632 to 634 CE, some people didn't agree. The choice was disputed by some of
Muhammad's companions, who believed that Ali, his cousin and son–in–law, had been designated
Muhammad's successor, because Ali was Muhammad's first follower. The first 4 caliphs were
chosen by the elders, but after that were dynasties because the caliphate system brought
disagreements about who was to inherit the position and brought about political battle for power.
Some people disagreed with the caliph, others thought they were better and they should be the
caliph, or it should be their son. With people

The Umayyad Dynasty And Abbasid Dynasty
Essay prompt # 1
A famous historian and sociologist in the 14th century named Ibn Khaldun who developed one of
the most outstanding model to describe nomadic societies and their lifestyles. Ibn
Khaldun analyze the different forms of governments, explaining their strengths and weaknesses by
presenting the 4 steps of his model to reveal the cyclical rises and declines of dynasties. I 'm using
Ibn Khaldun 's model to explain the history of the Umayyad dynasty and Abbasid dynasty.
Throughout the 7–13th centuries, Islamic history, empires have risen and fallen and been replaced
by one after another. It started during the period of the prophet Muhammad and the four rightly
guided caliphs and continues with the Umayyad dynasty which is the first dynasty of caliphs of the
prophet Muhammad who are not descended of the prophet.
The Umayyad dynasty began in the year (661 CE) after the period of the rightly guided caliphs and
it is acknowledge to be an influential period in Islamic history. The founder of
Umayyad dynasty is Mu 'awiya who had been the governor of Syria during the period of 3rd and
4
th caliphs and became the caliphate after the assassination of the last rightly guided Caliph Ali.
Then the Umayyad dynasty unified all the regions that the prophet Muhammad and the four rightly
guided caliphs conquered during their time. Furthermore the dynasty expanded to North
Africa, Spain, etc...
Ibn Khaldun states that nomads were known as great warriors, possessing great tribal

The Ismaili Da ø Wa
Historical sources indicate that the embryo of came to be termed as the Ismaili daʿwa began to take
shape during the imamate of al–Ṣādiq. Imam Jaʿfar al–Ṣādiq (114–48/733–65), as well as the
succeeding Ismaili imams, lived in a very difficult time. The ʿAbbāsid caliph al–Dawānīqī and his
successors were very hostile towards al–Ṣādiq and his household. After the death of al–Ṣādiq, the
Ismaili imams lived in hiding. Among them, the life of Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl remains very
obscure. Certain early sources, which were written by the anti–Ismaili polemicists, confuse the
identity of Muḥammad with a certain non–ʿAlid by the name of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Maymūn al–
Qaddāḥ, a follower of al–Khaṭṭāb who is believed to have developed extremist Shīʿa ... Show more
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Ibn Nadīm views Abū Muslim's inclination towards al–Ṣādiq's household as a primary reason why
al–Dawānīqī killed him (ibn Nadim, 2002:352). It is very likely that Abū Muslim had developed a
sympathetic view towards al–Ṣādiq and his Shīʿa partisans for at least two reasons. First, al–Ṣādiq
was known and respected not only as a direct descendant of the Prophet Muḥammad through the
Ḥusaīnid lineage, but he was also known as a most respected scholar of his time. He formed an
active circle of thinkers and talented disciples around himself. His loyal Shīʿa scholars not only
argued for upholding the Ḥusaīnid line of imamate (Daftary, 2007:84) as the true Shīʿa imams.
Secondly, al–Dawānīqī actively persecuted Shīʿa groups, including members of al–Ṣādiq's
household. This policy clearly went against the perception and expectation of Abū Muslim
Khurāsānī and other Khurasanian leaders, who raised the ʿAbbāsid flag in the name of the Prophet's
Household and the Shīʿa partisans. Undoubtedly, the term Shīʿa at this phase of history had broadly
referred to the household of the Prophet and included both the house of ʿAbbās as well as imams
from the Ḥusaīnid lineage. Therefore, al–Dawānīq's anti–Shīʿa policy certainly went against the
expectation of Abū Muslim, who might have developed an inclination towards al–Ṣādiq. However,
historical records also demonstrate that the early ʿAbbāsid caliphs

Similarities And Differences Between The Sunni And Sunnis
Lama Gojgar
Ruth Zollars
HUM 133–11
December 11, 2017 Historical Sunni–Shiite Differences
Historically, the Sunnis and the Shi'ites have been at opposite sides of the ethnic/cultural/religious
and political fence. Such differences have led to numerous violent encounters between the two
groups, with neither group appearing to be willing to make any concessions regarding their
differences. This paper will discuss the differences between Shi'ites and Sunnis based on the thesis
that these differences are based on conflicting beliefs related to the successor of their Prophet
Mohammad.
The differences between the Sunnis and Shi'ites are founded on their disagreement over who was to
be their Prophet Mohammad's successor. On one side, there were those who believed that the next
leader should come from Mohammed's bloodline; on the other side, there were those who
subscribed to their next leader being a highly qualified leader who would follow the teachings of
Mohammed (Blanchard, 1). At first, the leaders of the community agreed to elect Abu Bakr to be the
first successor or caliph of Mohammed. Most Muslims at that time seemed to be supportive of such
decision. However, others supported another successor – Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son–in–
law of Mohammed (Blanchard, 1). Ali was not considered in the election by the Muslim leaders
because he did not have seniority in the Muslim community. The Muslims who adhered to Ali's right
(and those who followed his line)

Spread Of Islam Dbq Analysis
The prophet Muhammad sparked the rise of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula by preaching the word
of Allah, and inspired the caliphs that came after him to expand the religion and lead it to a period of
prosperity. Without the benefits that Islam brought and the power of the Muslim army Islamic
Civilization might have secluded itself to one region like Judaism did and not spread so quickly
across the region like it did. The appeals that Islamic culture and the teachings of Muhammad
offered, as well as practical benefits of converting to Islam, brought many People of the Book and
other non–Muslims into the religion. Muslims used military force and threats in the name of Allah to
strike fear into all non believers and expand Muslim territory through ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this time period there were two major sea trading routes, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian
Ocean, and a massive network of land trade called the Silk Roads (World History 272). Muslim
merchants used Arabic and money credits called sakks in their deals (World History 272). These
trade routes provided optimal environments for Islam to spread because the merchants had personal
interactions with people where they could inform them of the religion and provide them an
opportunity to convert. Muhammad spread his word directly on his journey from Mecca to Medina
known as the Hijrah (World History 265). This was a turning point for the spread of Islam because
Muhammad became a political leader as well as a religious leader (World History 269). This change
allowed religion to inspire governing which was the starting point of the Muslim Empire controlling
the region. The Abbasid family pushed out the Umayyads and murdered most of their members as
they took control of the Muslim region, but one prince named Abd al–Rahman escaped and fled to
Spain (World History 271). He set up a caliphate in Spain and pushed out the Berbers, a Muslim
group from North Africa. The Berbers advanced North into Europe and continued to spread Islam
farther from its place of origin (World History 271). This change of rule allowed for the Umayyads
to

The Sunni Shia And The Muslim Sunni Essay
One of the most famous religious splits in human history is the well known Sunni–Shia split. The
Sunni–Shia split is highly divisive throughout the world, and predominantly in the Middle East.
These sects share similarities, such as they all believe that Allah is the one true god, and Muhammad
is his messenger. They also believe in the same five religious pillars that Muslims follow. Although
these sects are very similar, there is one big schismatic difference that separates the two. This
difference lies with the question of: "Who is the rightful successor of the Prophet Muhammad?"
Through this 1,400 year conflict Most sunnis believe that Abu Bakr the Prophet 's closest
companion is the true successor. In contrast most Shias believe that Ali, who was the prophet 's
cousin and son in law is the true successor. Abu bakr was the rightful heir to lead Muslims after the
Prophet's death. Abu Bakr was arguably his closest confidant throughout their lives, and Abu Bakr
understood the Messenger teachings the best. It can also be argued that that Ali would be the fourth
caliph instead of the first because choosing a successor to the Prophet based on bloodline could be
seen as committing idolatry according to Islamic teaching. This difference among opinion started
the day that Muhammad died. This death of the prophet created a crisis as the Ummah had to figure
out who would lead Islam. The companions all came together in outhouse of Saqifa, and then to the
Great Mosque to choose the

Comparison Between Persepolis And Islamic Regime
Persepolis vs. Islamic regime Women in most societies have little to no freedom as to what they
want to do. Which meant that women were powerless against men. In the novel, Persepolis by
Marjane Satrapi, the Islamic regime placed strict rules and forbade women to do things that women
can do elsewhere. Men set rules such as forbidding any type of clothing other than the hijab or
wearing jewelry. Refusal to abide by these rules, consequences could be serious. On the other hand,
in the book No God But God by Reza Aslan, a man by the name of Muhammad, sought to give
women rights and freedom to do as they'd please. Before he came into rule, women were not viewed
or treated as individuals. Men of the community complained and felt that women should be
excluded from being able to obtain any rights. Women in society are treated differently, but some
women either have freedom or no freedom at all.The Islamic portrayed in Persepolis shows how
women are more restricted by man in the Islamic regime, but in Mohammed's original vision they
were granted more rights.
In the novel, Persepolis, the childhood of a girl by the name of Marji was surrounded by this new
Islamic regime. Strict rules were being placed, killing and bombings have occurred, and seeing
people be punished for disobeying the law. When it comes to women, men seem to think that they
have more power over them. Over confident in themselves, they set ground rules as to what women
should and should not do. In contrast to the

A Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
UICI 2022– F1 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & MANKIND
DR. ABDUL AZEEZ YUSUF
BOOK REVIEW:
Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
(30th NOVEMBER 2012)
BY
MEHRAN QADRI (A11CS2005)
AHMAD AL RAZI (A11KP2008) MUHAMMAD SAYID SABIQ (AC102001)
1. Introduction
The book that we have chosen to review is titled "Lost History, the Enduring Legacy of Muslim
Scientists, Thinkers and Artists". The author of the book is Michael Hamilton Morgan. The book
was published in the year 2007 and also holds the same copyright date. The book is a non–fiction.
The main subject matter of the book is the history of the Islamic civilization from the birth of the
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These facts certainly challenge the modern western civilization which claims that the above
mentioned advancements in science as mathematics were made by Greek philosophers.
The author also delightfully reminds the reader that it was in Baghdad that Scheherazade told the
famous tales of the One Thousand and One Nights.
The author also states the qualities of Muslim leadership using examples from Caliph Abū Bakr,
Caliph `Alī and others who championed an ethos of social fairness and justice, advanced public
health and tolerance of diversity in faith, nationality, and ethnicity.
He also mentions the character and work style of Hārūn al–Rashīd and focuses on the manner in
which the Christian Crusaders treated the population in Jerusalem after conquering the city in 1099.
They spared neither men nor women nor children, in sharp contrast to the manner in which Saladin
treated the population of Jerusalem when he conquered it again in 1187.
These facts are a rebuttal to the modern western civilizations who call the system of the Islamic
Caliphate a dictatorship.
The author has also used the method of narration in his book where he provides the reader with a
timeline of events starting from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)

How Early Islamic Caliphates
The first three caliphates to rule after the death of Muhammad shaped the foundation for the growth
and development of the early Islamic community. The goal of the caliphates was to unify the Islamic
people and spread the word of Islam as far as they could. Although their main goal was the same,
the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Abbasid caliphate went about this goal in
separate ways. The different techniques used by each caliphate was dependent on the individual
caliphs. The treatment of groups of peoples inside the empires also differed between the caliphates.
The Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Abbasid Caliphate each employed styles
of rule unique to their empires.
The Rashidun Caliphate was the first of the Islamic caliphates established after Muhammad's death.
After his death, the early Islamic community was almost torn apart due to a crisis of control. The
Rashidun caliphate had the important job of keeping the community together and growing without
the Prophet. Because of the Arab–Islamic conquests, the Muslims gained large amounts of territory;
however, the Arab–Muslim leaders did not have the experience that was needed to rule an empire. In
The Rise of Islam, Matthew Gordon writes, "a fundamental challenge for the caliphs, their
governors, and the Arab military elite was to understand how large–scale agrarian economies
functioned" (28). In order to rule an empire, the authority of the Rashidun caliphs had to be
legitimized.

Essay on The History of Islamic Political Ideas
Al–Ghazali:
In past 20years, political role of Islam increased considerably which resulted in overgrown interest
in finding the history of Islamic political ideas existing in medieval Muslim society. The evaluation
of ideas enabled it to find out the development of mechanism known as 'Muslim society' and
discover its functioning as an efficient government. Among many Islamic schools of ideas, Al–
ghazali is also one of those renowned Islamic scholars who gave his ideas regarding efficient
government and political system.
Al–Ghazali was born at Ghazzalah near Tuss in 1058.He is one of the renowned and distinguished
philosophers in the history of human thought. He is considered as Mujaddid and also considered as
imam among the four Imams. His ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Islam, ulemas are given tremendous importance due to their knowledge about Sharia, because
Sharia is the direct source of authority. Because of not having the concept of any church institute in
Islam, ulemas' function exceed the bounds of pure religious issues. Since religion plays a vital role
in caliphate. So considering this fact, ulemas' authority because of having broad knowledge about
religion, played a key role in political life of the state. Caliph of the state used to base his authority
on the imam's divine authority.in such crucial conditions, al–Ghazali gave his political theory of
caliphate and expounded it as a defender and champion for the unity of Muslim world.al–ghazali
was inspired by both Islamic as well as non–Islamic sources like Persia. The major work contributed
to political ideas by al–ghazali includes the following remarkable attributes:
1) Munqidh Min ad.Dalal
2) ihyn–ul–ulam
3) Tibr–ul– Masbuk
4) Kimiya_i_sa'adat
5) Iqtisad fil–I'tiqad
6) kitab–ul–wajiz
7)Mustazkhiri
Political treaties:
Al ghazali pointed out two core aspects of the"caliph and sultan" issue.first the relation hukm and
secular authority i:e sultan .second– religion and state.he also gave the description and told the
characteristics possessed by caliph and also depicted the selection procedure.In his imamate theory
he gave the three main conditions 1)power to ensure the order in state 2)caliph as source of

The Threat Of The Islamic State
In recent years, ISIS has been breaking out everywhere instilling fear into people all around the
world. In recent events, they attacked Brussels, Istanbul and Paris killing a large amount of people.
The major thing that we have to remember is to not fear the Islamic State. They only way we can
defeat them is if we show no fear of them. Is it said to believe that many people like the Iraqi
government's discriminatory policies against Sunnis, Bashar al–Assad's suppression of secular
Syrian protesters, President Bush's invasion of Iraq and the US War on Terror, President Obama's
lack of leadership and the early US withdrawal from Iraq, the Iran–Arab rivalry in the region, and
even the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are the reason that the Islamic State has risen against the rest of
the world. All of the groups listed above could be the cause of all this, but researchers have not
effectively found the main cause for all of this. In the next pages of this research, I'm going to look
further into the cause of ISIS, researching different contributing factors and actors involved in all of
this. The Islamic State is a growing problem for everyone all around the world. This terrorist group
has been growing as the years go on. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations defines terrorism as "the
unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government,
the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives"

A Short Story Of Aeldra's Life Story
No luck she never had the chance to be happy. Aeldra couldn't handle it anymore. She was all by
herself growing up in a destroyed, impoverished cabin surviving more than living, always begging
for food on the street and never had anyone to be with except her parents everyday in her
dreams.Her horrible life story started when she was only a three month baby when her father Deniz
died on a trip in the sea, and a nine year old little girl when her mother Bora was killed in a
hurricane. Destiny or maybe just the name curse, Aeldra wasn't sure what it was. Deniz means sea in
Turkish and Bora has the meaning of hurricane and that is where their life ended, where their
destiny landed them at the end so Aeldra made a promise to herself to call her first born baby Hakan
which meant emperor so the destiny would make him the ruler. Aeldra hated the fact of being lonely
and a family was what she desired the most in her life. A need to belong, to be part of something,
that was all she wanted from this world but at the age of sixteen she got the most horrible lesson on
her life: Better off alone than with monsters. She got raped on a rainy night while she was alone in
the street and from that horrific experience, she got pregnant. She was too young to be a mother, too
poor to have a baby so even it hurt her heart the most she decided to get rid of the life that was
growing inside her. She was four months pregnant and her back was killing her because of the
pregnancy she traveled

Debating the Takeover After the Death of the Prophet Mohammad
As we know after the death of Prophet Mohammad, the Muslim community turned into disorder and
people started to wonder what would happen now that he is dead as it was understood that he was
the last to come in prophets' chain and there will be no one coming after him. Many debates began
about who should take over all the responsibilities he had as he was the spiritual, legal, political and
military leader of the community, so in other words, the debates were whether Muhammad had
already appointed a successor, if not, then who should be the leader. In this paper, I will discuss the
issues of Divine guidance between the two main political views that took the debates over when
deciding the successor after Muhammad and how the split between them has shaped the community.
We know that sometimes many events of history are told differently by different groups. The Sunni
view, which has become majority amongst Muslims, believe that there is no such procedure laid by
either Muhammad or by Qur'an stating who was to become a successor. As stated "the theory as well
as the practice of Sunnism had been to recognize only one caliph: as God's religion is only one,
reflecting the divine unity, so should God's 'best umma' be one" explains that, for Sunnis, as long as
the leader ruled under God, following the guidance of Qur'an and Sunna, it was a role that could be
fulfilled out with any man, based on his piety and wisdom. Leadership was to be merit not by
inheritance, birth or family.

Philosophy Of Al Ghazali
In this term paper, I will discuss and analyze the political thought of Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn
Muḥammad al–Ghazālī also known as Al–Ghazali by the western medieval world. He was a famous
Muslim was a theologian, philosopher, jurist and a spiritual Persian descent. This term paper was
compiled by referring to many different articles and books on Islamic Political thought for the
course "Socio Economical Philosophy of Islam" taught at Institute of Business Administration
Karachi. It focuses on the importance of political apprehensions and how they had an impact on the
Islamic community.
Historical Background:
Al Ghazali belonged to a family of noble scholars. He spent a tough life, being the most learned
person of his time Al Ghazali actively took ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his writings he condemns the Kaliphate rulers saying "In our time most of the riches, owned by
the rulers are illegal. Legal riches in their ownership do not exist or are very rare. "
Al–Ghazali also raises his voice against the soldiers who considered all sorts of trade deals
irrespective of them being illegal just to serve their rulers. For the double standard ulemas he writes
"theologians have decayed, arrogance bent their tongues. They do not dare to address criticism to
the rulers ". Later he provides his theory that "Meantime the depravity of the ulemas leads to the
depravity of the rulers, and their depravity in turn leads to the depravity of the people of the nation ".
Thoughts on Sultanate:
Being a noble politician Al–Ghazali courageously took part in all state affairs under the direction of
Nizam–Al Mulk. He believed that there was no hope for the revival of the power of the Kaliph. He
believed that the institution of Sultanate was to be the future for

The World On The Terrorism
When looking at the terrorism that ISIS has endued it has become very evident that a solution needs
to be drawn into action. In my opinion the only way to take down this organization is to begin to
treat it like the state that it is. A state is defined as: "a nation or territory considered as an organized
political community under one government." ISIS has not only gained territory in Syria, Iraq and
Istanbul but according to New York Times columnist, Tim Arango, "ISIS is building a capacity to
govern." In 2014, ISIS formally informed the world on their establishment of a caliphate. This
caliphate is governed under Islamic beliefs and rulers. "They have begun issuing identification cards
for residents, promulgating fishing guidelines to preserve stocks, and requiring that cars carry tool
kits for emergencies" (Arango). Believe it or not, ISIS has been a state for two years, regardless of
their lack of legitimacy, their consistent threat of violence against any of those who oppose their
beliefs allows them not only to get things done, but get them done efficiently. Whether we want to
accept it, ISIS is a state, and we need to treat it as such.
On the 29th of June in 2014, ISIS announced that a caliphate has been establish and the caliph was
to be Caliph Ibrahim. The saying goes, "In order to kill a snake, one must cut off its head." The head
of ISIS is the caliphate in Iraq/Syria. I believe that collapsing the caliphate will collapse the
organization. I have a proposed

Islam Is A Religion Based On The Oneness Of God
Islam is a religion based on the Oneness of God (tawhid), who is identified by His Arabic name,
Allah. Deepa Kumar starts off with the base the religion stands on, which is the belief that there is
only one God. This belief stands as the one of the five fundamentals of Islam known as the five
pillars. This pillars is known as the Shaha'dah, as a Muslim (a follower of Islam) testifies to the
oneness of God by reciting "There is no god but God" followed by "Muhammad is the messenger of
God" in Arabic. This two–part testification is the heart of Islam and is used as a source of
identification for Muslims. In Islam, Allah is the source of everything including both cosmic and
human qualities (discussed later on). In addition, the Divine Qualities of Allah is based on His
description in the Quran through His Names and Attributes. This includes that God is neither male
nor female and has attributes that represent both feminine and masculine properties (Nasr, Heart of
Islam). Although Islam is a monolithic religion, it is not a homogeneous religion. Islam consists of
1.57 billion followers and is widely practiced around the world and consists of many branches
within the two main denominations. The two main denominations of Islam are Sunnism and Shi'ism.
Sunnism is known as a large majority within Islam as it claims about 87%–90% of the Muslim
population around the world (Kumar, Framing Islam). The term Sunni comes from the people who
follow the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad

Research Paper On Ideology Of Pakistan
IDEOLOGY:– The Phrase ideology means: "Sciences of ideals". It include those thoughts which
encourages the any nation for struggle. Ideology is a set of beliefs values, ideals of a group and
nation. It is deeply ingrained in the consciousness of the people. It is set of principals, a framework
of an action and guidance system that gives order and meaning to and human action.
Ideology emphasizes on some particular principals, ideals, social and economic arrangements that
create consciousness based on its principals.
The creation of Pakistan based on Ideology. Many Scholars explained the Ideology of Pakistan: SIR
SYED ABBAS defined the ideology as: "Ideology of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have same
meaning. Actually ideology of Pakistan is Practical shape of Islam."
DR. ASLAM SYED defined the ideology of Pakistan as: "Ideology of Pakistan is the name of
moldings of individual and collective lives according to Islam and also of saving from conflicting
ideologies."
Ideology of Pakistan describes the Muslims as a separate nation. NATION'S EMERGENCE:– ...
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Many examples are available in history. Malaysia and Pakistan are one of them and other nations
like Israel state which came into being on the Jewish Ideology. There are many other instances
which confirm that ideology has enough power to be proved itself. Ideology of communisms
(Russia) was economic one. At the present ideology of capitalism (USA) is ruling over the world.
Any group of people can transform in a nation due to power of ideology. A nation should focus on
ideology to achieve its goal. Ideology emphasizes on some particular principals, ideals and blueprint
for future. It is a review of the existing political, social, economic arrangements that create
consciousness based on its

The Historical Context of Ridda, Shura, and Shi'a Essay
Shura is an Arabic word for consultation and it is this that forms part of the four cardinal principles
(human dignity justice and equality) in the Islamic organisation of social policys and politics. It was
a method that the pre Islamic tribes of the Middle East would use to make major affecting decisions.
The term Shura is mentioned several times in the holy Quran and is also used as a name in
parliaments of Muslim majority countries. "Consultation applies to the choice of the head of state as
well as to all the decisions executed by the state." (Waines, 2009)
Muslims believe that all decisions should be made by and for society by the Shura of the local
surrounding community. Traditionally Islam requires submission to the ruler no ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were Umar Ibn Al Khattab, Uthman, and Ali Ibn Abi Talib.
During the Caliphate of Ali there was much fighting and eventually the Muslim world fell into civil
war. The later Caliphs had nominal control over the Islamic states, but interestingly none of them
were brought to power by Shura; they all gained control via inheritance or force. Most of today's
Islamic countries have at least some aspects of their government or ruling management based on
Shura. In Egypt the upper house of their parliament is known as the Shura council. Saudi Arabia
appointed a Shura council in 1993 but all real power is held by the king. Saudi Arabia seeming to all
the world as a country that follows Islamic law to the letter with its rules and regulations regarding
women, punishment etc yet conveniently they shy away from giving total real power over to the
system of Shura; the power remains with the king of Saudi Arabia.
Shi'a
"Shi'ism was not brought into existence only by the question of the political succession to
Muhammad as so many Western works claim (although this question was of course of great
importance). The problem of political succession may be said to be the element that crystallized the
Shi'ites into a distinct group, and political suppression in later periods,

Caliph Of Baghdad Argument
On the opposing side, I believed that the Caliph of Baghdad provided the best arguments against
Genghis Khan and his descendants. The Caliph of Baghdad showed that although he may have
denied the requests of the Mongols, the Mongols still destroyed books and knowledge that were
present in the city of Baghdad. This was a good counter argument because throughout the trial, the
defense was arguing that the Khans were civilized because they furthered the cultural development
throughout Asia. However, burning books and other knowledge is the opposite of this, as it prevents
the development of Baghdad by stunting their research and knowledge. Another witness that
provided compelling evidence was the Chinese Soldier. In his testimony, he stated

How Islam Has Become A Prominent Religion
Islam has become a prominent religion in the world since its creation by the Prophet Muhammad.
This would have not happened if there were not many prominent events in the years since it was
created. Eight events that have happened in the Muslim community are the first revelation, the
Hijrah, the change in the direction of prayer, the taking of Mecca, Abu Bakr becoming the first
caliph and his important few years of rule, and the rule of the Safavid Empire. The First Revelation
happened on 17 Ramadan, 610 C.E.. Muhammad was fasting and praying in a cave at the peak of
Mount Hira as was his custom for that time of year. On that night, he awoke and was overtaken by a
powerful force. He struggled with the force and eventually succumbed to it. Muhammad started
speaking in Arabic. This scripture was the first words of what would later be known as The Qur'an.
This event was the origin of Islam. Muhammad had just received a line with a divine figure, who
would later be known as Allah, and that would change the world. The First Revelation was the start
of the religion known as Islam.
Twelve years after The First Revelation, in 622 C.E., there was a great migration of Muslim families
from Mecca to Yathrib, which became known as al–Medinah. This is known as The Hijrah, and was
the start of the Muslim era. The Hijrah upset the Quraysh because the new Muslim families had
turned their back on their tribe and became a part of Muhammad's tribe, sharing common ideals
instead of blood. The

The Political Beliefs Of The Shia And Shia
Sunni and Shia are part of the 1.6 billion followers of Muslims across the world. After all, Shia are a
minority group that have been recently attacked by Sunnis. Shias are being targeted and killed for
their beliefs. Yet, Sunni and Shia have many similar beliefs and customs, but their main difference is
based on who should be the political figure. When the Sunni and Shia chose different political
figures, they also came upon different ideology. Soon as the prophet Muhammad died in the seventh
century, he did not designate a political ruler after his death. Thus, the country was left without an
appointed figure leaving the Muslim community without a caliphate. Consequently, the people had
to decide who was going to be appointed as the leader of the Muslim community. The Sunni
believed that Abu Bakr should be the leader and was given the popularity of the vote, but Shia
believed that the family of the prophet should be the leader. "Shia argued that only Ali was qualified
to uphold the spiritual values that underpinned the whole future direction of Islam." (Rogerson 5)
The disagreement of who should be leader grew to the establishment of Shia, who supported Ali.
Shia believed that Ali should have been the first caliph instead of Abu Bakr being the first. Shia
came to the conclusion that Sunni falsified hadith and Abu angered Fatima, in which Fatima was
part of Muhammad causing Shia to believe that he does not have right to become first caliph. As a
result, that left Sunni

What Are The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Futtoman And...
Using Fukuyama's three categories of institutions, one can compare Ottoman and French
civilizations. The purpose of this paper is to look at strength's and weakness of both civilizations in
regards to the state, rule of law and accountability. Fukuyama is correct when he argues that a
modern liberal democracy needs a state, rule of law and accountability. To begin with, a state is a
centralized authority that holds military power on a selected territory. It is the armed forces that keep
a nation safe on a domestic and foreign level. A state must have a strong centralized civil and
military bureaucracy. On the other hand, the rule of law comes through written legislation. Thus,
written rules, organize power in a system. This implies that a modern democracy must have legal
institutions that are superior to a ruler, the army and bureaucracy. For example, a king must follow
the rule of law and cannot abuse power. Finally, political accountability comes through accountable
bodies like parliament's and assemblies that represent the people. Leaders being held accountable for
their actions is an example of political accountability. Democracy is truly born when laws reflecting
the people's desires are stronger than individual rulers and elections are held. The three concepts
Fukuyama cites must coexist in a stable balance and if one is missing, there can be no modern state.
For example, Denmark and England had both developed a strong rule of law and accountable
government,

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