Conveyor system, Locomotive ,Arial Rope-way & Man riding system

1. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -1
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

2. Belt conveyor
 The belt conveyor is basically an endless belt in a
straight line stretched between two drums, one driving
the system and the other acting as a return drum.
 In coal mines and other mines of stratified deposits,
where the underground mineral if won by longwall and
some other methods, the transport media which often
consists of conveyor.
 The belt conveyor works on a straight roadway which
may be level, inclined or partly level. The conveyor
must be erected in correct alignment. The belt speed
varies from 45 m/min to 150 m/min but a speed of 45
m/min to 60 m/min is generally preferred.

4. Component of Belt conveyor
1. A flat endless belt which moves continuously and
carries at its top surface the material to be conveyed.
2. The idlers which support the belt.
3. The structure of channel iron on which the idlers are
mounted.
4. The tensioning arrangement for keeping the belt in
proper tension.
5. The drums at the discharge and tail end over which
the belt passes.
6. The drive head which comprises the electric motor,
coupling, gearing and snub pulleys.

6. Belt
 The belt is an endless thick flat strip of woven
cotton, rayon or nylon fabric laid up in plies or
layers and their surfaces and sides covered with
rubber, plastic or P.V.C.
 The type of fabric, the number of plies and the
reinforcement, if any, in the belt determines the
strength of the latter.

7. Essential properties of belt
 Flexibility
 Low mass per unit length
 High strength
 Simplicity and inexpensive
 Longer life
 Should not stretch under normal working
stresses ,i.e., low relative elongation.
 Wear resistant
 Fire resistant

9. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -2
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

10. IDLERS
 Idlers are used to protect and support the belt and
load to be carried.

11. IDLERS
 The belt travels on idlers placed at intervals of
1.5 m to 2 m. The idler is a long pulley moving
on its own axle and ball bearings and filled with
grease.
 For transport of broken and loose material, the
flat belt should be given a troughed shape for
that length which has to accommodate the
mineral and such belt troughing is achieved by a
set of three idlers at one place, the middle idler
being horizontal and the two on either side, at
200 to 300 to the horizontal.

12. Tension arrangements
 The belt should be in proper tension If it is
loose or slack on the driving drum, the latter
will not be able to transmit the power to the
belt.
 The tension end of a belt conveyor of a small
length is the return drum mounted in a steel
framework to which hooks are fitted for
tensioning by tensioning screws.

14. Drive head
 This consists of an electric motor or
compressed air motor, fluid coupling, gear
wheels and a drum which provides the
necessary arc of contact to the belt by friction
and snub pulleys are employed to increase the
are of contact.

15. Selection of belt conveyor:
1.Amount of material to be conveyed
2.Continuity of operation needed
3.Size of lumps
4.Distance of transportation
5.Environmental allowance
6.Gradient
7.Method of coal winning, i.e. Longwall or Bord
and Pillar
8.Capital Available

16. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -3
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

17. Advantages:
1. A continuous supply of material.
2. Low operating cost than road transportation
system.
3. High rate and speed of supply.
4. More efficiency and low cost.
5. Required less manpower
6. Less accident prone

18. Disadvantages:
1. Cannot be used for very long distances.
2. Required high one time capital.
3. Lumps should not be of big size.
4. Place should be dry enough and air velocity
should not be high.
5. Cannot be worked for high inclinations.(For
pvc belt limiting gradient is 16 degree)

19. Carrying capacity of belt conveyor
 Carrying capacity of a troughed belt conveyor is
given by:-
T = carrying capacity(te/sec)
a = average cross sectional area of material in meter²
= w²/10 to w²/12
W = width of belt in meter
b= bulk density of material in te/m3
v = speed of conveyor belt in m/s
T= a*b*v

20. Numerical
 A belt conveyor conveys material of average
cross-sectional area of 0.09 m2, of bulk density
1.5 tonnes/m³, at a speed 2 m/s. The carrying
capacity of the belt in tonne/hr is?

21. Given data,
Average cross-sectional area of the material (a)
=0.09 m 2
Bulk density of coal (b) = 1.5 te/m3
Speed of conveyor belt (v) = 2 m/s
Let the carrying capacity of belt is T
Carrying capacity of belt conveyor is given by
T = a * b* v (te/sec)
= 0.09*1.5*2 te/sec
= 0.27 te/sec = 0.27*3600 te/hr = 972 te/hr

22. Numerical
 A conveyor transported the coal at the rate of
220 te/hr is 600 m long moving up a gradient
of 1 in 60. If the belt width (W) is 0.75 m, and
cross-sectional area of the material is 0.1 W2 ,
determine the belt speed. The bulk density of
coal 0.8 te/m3.

23. Given data,
Rate of coal transportation (T) = 220 te/hr
= (220/3600) te/sec
Length of conveyor (L) = 600 m
Gradient (m) = 1 in 60
Width of belt (W) = 0.75 m
Cross-sectional area of the material (a) = 0.1 W2
= 0.05625 m2
Bulk density of coal (b) = 0.8 te/m3
Let the speed of conveyor belt is v
220/3600 = 0.05625*0.8*V
V= 1.36 m/s

24. The limiting ratio of tensions when slip is
about to occur
Where,
T1=Bigger tension in top strand
T2= Lower strand tension
Ꮎ= Angle of wrap ( In radian)
μ= Coeff. Of grip or friction

25.  In a conveyor belt drive the tension on the tight
side is double that on the slack side. If the
coefficient of friction between belt and drive
drum is 0.3. Find the angle of wrap required if
the belt is not to slip on its driving drum.

27. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -4
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

28. Scraper chain conveyor
 It is mostly used in the longwall face.
 The capacity of a commonly used scraper
chain conveyor is 30 to 40 tph on a level
roadway, nearly 50 m long and the drive
motor is of 12- 15 KW.
 The main application of scraper chain
conveyors in underground is transportation at
the face and adjoining short workings, where
they are ready to withstand mining condition.

29. Scraper chain conveyor
 They are also used to haul the coal along gate
roads over short distances before it is feed to
gate belt conveyor.
 They are also used for transporting on inclines
having an angle of inclination exceeding 180
where belt conveyors are not used.
 They are also used on the surface for
conveying coal from shaft to bunker as well as
in screening and washing plants.

30. Scraper chain conveyor
Steel
troughs
Endless
chain
Flight

31. Different parts:
1. Trough: These are stationary things usually
2m long, and consisting of detachable section
bolted together or joined by hooks,
2. Flights: An endless chain with flights moving
in the troughs, which are nearly 450 mm wide
at top and 300 mm at bottom.
3. Chain (endless): The chain of endless
character is installed there. The chain consists
of links and after 3-4 links a flight is provided
so, that the flights are 2-2.5m apart.

32. Different parts:
4. Tensioning head: The return or, tail end of
the conveyor with its totally enclosed sprocket
drum, is provided with telescopic trough for
tensioning the chain.
5. Drive: For enabling movement a power
arrangement with driving arrangement.
6. Angle iron frame: to support the troughs.

33. Types of Scraper chain conveyor
 On the basis of flexibility—
1. Rigid chain conveyor
2. Flexible / Armoured chain conveyor
 On the basis of number of chains used—
1. Single chain conveyor
2. Double centered chain conveyor
3. Double outboard chain conveyor
4. Triple chain conveyor

34. Rigid chain conveyor:
1. A rigid chain conveyor essentially consists of
stationary steel troughs, each usually 2m long,
connected together end to end, and an endless
chain with flights moving in the troughs.
2. Troughs supported on angle iron frame work,
slightly dished at one end. So, that the next
one fixed in to form a flush point.
3. Adjacent troughs are secured together and to
the frame underway by both.

35. Rigid chain conveyor:
4. This gives rigidity to conveyor.
5. The return end is provided with a tensioning
arrangement.
6. The capacity is 30- 40 tph on a level roadway,
nearly 50m long and 15KW motor.

36. Armoured chain conveyor:
1. Used generally on long wall faces, it can be
advanced without dismantling, with hydraulic
rams.
2. They can work with lateral or, vertical
undulations, and coal cutting machine and
shearers can be mounted on them.
3. Motor power varies between 30 to 185 KW.

38. Armoured chain conveyor:
1. Pan width at top varies from 750 to 850 mm
and pan length from 1.3 to 1.8 m. the vertical
flexibility of pans is 3-40 and horizontal
flexibility is 2-30.
2. Limiting gradient with flights 1 in 1.5 and
without flights 1 in 3.
3. Length may be upto 360 m and capacity is
upto 100 tph.

39. Advantages:
1. Can convey uphill against relatively steep (1 in 3
or more) gradient as well as of downhill gradient.
2. Much stronger and can be roughly handled.
3. Flexible so, as to dismantle, extended or
shortened.
Disadvantages:
1. High initial cost.
2. High power consumption
3. Wear and tear more
4. Highly noisy
5. Producing high percentage of fine dust

40. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -5
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

41. Pipe conveyor
 Pipe conveyor is a modern and environmentally
friendly transport system solving numerous
problems associated with conventional conveyor
system, i.e. spillage of materials, limitations with
regard to steep incline and curve layout, etc.
 Pipe conveyor also manages to transport difficult
materials, i.e. powder and/or materials that are
similar to liquid.
 It can be also used for the transportation of
dusty, contaminated, and toxic materials.

43. Component of Pipe conveyor
 The pipe conveyor belt:- As in a conventional
troughed conveyor and dependent on the belt tensions
the construction of a pipe conveyor belt could be
fabric or steel cord. However as the belt is required to
form the pipe shape, several important features are
employed in its design.
 The belt requires adequate stiffness as it is made to
form the pipe passing through the idler rolls.
Flexibility for transition from the flat to pipe shape at
the feed end and pipe to flat at the discharge end is
also essential. A layer of special rubber compound is
usually placed between each fabric ply to achieve this.

44. Component of Pipe conveyor
 The loading section:- The feeding or loading
section of a pipe conveyor is similar to that of a
conventional belt conveyor. To eliminate the
problem of material spillage as associated with
troughed belt conveyors the pipe conveyor feed
zone incorporates a specially designed skirt
board for effective sealing with low friction
impact slider pads.

45. Component of Pipe conveyor
 The intermediate and tubular section:- The
intermediate section of the pipe conveyor is the
part where the belt is made to roll into a tubular
shape. This is achieved by causing the belt to
pass through a set of six idlers arranged in a
circle each for the carrying and return run. To
prevent “squeezing” of the belt, the design
incorporates offsetting of idlers alternatively on
either side of the panel.

47. Component of Pipe conveyor
 The discharge end and drive:- The discharge
of the pipe conveyor is similar to that of
conventional belt conveyors. The belt in the
tubular form is allowed to gradually take the
trough shape by a series of idlers of varying
troughing angles. Material as discharged over
the head pulley.

48. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
MINE TRANSPOTATION SYSTEM
LECTURE -6
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

49. Rail-Veyor
 Rail-Veyor is a remote controlled, electrically
powered light-rail haulage solution for surface
and underground applications
the mining and aggregate industries.
 Rail-Veyor Technologies Global Inc. is a
private Sudbury, Canada-based industrial
bulk material handling and material haulage
company that manufactures and installs Rail-
Veyor systems.

51. Constructional Features
 The Rail-Veyor system incorporates a remotely
operated electrically powered series of two wheeled
railcars driven by power stations located along on a
light-rail track.
 Because the cars are remotely operated and compact
in size, they can be used as an enabling technology for
rapid development and high speed production at the
working face.
 The Rail-Veyor system can reduce capital costs and
infrastructure, travelling below shafts and in spaces as
small as 10 by 12 feet

52. Constructional Features
 Using multiple train systems in tandem
optimizes continuous material haulage.
 The railcars can travel at variable speeds up to
18 mph, or 10 meters/second, and climb
grades of 20°.
 This system combines the best features of
conveyors, rail, and truck haulage, including
travelling on 20° inclines,
 It increased capacity and availability, reduced
installation time.

53. Drive Unit- Electric motors drive horizontal wheels,
making contact with side plates to move cars forward
and back.

54. Rail- Veyor car- Low-profile steel cars in either 30 or
48-inch widths link together with a spill-proof
connection to create a continuous U-shaped trough.

55. Discharge Station- To discharge materials, cars are
inverted into a continuous loop that can be run 180
or 360-degrees, easily unloading into a stockpile, bin
or crusher.

56. Rail-Veyor Track- Lighter and smaller steel ties
install quickly and accurately, and rails are simply
bolted together with joint bars and bolts. In fact, a
six-person crew can install 120 feet of track per hour.

57. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
MINE TRANSPOTATION SYSTEM
LECTURE -7
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

58. Locomotive Haulage
 In case of rope haulage the power to move the load is
available from external fixed motor to the haulage.
While in case of locomotive haulage the driving unit i.e.
locomotive is coupled to a train due to which more
safety can be attained. The locomotives are very
flexible in nature & they can be used for men transport
also.

59. Constructional details
1) Chasis: Chesis is rigid frame work of steel
section. Driving wheels, axles, springs & brake
blocks etc. mounted below the Chasis.
2) A power Unit: it may be a diesel engine, an
electric motor, a battery or compressed air.
3) Operator’s Cabin: Having control panel with
brakes, operating system, horn etc.
4) Lights at both ends.
5) A brake for emergency.
6) For large size locomotives an air compression
for power brakes..

60. Applicability condition for locomotive
1. Where the gradient of the roadway is mild.
Nearly flat gradient is preferred. A gradient of
1 in 15 against the loads is considered to be
limit though locos are generally employed on
gradients milder than 1 in 25.
2. Where the loco track is in settled ground not
subjected to movement by mining operations.

61. Applicability condition for locomotive
3. In the intake airways where the velocity is
adequate to keep firedamp percentage
appreciably low. If diesel locos are used the
exhaust gases of the locos should be diluted by
the air current sufficiently well so as to be
unharmful to the workers.
4. Where roads are reasonably wide and high.
5. Where transport of mine cars involve long
haul distances. Small locos for shunting and
marshalling at pit bottom are common.

62. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -8
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

63. Types of Locomotive
1. Diesel Locomotive
2. Electric battery locomotive and
3. Overhead wire locomotive (Trolley wire
locomotive)
4. Compressed air locomotive

64. Diesel Locomotive
 It is most commonly used. Their weight
ranges from 3 to 15 te and the power from 15
to 75 KW.
 The power unit is a diesel engine with 2,3 or 4
cylinders of 4 stroke cycle, compression
ignition type. Heavy duty locos are of 6
cylinders.
 Locos used in an underground coal mines
have the power unit in a flameproof enclosure
as a safeguard against ignition of firedamp.

65. Diesel Locomotive
 In coal mines the diesel locomotives are not
allowed where the percentage of inflammable gases
is more than 1.25% in the general body of air.
Hence these are generally used in intake roadways.
 The exhaust of the diesel engine includes oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide & small quantities of
oxides of sulphur & nitrogen & other aldehydes
which smell badly & causes irritation of the nose,
throat & eyes. To remove these oxides & aldehydes
the locomotives are fitted with exhaust conditioner.

66. Exhaust conditioner
 The exhaust gases from the engine strikes on
the surface of the water in the chamber A.
 This traps hot particles & washes out the
sulphur oxides & aldehydes.
 The gases then rise through a flame proof slag
wool which is kept moist by water & thereafter
pass through second chamber.
 Similar chamber B, where gases are further
cooled & filtered before passing through the
flame trap.

67. Exhaust conditioner

68. Exhaust conditioner
 A flame arrester consists of a removable stainless
steel plates 1/2mm apart.
 Finally gases are mixed with about 30 to 40 times
their volume of fresh air before entering in the
atmosphere.
 In chamber A, a water level indicator is installed
in such a way that if water level falls below
certain level, the brakes are applied automatically.
 The exhaust conditioner should be replaced by a
clean set after every 24 hours.

69. Advantages of Diesel Locomotives
1. Cheaper
2. Completely self-controlled
Disadvantages of Diesel Locomotives
1. Danger of fire in handling the diesel.
2. production of poisonous gasses
3. Adds heats to the atmosphere.
4. More maintenance required.
5. More employees required.

70. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -9
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

71. Electric battery locomotive
 The power unit is a DC electric motor receiving
its current from a storage battery carried in a
casing on the upper part of the chassis.
 It is for light and medium duties as they are less
powerful, though battery locos of 13 te weight
available in our country.
 Range is from 4 – 70 KW continuous rating.
 It is quiet in operation and produces no
objectionable fumes, produces less heat, can
meet an appreciable overload of short duration.

72. Electric battery locomotive
 There are 2 batteries on a loco and it constitutes
nearly 60% weight of the locomotive.
 The batteries are of lead acid type and each battery
consists of a 40-70 numbers of 2 volts cell.
 The battery cannot be made flameproof and its
container has to be well ventilated.
 It gives service of 8 hours of regular traction duty.
At the end of a shift, the battery has to be placed
on a charging rack and it takes nearly 8 hours to
fully charge.

73. Electric battery locomotive
 By a lifting tackle, the nearly discharged battery
of a loco is removed and placed on charging
bays at the end of a shift and fully charged
battery from the charging station replaces it.
 The direct current for charging at the station
may be available from the motor generator set.
The battery charging station should be close to
the intake airway.

74. Battery charging room layout

75. Advantages of Battery Locomotives
1) Less maintenance.
2) No poisonous gases.
3) No overheads wire’s problem.
4) Quite in operation.

76. Disadvantages of Battery Locomotives
1. Hydrogen gas is liberated.
2. Flame proofing is not possible.
3. Overheating of cell may cause sparking or
fire.
4. Large cross section.
5. Expensive batteries & less life.
6. Special charging stations involve more cost.

77. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -10
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

78. Overhead wire locomotive (Trolley
wire locomotive)
 It is equipped with electric motor fed with
current from overhead electric wire through a
pantagraph or through a long pole which is
kept pressed against the overhead conductor
by spring tension.
 Only direct current is supplied to the overhead
wires though in some foreign countries A.C. is
permitted (conversion equipment is not
required but shock hazards are much more
serious). The D.C supply to overhead wires is
at 250 volts.

79. Overhead wire locomotive
 The bare overhead conductors are of hard drawn
copper wire suspended centrally over the track at a
height of more than 2 m. the conductors are suspended
through insulators from short cross wire of mild steel.
 An earth leakage wire is connected to cross wire. The
rail track forms the return path for the electric supply
circuit and therefore the former must be suitably
bridge at each rail joint by copper conductors.
 Section isolation switches for isolating parts of the
roadways have to be used in easily accessible position
to the roadsides.

80. Overhead wire locomotive
 The roadways should be sufficiently high and
wide to provide safe clearance and the ground
free from any movement arising out of mining
operations.
 The roadways have to be equipped with
overhead wires and the support system.
 Branch roads cannot be negotiated unless they
are also so equipped.

81. Overhead wire locomotive
 Locos are taken to the face by feeding power
through a cable reel from the terminal of the
trolley wire line.
 Mining regulations are stringent in trolley
wire locos regarding shock to workers and fire
damp explosion.
 Such locomotives are used in a wide scale in
West Germany in deep gassy mines and also
American underground coal mines.

82. Overhead wire locomotive

83. Advantages of Overhead wire
locomotive
1. High Efficiency- of all the other locomotives used in
mines, trolley wire locomotive is more efficient.
2. High Overload capacity- for short periods,
especially during peak loading activity, overloading
of the motor do not pose any problem.
3. Simple maintenance- most of the skilled work is to
be done in the power house.
4. High speed/weight ratio- the motor speed can be
easily increased to give more tractive effort.
5. Reliability- it is robust in construction and not liable
to breakdown.

84. Disadvantages of Overhead wire
locomotive
1. High initial investment
2. Danger of shock & fire
3. Derailment is major problem

85. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -11
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

86. Shuttle car
 Shuttle cars are electric powered, rubber tyred
vehicles, designed to carry maximum payload at high
speed. It collects the coal from continuous miner
working at the face and supplies to Feeder breaker or
mine cars or belt conveyors.

87. Constructional features
 The car has four wheel positive drive and four
wheel hydraulic operated steering , which
provides maximum traction potential with a
minimum turning radius.
 It contains hydraulic pumps, driven by a
separate electrical motor to power the cable reel,
steering and conveyor elevating functions.
 At discharge end a chain and flight conveyor is
fitted which can be elevated by hydraulic
cylinders.

90. Main components
 Traction drive- The 2 wheel on each side of
car are driven by 2 separate traction motors
through spur gear reducers , which are coupled
to the receiving end wheel drive units by
universal drive shafts.
 Hydraulic system- This system regulates the
flow of hydraulic fluid at system pressure to
raise and lower the conveyor, extend and
retract the steering cylinders, releases of brakes
and power the cable reel.

91. Main components
 Electric System- Consists of controller, an
opto(digital I/O Box), electronic overload
relay’s, a display unit, Optical drive units and
electrical switches.
 Steering Arrangement- Consists of Upper &
lower steering arms, Drag links, Cross over
drag links, steering lever or butterfly and cross
shaft.

92. Main components
 Conveyor Drive- It is an integral part of SC, on
which the coal is loaded from receiving end and
has a width of 0.81m. It is equipped with
conveyor chain having flight bars. Conveyor
chain is adjusted for tensioning and to avoid
slackness using a conveyor take up shaft.
 Cable reel mechanism- The Cable reel
mechanism is used by the Shuttle car to wrap
the sagging trailing cable into the vehicle. This
prevents the cable from knot formation and
tampering.

93. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -12
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

94. Arial Ropeway
 An aerial ropeway is an installation in which
transportation of material or men is effected
by moving carriers pulled by ropes suspended
above the ground.

95. Applicability
 Aerial ropeway provides the only economic
means of long distance transport over rough
country, hilly and difficult terrain, even it can
pass through the congested areas, marshy lands,
nallahs, rivers, forests and important agricultural
land.

96. Application of Arial Ropeway
1. Transporting and conveying bulk materials
between two fixed pts.
2. Aerial dumping of load at any point along the
line of route
3. Stocking of materials
4. Dumping of waste materials
5. Transporting of persons in mountainous
regions

97. Arial Ropeway

98. Advantages:
1. A relatively high transport capacity (upto 500 t/hr)
2. Regularity of service and immunity to all weathers
3. Ability to overcome natural obstructions (rivers,
marshy ground etc.)
4. Inherent ability to keep the ground free for other
purposes
5. Ability of negotiating steep gradient (70% and over)
6. Possibility of using automation
7. Minimum time lost in transportation
8. Low operating cost and short time for return on
capital

99. Disadvantages:
1. Fixed location of loading station
2. Susceptibility to damage by string winds.
3. The length of the line and transport capacity is
limited by economic and technical
consideration.

100. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -13
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

101. Component of Arial Ropeway
 Track ropes:
 Track ropes are usually locked coil ropes
made of large size wires in order to have
longer life.
 Locked coil ropes provide a smooth surface
for the movement of carrier wheel and the
surface wear of it is relatively uniform.
 The factor of safety for track rope during
installation should be 3 and must be
withdrawn from service when it reduces to
2.5. Average life of the rope is 5 to 7 years.

102. Traction rope:
 Traction ropes are Six-strand lang’s lay with
fibre core.
 The rope diameter varies from 12 to 46 mm.
 The factor of safety should be 5 during
installation and ropes should be withdrawn
when it comes down to 4.

103. Carriers:
 A carrier has the carriage, hanger, bucket and
grip for traction rope.
 Carriage runs on track rope with wheels, and
it runs on the track rope, with the help of
wheels (20 – 30 cm/diameter) mounted on it.
 The number of wheel is 2 for light loads and 4
for medium or heavy loads .
 The hanger is suspended from carriage to
make its axis vertical.

104. Carriers:
 The bucket is supported by the hanger and
grip on carriage.
 Three types of carriers are commonly used
namely rotating carrier, bottom discharge
carrier and fully enclosed bucket .

105. Carriers:

106. Saddles:
 These are rolled steel section bent along their
longitudinal central line to allow rope
curvature on the support.
 The upper part of the saddle is grooved to
accommodate and support the track rope.
 For safety against unloading of the rope, the
groove dia. should be 1.5 d and the depth of
the groove 0.8d, where d is the diameter of the
rope.

107. Saddles:

108. Trestles:
 The trestles for bi-cable ropeways provide
support to both the track and traction ropes. as
well as giving necessary profile to the
ropeway.
 The track ropes rest on the saddles at the top
crossbeam and the traction rope on the
sheaves at the cross beam below.
 Trestles are constructed either in steel,
reinforced concrete / timber.

109. Trestles:
 The height of the trestles is usually in the shape
of a truncated pyramid. The ht. of the trestles is
usually 8 to 12 m on level ground and spaced at
intervals of 100-250 m. But in a mountainous
region, they must be as high as 100 m and
spaced at 500 m or more. The trestles should be
erected on firm ground.

110. Trestles:

111. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -14
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

112. Types of Arial Ropeway
 On the basis of number of ropes and the mode of
transportation, the ropeways are classified as:
1. Mono-cable Ropeway – the ropeway has a single
running endless rope which both support and
moves the carriers.
2. Bi-cable Ropeway- the ropeway has two fixed
track ropes along which the carriers are hauled by
an endless traction rope.
3. Twin-cable Ropeway- the ropeway has two pairs
of track ropes to support the carriers and one
endless traction rope.

113. Stations:
 Loading station:
 Station where carriers are loaded are called
loading station and in bi-cable ropeway it is
more complicated than monocable ropeway.
 At the loading stations, the track rope
tensioning device is avoided and the end of it
is anchored instead. However the tensioning
of the traction rope may be incorporated.

114. Loading station:
 At the entry to station, the carrier leaves the
track rope and rides on the station rail and
while leaving it, rides back on the rope. To
facilitate those, rope deflecting saddles are put
at the transition point.
 The carriers passes through the arrangement of
releasing and gripping of the traction rope
movement of the carrier is controlled manually
or by running chain at automatic station.

116. Unloading station:
 It is the discharged end of the rope way.
 The unloading station should be sufficiently
high enough above the ground level to make
possible unloading by gravity.

117. Unloading station:

118. Intermediate station:
 When a bi-cable ropeway has more than one
section, intermediate stations are provided
where it passes from one section to another.
 Arrangements are there for tensioning.

119. Angle station:
 When it is not possible to take a straight line
route, angle station are provided to change the
direction of route.
 Here the track ropes of adjacent arms
terminate by means of anchorage or
tensioning arrangement.

120. Angle station:

121. B.TECH MINING 5TH
MINING MACHINERY-II
UNIT- V
UNDERGROUND MINE TRANSPOTATION
SYSTEM
LECTURE -15
Ajeet Mehra
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering

122. MANRIDING SYSTEM
 Man Riding systems are safe and comfortable
for transporting the persons fast in underground
mines over long distances.
 This transportation includes mine gradients and
curves.
 These systems are used to increase the effective
utilization of man power and eliminate the
drudgery in walking in both gradients and
levels of the mines.

123.  Man riding system used in underground mines
is classified into two categories:
1. Man riding Chair Lift System (MCLS)
2. Man riding Car System

124. Man Riding Chair Lift System
Construction
 It consists of an endless rope.
 A drive station installed at the head of the system
drives the wire rope at the appropriate speed.
 The rope is operated by a drive pulley, supported
by intermediate guide rollers and the closed loop is
established with the help of a return pulley.
 The return station is in conjunction with a
tensioning tower which has a dead weight
arrangement for the purpose of tensioning.

125. Construction
 There is a embarking station at the gate of the
incline/decline and multiple embarking/
disembarking stations at the intermediate
levels.

126. WORKING:
 A detachable chair has to be put on a rope and
sitting on the chair gives the movement to the
person.
 The chair rests on the rope of the man riding
system and the movement of the rope through
the horizontally placed drive pulley gives the
movement to the chair.
 The man riding chairs are securely held on an
endless wire rope by positive friction.

127. WORKING:
 The system is switched on and off optionally
by one or more main switches or by a pull-cord
in the transport section.
 The chair speed is regulated by means of an
adjusting lever which permits continuously
variable transport speed from 0-3.0 m/sec.

128. Principal Components:-
 Drive station
 Embarking / Disembarking Station
 Intermediate Support Rollers
 Return Station with Tensioning Tower

129. Drive station
 The drive end is always placed on the uphill
side of the mine.
 It consists of a drive pulley through which the
rope passes.
 The drive is either electric operated or electro-
hydraulic operated or purely hydraulic
operated.

130. Drive station

132. Intermediate Stations:-
 The embarking and disembarking stations are
made of welded steel sections with a longitudinal
design ensuring reliable chair uncoupling and
pick-up by the wire rope in the transition area
from wire rope to rail.
 The detachable chairs are automatically taken off
the rope and guided on tubes
 Horizontal course deviations may be overcome
without problems by means of curve stations
which are suspended in the transport section by
anchoring chains.

133. Intermediate Stations:-

134. Return Station:-
 The return station is located in the underground
area and has a tensioning arrangement along
with it.
 In the tensioning arrangement there is a
hanging weight and the weight ensures the
necessary rope tension in the system and serves
to compensate for various loads.

135. Return Station:-

136. Man riding Car System
 A rope hauled monorail system embodies an
overhead I section rail suspended from roadway
supports or roof bolts carrying a train of trolleys,
lifting beams or man riding cabins or chairlift
man riders which run on the bottom flanges with
captive rollers engaging the web.
 One end of the endless rope is attached to the
trolleys etc. whilst the other terminates at a rope
storage drum attached to and forming part of the
train of trolleys.

137. Man riding Car System
The monorail is normally operated by an
endless haulage winch. Monorails (Man riding
car system) used for materials transportation
and man riding.
It is installed in roadways upto 3 km long and
on gradients upto 450 (1:1).
A minimum height of the roadway of 1500
mm.
Materials upto the weight of 3 t/unit load can
be transported.

138. Man riding Car System
 Pulley frames are fitted to the rails at intervals of 30
m.
 At the end of the monorail, a tensionable return unit is
fitted which can easily be moved whenever necessary.
 All curves are fitted with brackets where more than
one roadway has to be served, switch points can be
installed which can be operated by hand, compressed
air or hydraulic power.
 The return pulleys are available in diameter 450 and
630 mm. brakes trolleys are designed to halt monorail
trains in the event of failure of the drawbar.