Dual Use Research Examples

Dual Use Research Examples
Dual Use Dilemma According to the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity,
(NSABB) "dual use" research includes "life sciences research with legitimate scientific purpose that
can be misused to pose a biological threat to public health and/or national security." (Holohan, n.d.)
The dual–use research dilemma refers to the challenge of producing and publishing research with
the intent to improve public or animal health or to increase agricultural productivity, which, can be
used for nefarious reasons to threaten public health. An example of this dilemma occurred in
Australia, where researchers inserted a mouse gene into a mousepox virus, hoping that the altered
virus would sterilize mice as a means of pest control. However, they discovered that they had in fact
produced a superstrain of mousepox that killed mice ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References: Holohan , T., M.D. (n.d.). The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
(NSABB): Enhancing Oversight of Dual Use Research. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
https://2001–2009.state.gov/t/isn/bw/50010.htm Selgelid, M. J. (2009, January 6). Governance of
dual–use research: an ethical dilemma. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/9/08–051383/en/ Katz, R. (2018). Essentials of public
health preparedness and emergency management (1st ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett
Learning CIA, Office of Transnational Issues. (2003, November 3). The Darker Bioweapons Future
. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf U.S. Dept. of State
(n.d.). Office of Cooperative Threat Reduction. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
https://www.state.gov/t/isn/offices/c55411.htm BEP (2016). Retrieved October 31, 2017, from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Biological Control In Golf Course Essay
Biological Control in Golf Course Maintenance Golf courses are a beautiful example of agricultural
art that many people take for granted. Millions of dollars a year are spent on chemicals which are
used to improve the appearance of grasses and trees, and to control diseases. But what if there was
an effective way to do this without the use of chemicals that can harm the environment? Biological
control is the act of using biological components, such as entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes,
hyperparasites and antibiosis protection. Most golf course superintendents have come accustomed to
using chemicals, but have not looked towards the future and refuse to acknowledge the effect they
may have on the environment in the long run. Entomopathogenic nematodes are ... Show more
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Each species of entomopathogenic fungi has the ability to effect different organisms, which is
shown in Table 1. (ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS) It
is known that insects make excellent vectors for plant pathogens, and using entomopathogenic fungi
kills those vectors, thus slowing the spread of the disease in certain areas. On golf courses, the most
common vectors include chinch bugs, bill bugs and aphids which are usually very small and occur
in large numbers. The fungi in this case is only harmful towards a specific host – which means it is
safe for humans and other organisms in the environment. (ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AS
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS) The fungus is first introduced to the turf, which can then be
fed upon (or just touched) by a susceptible vector organism, causing inoculation by the fungus. The
fungus can enter the body by contact, ingestion or through other orifices in the body. Once inside,
the fungus can grow and reproduce, eventually becoming severely toxic and killing the

Pesticides And Herbicides
How are pesticides and herbicides important? A pesticide is used to kill targets and kill insects,
While herbicides are used to kill undesirable plants or weeds. They help stop the spread of diseases
and insects.
What are pesticides and herbicides? A pesticide is a substance used for destroying insects or other
living organisms harmful to discriminating plants or to animals, and a herbicide is a substance that is
toxic to plants and is used to destroy unwanted vegetation. The majority of pesticides is used to
serve as plant protection products, in most cases, they protect plants from weeds, fungi or insects.
Pesticide that is also related to the term also includes: herbicide, insecticide, rodenticides,
bactericides, fungicides, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glyphosate herbicides can cause genetic ruination and harm to the immune system in sea creatures.
The differences between a pesticide and a herbicide is that a pesticide is used specifically to use and
exterminate insects, and a herbicide is used to kill undesirable plants or weeds. Pesticides also
include a snail bait, ant killer, and wasp killer. Herbicides will kill all plants they come in touch
with, while others are designed to target other plant like species. Herbicides are designed to kill
certain types of plant growth rather than protecting them. Pesticides are designed to kill insects,
mice, and rodents. Pesticides also treat at an extensive range of plant difficulties. Yet, many
mistakenly referred pesticides only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides,
fungicides, and other various substances used to manipulate pests.
What are pesticides and herbicides used for? Pesticides are used for destroying weeds and other
undesirable vegetation. Pesticides prevent the spread of bacteria, and compounds to control insects
and rodents including rats. Herbicides are used to kill certain targets while leaving the crop
unharmed, the growth of their weed is often based on plant hormones, and it is used for to kill
plants. Farmers spray pesticides on crops to kill the plants and weeds that may compete with the
crops. Pesticides were used in the

Gm Foods Persuasive Essay
GMOs Imagine knowing what is really in the food on our dinner plates every night. Probably
organic, naturally grown foods, right? That might be the case in some foods, but now a days, most
crops are grow genetically modified (GM). GM foods are foods that have been altered with a gene
or protein from another living organism to give it a quality or characteristic that it never had before.
Some examples of GM foods are apples that do not brown and potatoes that do not bruise. These are
made when the organisms are genetically modified to reduce the levels of enzymes that cause
browning and bruising. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are unsafe. While they can be
beneficial, GMOs are unhealthy for human consumption, cause environmental impacts, and have ...
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To begin with, GMOs are unsafe for human consumption. One reason they are unsafe is the fact that
they cause health problems. Some of the health problems they cause are immune problems, faster
aging, changes in major organs in our bodies, and infertility. The most common health problem
GMOs cause is allergic reactions. They cause allergic reactions because GM foods contain
combined proteins that weren't in the original organisms. When the GM proteins are added, it can
cause a new allergy to its' consumer. Ken Mandel, a contributor at NewsMax, said, "For example, if
a protein from an organism that caused an allergic reaction is added to something that previously
didn't, it may prompt a new allergic reaction." That is only one reason why GMOs are unsafe.
Besides the fact that GMOs are unsafe for human consumption, they also have impacts on the
environment. One impact GMOs have on the environment is that it causes damage. When livestock
eat grass, hay, or any genetically modified pesticide–producing crop, it can lead to sick, sterile,and
even dead livestock. The article "GMOs: Facts About Genetically Modified Food" states,
"Genetically modified foods

Spider Muticae Lab Report
Abstract
The two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) consider one of the major economic plant feeding
pests, attacking a wide range of hosts all over the world, resulting in severe economic injury and
occasionally plant death. In Egypt, phytophagous mites are serious pests on crops, vegetable and
fruits and frequently cause considerable losses in plant yields, where mites are one of the worst pests
of tomatoes and strawberry. T. urticae is feeding on the foliage that may significantly reduce plant
vigor, causes necrosis in young leaves and stems, which decreases photosynthesis and transpiration,
lower total yield, and diminish fruit quality in case of large population of the spider mite can destroy
whole plants, resulting in complete yield loss. Production of high quality strawberry and tomato ...
Establish mite colonies resistant to acaricides through artificial selection.
3. Test selected field populations of spider mites collected from strawberries and tomatoes in North
Carolina and compare concentration–response curves to susceptible mites.
Methodology
1. Susceptible Strain
To establish baseline toxicity and concentration–response curves, an acaricide naïve susceptible
strain of T. urticae will be tested for response to specific acaricides applied to leaf discs at controlled
concentrations. The susceptible acaricide naïve mites will be obtained from our laboratory colony,
and were kept in a walk–in growth chamber isolated from possible contaminants (i.e. pesticides and
other arthropods).
2. Insect rearing colony
T. urticae will be maintained and reared continuously on a food supply consisting of baby lima bean
plants under conditions of 28 ± 1°C, 70±5 RH, and a 16 h light: 8 h dark photoperiod. New,
uninfested baby lima bean plants will be rotated into the mite colony every seven days. Lima bean
leaves infested with all stage of the two spotted spider mites will be used fo rearing the predatory
mites in different cages.
3. Baseline

West African Senior School Certificate Examination...
WEST AFRICAN SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE (For candidates in The Gambia, Nigeria and Sierra–Leone only)
PREAMBLE This syllabus has been designed to portray Agricultural Science as an applied science
with emphasis on the acquisition of knowledge and skills associated with the content. A general
review of the Junior Secondary School Agricultural Science Syllabus is presumed. Candidates will
be expected to answer questions on all the topics set out in the column headed syllabus. The notes
therein are intended to indicate the scope of the questions which will be set, but they are not to be
considered as an exhaustive list of limitations and illustrations. Schools must keep school farms
where crops are grown with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.
(a)
Roles of Government in agricultural production: providing loans, credits and subsidies.
(b) Role of nongovernmental
19
Discussion should include roles of the government, Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
WEST AFRICAN SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE organisations. private farmers etc.
B.
AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGY 1. Land and its Uses (a) Uses of land for agricultural and non–
agricultural purposes: Uses of land for agriculture, forestry and wildlife conservation. (b) Factors
affecting land availability and use: (i) Physical factors e.g., soil type, topography etc., (ii) Socio–
economic factors e.g., population pressure. 2. Environmental factors affecting agricultural
production: (a) Climatic factors: rainfall, temperature, light and wind. (b) Biotic factors: predators,
parasites, soil microorganisms, pests and diseases. (c) Edaphic factors: soil pH, soil texture and soil
structure. 3. Rock formation (a) rock types: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic; (b) rock
formation processes. Formation, composition and properties of soil (a) Factors of soil formation:
parent rock, topography, organisms, climate, vegetation and time (b) Processes of soil formation:

physical, chemical and biological processes.
An over–view of the different land tenure systems in West Africa. Discussion should

Hanford Nuclear Bombing Case Study
Additionally, the environment issues came to be severe effects after the nuclear bombing. An
example being, at the plutonium production facilities at the Hanford Site in Washington State, the
Atomic Energy Commission released billions of gallons of radioactive material into the Columbia
River. Ponding basins where reactor effluent was stored to allow for sufficient radioactive decay
were notoriously prone to leakage. Groundwater contamination at Hanford continued to be an
intractable problem in the first decade of the 21st century, placing the Columbia at risk of further
contamination. In the late 1980s, the U.S. government designated Hanford as a Superfund site.
Cleanup of the site is estimated to run well into the billions of dollars, if it can be fully remediated at
all. Other nuclear–complex sites ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Nagasaki 14,000 or 27% of 52,000 residences were completely destroyed and 5,40O, or 10%
were half destroyed. Only 12% remained undamaged. This destruction was limited by the layout of
the city. The production of chemical weapons also expanded during the cold war. The growth of
chemical weapons programs paralleled the rapid growth of insect pest control, reflecting the
increasing alignment of military and industrial interests. Developments in the chemical industry
against the "hordes" of "totalitarian" both metaphorically and materially with the American
military's mobilization for total war against the Soviets. Development of various insecticides was
found to have direct military application. In at least one case, the race to develop stronger
insecticides to keep pace with biological adaptations among insects led to the discovery of V–
agents, a new type of organophosphate highly toxic to humans. The doctrine of total war against
humans paralleled and furthered the idea of total war on and control of

Exploring How Microbial Interactions Can Be Exploited For...
10) AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: (EGAN)
Using examples, discuss how microbial interactions can be exploited for biocontrol?
What methods are available to improve the efficiency of biocontrol agents?
Natural environments tend to be balanced environments, where organisms rely on each other and
also constrain one another by competition for resources or by parasitism, predation, etc. However,
human activity has causes effects that disturbs these balances, and this is most evident when an
exotic organism is introduced on purpose or by accident. There are a lot of serious pests, crop
diseases or invasive weeds resulting from "introductions" of organisms from foreign lands. The
newly introduced organisms find a favourable environment, free from ... Show more content on
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Prior to the use of chemical pesticides, predators which are natural enemies of those specific pests,
was a significant subject in biological sciences with respect to agriculture and forest pest control.
Biological control includes the use of predators, competitors, pathogens and compounds of
biological origin.
There are tremendous advantages of using bio–control compared to chemicals (insecticides,
herbicides, and fungicides). These include consumer/occupational safety good, no crop withholding
after use, good environmental safety, high specificity, low cost of development and low potential of
resistance. In other hand, chemical methods causes' health concerns, crop withholding period after
use, restriction in export, broad spectrum toxicity to non–target beneficial organism, high potential
of resistance and also accumulation in food chain. Chemical method is also costly with long
development time due to registration requirements.
Microorganisms that are exploited for bio–control include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoans.
These may bring about disease, or may compete with or otherwise limit the target organism. (David,
2013). A microbial toxin can be defined as a biological toxin material derived from a
microorganism, such as a bacterium or fungus. These microorganisms can cause pathogenic effect
on the target pests that are very species specific. The effect by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Beauveria
Beauveria is well known genera of Entomopathogenic fungi. It is worldwide registered for its
mycoinsecticides properties. Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Beauveria brongniarti are used to control
insect pests (5). Beauveria bassiana is a filamentous fungus which belongs to the class
Deuteromycete, that grow naturally in soil. It acts as pathogen to various insects and causes white
muscardine disease (6–10). Bb has a wide range of host and insect pests. It can be used against
vectors in human diseases (11). Wang et al., (12) and Liz et al., (13) reported that Bb is used to
control insects in forests such as pine caterpillar and silkworm. The penetration of EPF such as
B.bassiana is through insect cuticle which mainly consists of polysaccharide ... Show more content
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Beauvericin is a cyclooligomer depsipeptide ionophore that helps in the transportation of
monovalent cations across membranes as a free carrier uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation (20).
Beauvericin shows an important biological activities as antifungal and antibiotic properties in vitro
(21), and antifungal agents in combinatorial therapies (22). Along with above functions, In 2004
Jow et al., (23) reported beauvericin as a broad–spectrum antiproliferative agent which fight against
different human cancer cell lines by activating calcium sensitive cellular apoptotic pathways. It also
inhibits the directional cell motility or haptotaxis which is essential for the formation of new blood
vessels in case of on tumor or cancer tissues at subcytotoxic concentrations (22), invasion of other
tissues by cancer cells, and metastasis (24). Wang and Xu, (25) reported that beauvericin has
antitumour activity against cancer cell lines. During the molecular docking studies of about 36
protein structures of cancer molecules retrieved from PDB are docked with the anticancer drug
beauvericin and negative binding energy of the docked complex was calculated. Binding free energy
reveals the drug resistance of anticancer and finds the interaction between the active site and
substrate of oncogene. These findings provide useful information for understanding the

Composting and Plant Growth
Review of Related Literature
HISTORY OF VERMICOMPOSTING
Vermicomposting, as an industrial process, was originally developed to remove unwanted organic
materials from the agricultural and industrial waste streams. The derived product: earthworm
castings, is now recognized as a high value material which, when blended with soil, can restore soil
tilth by correcting the imbalances caused by the over–utilization of petrol–chemical based fertilizers;
thus enabling crops and plants to naturally combat pests and diseases, all resulting in increased crop
production and general plant health.
Using European technology we began researching production processes and the potential of
Vermicomposting over 20 years ago. In 1991 we built the first ... Show more content on
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We developed our operational protocols from this research, and this research and operational
training goes with every system.
Other investigations concentrated on the properties of Vermicompost that increased plant growth.
The increased plant growth observed greatly exceeded any of the nutrient inputs applied and all
recent plant growth trials received balancing levels of nutrient inputs to ensure nutrients were not
the cause. * Small additions of Vermicompost decreased the incidence of various plant diseases and
the numbers of plant parasitic nematodes were suppressed. * Further research investigating
production methods (Third part of Phase I and II) and effective practical applications of water
soluble elutriates for foliar application – for immediate disease and pest control – are ongoing.
Initial results were completed in June 2009 : Liquid Extracts for Disease and Pest Control. * Heat
sterilization of finished Vermicompost was shown to remove all plant growth enhancing properties,
but these could be restored by the addition of aqueous extracts of un–sterilized Vermicompost. This
demonstrates the key factor is clearly microbial, most likely associated with plant growth regulators
and increased levels of humic acid and folic acid found in Vermicompost. * Results showed

Bacillus Thuringiensis Bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore forming bacterium that produces crystals protein which are toxic to
many species of insects. Therefore it is used a natural pesticide. It is naturally occurring throughout
the world and its usage is very common. There are thousands of different Bt strains. The kurstaki
strain being the most common kills only leaf– and needle–feeding caterpillars. In the last ten years,
Bt strains have been mostly used to control the abundance of flies, mosquitoes, black flies, amongst
others. When it comes to Bt strains, the target is very specific. The strains for mosquitoes will only
target them and not affect other insects. Even though Bt is used in aerial spraying programs and
transgenic crops its main usage in organic farming. In 1901 while performing research on Sudden
Collapse Disease on silk worms, Japanese biologist Shigetane Ishiwatari discovered Bacillus
thuringiensis or Bt originally called Bacillus sotto. It was then rediscovered in 1911 by Ernst
Berliner who was researching the cause of death of the moths in Thuringia, Germany, where the
name thuringiensis comes from. Berliner's research overruled Ishiwatari's research and Bacillus
thuringiensis became the bacteria's name. It was not until 1920 where Bt was reportedly used by
farmers who began to spray it in their fields. Later on in 1938, France brought it into the market as a
flour moth killer called "Sporine." Bt products started off struggling because a vast amount of
insects were immune

Defining the Moral Status Essay
Biomedical Ethics Chapter 3
Defining the moral status
As time passes medicine and the healthcare system has greatly improved the life expectancy of
mankind, and more options present themselves, they also come a price as to which is the right
choice to make. How do we defy which life is more important, who gets to live and who has second
priority?
How do you determine who has a higher moral status. What properties should you base your criteria
on? We will isolate and divulge on the significant properties that present guidelines on how to
address the moral rights of vulnerable groups. Some examples are human embryos, fetus, research
test animals, adults in mentally compromised state. There are five theories suggested by ... Show
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To possess these properties is to be a higher level being means having a higher moral status. The
downside is if a person or animal loses their cognitive abilities then their moral status would change.
Cognitive properties would then depend on a changing level that does not take into account future
possibilities. Examples being if a fetus or an embryo does not possess these traits then they are
automatically of low status, and a dog or a cat capable higher of cognitive properties would have a
better status than them. Rights and consideration needs to be given to those who have the capability
to develop these properties. The third theory is moral agency "derives from the capacity to act as a
moral agent"(Beauchamp & Childress, 2013, p.72). If one is able to act morally, to do right by
others, then that person will have moral status, if they do harm to others, then they will have a lower
moral status. An example is a priest or a monk who does their best to help others, and the opposite
end are criminals who have committed crime to others, so their freedom and certain rights are taken
away. The two main conditions for an individual to be a moral agent is the capability to make moral
decisions and "the individual has motives that can judged morally" (Beauchamp & Childress, 2013,
p.72). The theory bases the ability of the individual's will to act

The, The Most Popular Vegetable Of The Whole World
Cauliflower is the most popular vegetable in the whole world.it is a great green vegetable which is
very good for our health.it is a term of cultivated plant.it also belong with the brassica family. Firstly
cauliflower is a Latin word. Which meaning a great flower because, in the beginning it is belong
Italy because Italy produce a large number of cauliflower production on that time.it is very familiar
with the cabbage because it also belong to the brassica family. Therefore, both have a lot of
similarities in their growing conditions. Firstly, same environment habits, same growing habits.
Because both are the winter vegetables so normally mostly both demand cool whether for growing
better growing. Furthermore, cauliflower a good vege for our health. In many countries of the world
specially in the European market it tying for the first–place cauliflower for vegetable consumed
most frequently. Moreover, many countries like china, India, New Zealand, Italy increase their
vegetables production. Because world demand every time green vegetables .consumption of
cauliflower is increasing day by day. Because it great source of the vitamins and proteins also. It is a
deserves a regular rotation in your diet.in today time
Health problems of cauliflower Bacterial soft rot BACTERIUM
Erwinia caratovora
Bacterial delicate decay of cauliflower
Side effects
Water–drenched sores on leaves and blossom heads which extend to shape an expansive decayed
mass; surface of injuries normally

Options for Biological Terrorism Attacks and...
Bioterrorism is not a distant threat that may concern us twenty years from now. It has occurred
throughout history and continues to this day. As recently as 1996, a man from Ohio with connections
to an extremist group was able to obtain Bubonic Plague cultures through the US Postal Service
(Danzig & Berkowsky, 1997). In the last month, several people within the United States have
become infected with anthrax. As we stand right now, America is unprepared for a large–scale attack
with biological weapons, and as we continue with our "War on Terrorism," the likelihood of such an
attack is increasing every day. Terrorists can use three major methods to most effectively distribute a
biological agent in the US: 1) air dispersal to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several methods have been suggested for the massive airborne release of biological agents. Crop
dusters, the most likely, are designed to release high concentrations of pesticides over large areas.
This form of pesticide distribution exactly parallels the optimal methods for dispersal of a harmful
biological agent. Stationary sprayers have also been implicated as a potential source of biological
attack and could include backpack sprayers, agricultural sprayers, or even perfume atomizers
(Danzig & Berkowsky, 1997). Airborne schemes of distribution are virtually uncontrollable by
government agencies. Crop dusters are available to anyone with a pilot's license and backpack
sprayers can be found in most hardware stores. The consequence of the recent anthrax attacks
through the US Postal service pale in comparison to the potential consequences of such an airborne
attack.
Although anthrax is not contagious, there are numerous potential airborne agents that are. Once a
contagious infecting agent, such as smallpox or the plague, enters a population, it can spread very
quickly from one person to the next. With the speed and popularity of air travel, an infection can
spread across the country–or even the world, in a matter of days. The contamination of one person
with a highly contagious disease in an airport is all

The Effects Of Fungal Diseases
diseases in addition to physiological disorder. However, fungal diseases, especially rust is
considered one of the major destructive diseases affecting the crop yield (Hagedron, 1984 and Kraft,
and Pfleger, 2001), especially in the north and middle parts of the Delta in Egypt and several
countries in the world (Abada et al., 1997; Gupta and Shayam, 1998 and Parilli et al., 2015).
The fungus Uromyces pisi is a heteroecious rust pathogen, completing its life cycle on two host
plant species. The sexual stages are completed on Euphorbia cyparissias (cypress spurge), while the
asexual lifecycle stages are completed on leguminous crop hosts such as Lathyrus, Orobus, Pisum
and Vicia spp. E. cyparissias is an erect, branching, rhizomatous ... Show more content on
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The nectar contains fungal gametes (spermatia) that are transferred by nectar feeding insects
(including bees and ants) from one fungal mating type to another. Once fertilization has occurred,
aeciospores are released which infect leguminous host plants including field peas.
Managing plant diseases with fungicides sometimes gives good results. However, improper use of
fungicides leads mostly to environmental pollution, disasters throughout the world and the
phenomena of resistance to the causal pathogens (Brewer and Larkin, 2005). Therefore, to overcome
these difficulties, it is urgent to apply alternative safe efficient methods against such disease or at
least rationalization their application.
Biological control is considered an important approach of agricultural biotechnology in recent years
for controlling many fungal plant pathogens. Both Bacillus and Trichoderma spp. are the most
promising and effective bioagents against
various plant pathogenic fungi (Deshmukh et al., 2010; Barakat et al., 2014 and Ragab et al., 2015).
Trichoderma as antagonist is much more complex, that is nutrient competition, hyperparasitism,
antibiosis, space and cell wall degrading enzymes (Abd–El–Khair et al., 2010 and Junid et al.,
2013).
It was also found that there is a large variety of volatile secondary metabolites produced by
Trichoderma spp. such as ethylene, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes and ketones which
play an important role in controlling many plant

Why Potato Is Becoming The Most Important Crop
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth highest produced crop in the world and the most
important non–cereal food crop, with world production estimated to be over 350 million tons in
2013 (http://faostat.fao.org). Potato is a versatile crop, and is utilized as not only food and feed but
also in industrial materials and fuels (Kikuchi et al. 2015). Potato is becoming the most important
crop in developing countries and its production is expanding more rapidly than that of most other
crops primarily because of increasing industrialization (Guchi et al. 2015). Potatoes in India are
grown under varied climatic conditions ranging from tropics, subtropics to temperate highlands.
Consequently, the spectrum of insect–pests and diseases is very large and limit potato production
upto 85% depending upon the weather/region. Fungal disease plays a pivotal role for yield losses.
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (oomycete pathogen), is the most destructive disease
of potato worldwide (CIP, 1989). During the last two decades, disease has increased globally and the
average global crop loss of potato has increased upto 21.8% (Fry and Goodwin, 1997; James, 1981;
Forbes, 2012). Worldwide losses due to late blight are estimated to exceed $5 billion annually and
thus the pathogen is regarded as a threat to global food security (Latijnhouwers et al. 2004).
Management strategies consist either in exclusion, avoiding contact between plant and pathogens, or
by pest eradication, and

Interesting Facts About Ladybugs
Interesting facts about the ladybug Ladybugs occur almost everywhere and if you have your own
little garden that is healthy and you do not use any insecticides or artificial pesticide, then you will
probably find one or two ladybugs in your garden. These little bugs have various names depending
on the region, in some places they are referred to as lady beetles, ladybirds or ladybird beetles.
Scientifically they are mostly known as coccinelids and there are currently over 6000 species that
have been identified. They are actually not bugs, but rather they are beetles. Their name has an
interesting history, being traced back to Britain. In Britain Mary is known as Our Lady, and is often
painted having a red cloak on. In comparison to a species of this bug which has a red back and with
seven spot. The seven spots are taken as a symbol of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In terms of their size, the females are on average larger than the males. Ladybugs have jaws that
move like that of a human being, moving side to side as well as moving up and down when they are
chewing. Characteristics of the ladybug Ladybugs have numerous species, however they have a
common shape, they are oval and their bodies look like domes. They have six short legs and not all
of them have colorful and marked backs. Those with colorful and marked backs may either have
stripes or spots. These stripes or spots will continue fading gradually as the ladybug gets older,
hence the most faded will show the oldest ladybugs in comparison to the younger ones whose
marking will be bright. There are those that are brightly colored but have no spots or stripes.
However, there are ladybugs that are not brightly colored and are gray, black or brown in color
which makes many people to assume that they are not ladybugs. The opposite is also true; at times
people confuse other small beetles to be ladybugs that are not brightly

Impact Of Pesticides On The Parasitoid Coccidoxenoides...
IMPACT OF PESTICIDES ON MEALYBUG PARASITOID COCCIDOXENOIDES
PERMINUTUS (TIMBERLAKE) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)
Akshay Mahesh Bhosale
Department of Agrochemicals and Pest Management, Shivaji University, Kolhapur–416004,
Maharashtra, India.
Email address: drambhosale@gmail.com
Corresponding Address:
Dr. Akshay Mahesh Bhosale
Flat No. 402, Swami Sadan Apartment, Railkar Hospital road,
Sambhaji Nagar, Loni–Kalbhor, Kadam–Wak Wasti,
Pune–412201, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT:
Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is solitary endoparasitoid
associated with mealybugs. Parasitoid having very good biocontrol potential against Phenacoccus
solenopsis Tinsley and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The
parasitoid affected by several pesticides sprayed on vineyards for the control of pest species.
Bioassay of nine different pesticides through dry film method was conducted in the laboratory by
using adults and pupae of parasitoid. Among tested pesticides Spirotetramate and Horti–Impact
caused high mortality of adult parasitoid and similarly these pesticides also found toxic towards
adult emergence of parasitoid. Whereas, drenching of Imidacloprid and Clothianidin cause moderate
mortality of parasitoids emerged from cocoons. The emerged parasitoids from treated cocoons were
tested for their longevity. Even 24 hours after treatment (HAT) Agroclean (10.00%), Azadirachtin
5% (16.66%), Spida (20.00%), Brigade (30.00%) and Azadirachtin 1%

A Report On The Environmental Action Plan
Rational / Purpose: My environmental action plan will consist of containing a controlled non–toxic
ecosystem around my home by using natural remedies that are safe for my family, pets, and plant
life. My plan is to use non–toxic pest controls to ward off insects that do damage and spread disease.
My plan will also consist of incorporating plants that encourage good insects that help my homes
ecofriendly environment.
My plan will consist of the following points:
Goals
My goals are to educate myself, family, friends, neighbors, and classmates on how to utilize safe
natural pest controls and to ensure a safe sustainable environment. There are a number of things to
know to achieve these goals.
Example:
1. Applying nature pest control for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you have a pet, comb it regularly with a flea comb and wash its bedding frequently. Be sure to
vacuum floors, rugs and upholstery your pet comes in contact with regularly.
List was created by
Step 2: In the spring invest in plants that draw in beneficial insects like the Praying mantis that is a
beneficial insect to have around the home. "Mantis lies in wait for their food and when close
enough, snap it up with a lightning movement of their strong forelegs. Mantis has enormous
appetites, eating various aphids, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, caterpillars and other soft–bodied insects
when young. Later they will eat larger insects, beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, and other pest insects.
Another beneficial insect is the Ladybug; they are voracious eaters of aphids, scale insects,
mealybugs and mites." It's like having help keeping your outside environment free from pest that
cause damage and try to take over your home. This is the best way to rid pest without spraying
harmful toxins. Insect information was provided by Buglogical Control Systems Inc.
Step 3: planting herbs detour pests from inside and outside the home. Sage and garlic placed on the
deck will also detour ants and mosquitoes. Cucumber peels or slices in kitchen or at point of entry
will detour ants due to it bitter taste. Things to detour flies are sweet basil next to doors or plant in
containers. Also crushed mint or bay leaf homemade flytraps. Cockroach detours are bay

Pesticides and Human Health in California Essay
Agriculture is the most fundamental resource of society. Without it, humans could not live,
especially in the ways we do now where people reside in cities. This means that those cities could
not exist without large scale agriculture to sustain them. Since agriculture is such a necessity, people
have developed methods to gain more from their land. One of the many solutions besides machinery
they have developed to produce higher crop yields is through the use of pesticides. However, those
pesticides which have resulted in high crop yields have come at price, and that is human health
itself. This seems rather contradictory. Pesticides were designed to help people and society by
increased the success of producing high crop yields, and they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some of them might be surprising, others not as much due to reoccurring themes in the economy. To
understand pesticides, we must look at the facts about them. According to the EPA, pesticides are
chemicals specifically designed and sold to prevent, destroy, or repel pests from garden,
greenhouses, fields, and orchards (Learn About Chemicals Around Your House). Charlotte Gerber's
article, How Do Pesticides Kill Bugs, explained that pesticides targets insects and kills them by
attacking the nervous system and then when the muscles are over–stimulated, this will lead to
paralysis and death. The effect of the organophosphates that cause that in pesticides was discovered
in the 1930's during World War II. They were used in the creation of nerve gas, which was used in
chemical warfare. When used in lethal dosages for humans, organophosphates cause extreme
excitability, convulsions, paralysis and in most cases, death (Gerber). According to Effects of
Pesticides on Human Health, The World Health Organization estimates that there are 3 million cases
of pesticide poisoning each year and up to 220,000 deaths, primarily in developing countries (Lah
and Glibert 2011). Children, and any other young and developing organisms, are particularly
vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticides. Even very low levels of exposure during
development may have adverse health effects. Exposure can even lead to neurological health effects
such as memory loss, loss of

A Test on Rachel Carson's Book Silent Spring
AP Biology/Pd. 2
11/13/13
"Silent Springs" Test
Content Questions:
1. Carlson classifies modern insecticides into two groups of chemicals. The first group, represented
by DDT, is known as the "chlorinated hydrocarbons" and the other group, represented by Malathion
and parathion, consists of the organic phosphorus insecticides. Although both are organic, the
organic phosphorous insecticides are more poisonous than the chlorinated hydrocarbons and have
the ability to destroy enzymes.
2. When insecticides "are built on a basis of carbon atoms," it is both ingenious and threatening
because carbon atoms are the basic building blocks of the living world. They can be modified to
become the chemistry of all life, but they can also be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Too much of the insecticides will allow acetylcholine to build up which would lead to convulsions
and eventually death.
2. Research in the early 1960s proved that high levels of DDT found in predatory birds were the
cause of the decrease in their populations. When the predatory birds came in contact with DDT, their
reproduction was directly affected. As a result of DDT's presence in the predatory bird's body, the
eggshells of these birds started to become slender. These eggshells become so thin that whenever the
mother bird would lie on the egg waiting for it to hatch, the eggs would break. Thus, the predatory
bird population had no means of increasing, since their reproduction was not successful. Biological
magnification had a large role to play in the decrease of the predatory bird population. Spraying of
DDT on vegetation led to contamination of the prey populations such as fish. These prey started
building large concentrations of DDT within their bodies. As a result, the predatory birds also got
contaminated, since they preyed upon contaminated animals.
3. With regards to the genetic makeup of target insect populations, heavy pesticide use can alter their
DNA to the point where the insects develop a resistance to certain insecticides like malaria
mosquitoes to DDT. These effects can be counterproductive to long–term insect control because one
the

Summary: The Significant Role Of Bees In Pollination Of...
For example, bees have been found to play a significant role in the pollination of crops and the use
of this technology is a blow to the environment considering many bees die when they are exposed to
these chemicals (Newell, 2009). The same case can be said of butterflies and birds that are known to
be pollinators as well as their significant role as biological control agents. In addition to the effects,
the pests that are targeted by use of this method can adapt to pesticides and herbicides over time and
eventually becoming resistant. Destruction of soil fertility has also been associated with the
production GM foods. The chemicals used are deposited to the soil through the roots of the plants
leading to the destruction of bacteria, which

Types Of Integrated Pest Management Programs Against Cotton
The spiny bollworm, E. insulana and the pink bollworm, P. gossypiella are the most serious pest's
infested cotton in Egypt. The reduction in cotton yield was mostly related to the
Review of literature
39
late season infestation with both species and the economic yields are almost impossible to achieve
without their chemical control. In Egypt, Khidr et al. (1996) tested the efficacy of the pyrethroids,
cypermethrin, cis–cyfluthrin, S–fenvalerate, fenpropathrin and cyhalothrin against
P. gossypiella and E. insulana. They stated that, all insecticides gave a high degree of control against
cotton bollworms and the treatment increased the yield of cotton significantly over the control, with
s–fenvalerate being the best treatment. Aref (1997) evaluated the efficiency of integrated pest
management programs against cotton bollworms under field conditions. The author stated that,
dursban was more effective against bollworms than kindo or larvainand no clear correlations were
found between moth catches and flower infestation. Sharaf (2003) at
El–Mansoura, evaluated the field efficiency of insecticides against P. gossypiella and E. insulana
infesting cotton plants. The author tested three chemical insecticides groups, four pyrethroids, two
organophosphates and one carbamate. Tested pyrethroids were the most effective which induced the
highest percentage of reduction in bollworms larvae population, followed by carbamate and
organophosphorous insecticides. The sequence of dursban, kendo

The Consequences Of Silent Spring By Rachel Carson
"Given time― time not in years but in millenia― life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. For
time is the essential ingredient; but in the modern world there is no time. The rapidity of change and
the speed with which new situations are created follow the impetuous and heedless pace of man
rather than the deliberate pace of nature." ― Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) During the
heightened economic and technological growth that comes with every war the world fell in love
with the very first man–made insecticide called dichloro–diphenyl–trichloroethane which is more
commonly referred to as DDT. It was first created in 1874 by a German chemist but it was not used
as a pesticide until 1939, the start of WWII. Many soldiers during ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Carson's love for writing stuck with her for her entire life. During her time as a junior aquatic
biologist at the Bureau of Fisheries in the Department of Commerce in 1936, she was also freelance
writing. Over the next two years Carson published an article titled "Undersea" and worked on a
book that she would publish as "Under the Sea–Wind", which is about life for organisms under the
sea. Carson wrote a total of six books in her lifetime however her most widely spoken of is Silent
Spring (Lear). She had no problems getting her novel published as she had already established
herself as a best selling author with her previous works. Silent Spring was first published in The
New Yorker as a series in 1962 like her other books (National Resources Defense Counsel). Silent
Spring speaks of the harmful effects that DDT and other chemicals have on the environment and its
inhabitants, including humans. It was especially dangerous because unlike other pesticides that
targeted specific species fairly well, DDT is a broad agent that can attack the The main point to take
away being the epigraph on the first page of this essay. She urged people to pay attention to what
they buy and consume because it could have detrimental effects. Silent Spring was ahead of its time
and it received harsh criticism from many readers and other scientists. Linda Lear stated on her
website

Sign Here If You Exist By Jill Sisson Quinn
Austrian–British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein once said, "The real question of life after death
isn 't whether or not it exists, but even if it does what problem this really solves." The idea that death
is inevitable is well known by everyone, yet no one is certain as to what happens afterwards. Even
though the subject of life after death has been argued for centuries by many philosophers and
theologians. In the article Sign Here If You Exist, Jill Sisson Quinn adequately employs figurative
language, rhetoric questionings, and personal anecdotes to demonstrate a controversial argument on
the topic of life after death. In her article, Quinn uses multiple figurative languages to strengthen her
claim that life after death does not exist. This is a very opinionated piece therefore using figurative
language such as metaphors, simile, diction and symbols help enhance the validity of the author's
argument, while effectively giving her opinion to the readers in a subdued manner. Quinn's use of
the Ichneumon wasp as a symbol for the process of human life is a subtle way of writing it. Her
article starts off with a detailed description of the physical features of a Female Giant Ichneumon
Wasp, which then proceeds to a biology based background explanation on the specie. During her
descriptions, Quinn uses carefully chosen words that is meant to let the reader go beyond imagining
the wasp and to think of it as something more. She explains "Her overall appearance of fragility –
the

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Soybean
Soybean is an important crop, with food, nutritional, industrial, and pharmaceutical uses. Soybean
seeds contain about 40% protein and about 20% oil. They are also abundant in physiologically
active metabolites such as isoflavones, lecithins, tocopherols and saponins, in addition to functional
proteins and are used as an affordable source of foods that promote and maintain health (Sugano
2005).
The genomic era is now under way for soybean, as for other many crops. Recently, a soybean
genomics database has been developed from the whole genome sequence (Schmutz et al. 2010), and
a large number of genomic, transcriptional, and functional annotated sequences can be retrieved
from Phytozome In addition to efforts to sequence the whole genome, several ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2006, Herman et al. 2003, Nishizawa et al. 2010).
ADVANTAGES OF SOYBEAS TRANSFORMATION
Insect and nematode resistance
Insecticidal crystal proteins (cry proteins or δ–endotoxins) are an active component of Bacillus
thuringiensis(Bt) toxin, a biological insecticide (Tabashnik 1994). Expression of the Bt cry gene in
soybean has proven highly effective for controlling insect pests , and the resistance to lepidopteran
pests in a transgenic line expressing Bt cry1A was confirmed under field conditions
Disease resistance
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is endemic in virtually all regions where soybeans are grown in the
presence of vector insects. SMV can cause serious yield losses (Ross 1969), so virus resistance is an
essential trait for introduction
Abiotic stress tolerance
Drought stress is one of the major environmental limitations on crop production. Transgenic
soybean expressing P5CR, encoding l–Δ1–pyrroline–5–carboxylate reductase, which catalyzes the
final step in proline biosynthesis, under the control of an inducible heat shock promoter was more
tolerant to drought and high temperature than non–transgenic plants (De Ronde et al. 2004a,

Cabbage Root Fly
Biological Control of Cabbage Root Fly
Introduction
Biological control involves the use of living natural enemies to lower the population of a particular
pest species (Eilenberg et al. 2001). These natural enemies are called biological control agents and
can include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasitoids, predators or competitors. Biological control is an
application of density dependence and population regulation and is one aspect of integrated pest
management. After the discovery of synthetic chemicals as controls, research into biological
controls received little attention; however it is currently gaining popularity. This is due to its many
advantages over other control methods, such as synthetic pesticides, and its few disadvantages. ...
Once implemented, the long–term economic costs of biological control will often be lower than
alternative synthetic chemical controls because pesticides require repeated application for ongoing
efficacy. Biological control agents often exhibit high target specificity, unlike pesticides which often
result in non–target organisms being affected. Pesticides can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the
food chain and the chemicals can leach through the soil negatively affecting other organisms.
Biological controls will continually target the pest while not affecting other potentially beneficial
coexisting organisms. Unlike chemical controls, biological controls are self–perpetuating, and the
pests upon which they are acting usually do not develop a resistance, or are slow to develop a
resistance. With proper research and understanding, the natural occurrence of biological controls can
make their use safer to humans and other organisms than that of synthetic

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microbial Insecticides
Microbial insecticides
Introduction
Pest management approach, methods and discipline have undergone developments and
advancements with the progress of time to reduce environmental impacts. Microbial insect control
uses pathogenic microorganisms isolated from diseased insects during naturally occurring outbreaks.
Usually, such epidemics only occur when pest population densities are high and usually after
significant damage have been done to crops [1], [2], [3]. Over 400 species of fungi and more than 90
species of bacteria which infect insects have been described including Bacillus thuringiensis ,
varieties of which are manufactured and sold throughout the world essentially for the control of
caterpillar pests and more recently mosquitoes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If necessary, most microbial insecticides can be used in conjunction with synthetic chemical
insecticides because in most cases the microbial product is not deactivated or damaged by residues
of conventional insecticides.(Follow label directions concerning any limitation) Disadvantages of
microbial insecticides :
The limitations or disadvantages listed below do not prevent the successful use of microbial
insecticides. Understanding how these limitations affect specific microorganisms will help users to
choose effective products and take necessary steps to achieve successful results.
Each application may control only a portion of the pests present in a field, garden, or lawn because a
single microbial insecticide is toxic only to a specific species or group of insects. If other types of
pests are present in the treated area, they will survive and may continue to cause damage.
Conventional insecticides are subject to similar limitations because they too are not equally effective
against all pests. The negative aspect of selectivity is often more noticeable for microbials . So there
is limited market for some microbial insecticides, thus these products are not widely available or are
relatively

A pesticide is a substance used for preventing,...
A pesticide is a substance used for preventing, controlling, and destroying pests. Pesticides are a
class of biocides, which are poisonous substances. Plant protection products, which protect plants
from detrimental things such as weeds, insects, and plant diseases, are the most common use of
pesticides. Pesticides are also used in non–agricultural ways. Pesticides are, generally, chemical or
biological agents that disable or kill pests. Some common pests are weeds, insects, birds, molluscs,
mammals, fish, nematodes, and microbes. Pesticides are usually used when the pests destroy
property, spread diseases, or cause inconvenience. Pesticides do have advantages, but they can also
have downsides. Target organisms (insecticides, herbicides, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides grow cells without the use of normal cell division, eventually
squashing the plant's nutrient transport system; triazines prevent photosynthesis.Bbiological
mechanism function or application method is another way to classify pesticides. The majority of
pesticides operate by poisoning pests. Systemic pesticides function by moving inside of a plant and
being absorbed by the plant. Types of pesticides are often named after the kind of pest they target.
Some types of pesticides that are referred to by their targeted pests include herbicides, insecticides,
insect growth regulators, nematicides, termiticides, molluscicides, piscicides, avicides, rodenticides,
predacides, bactericides, insect repellents, animal repellents, antimicrobials, fungicides, disinfectants
(antimicrobial), and sanitizers. They can also be thought of as biodegradable pesticides or persistent
pesticides. Biodegradable pesticides are broken down by microbes and different living things into
benign compounds. Persistent pesticides work differently, taking months or even years to break
down. Pesticides are also noted by being either chemically related or obtained from a recurrent
source or method. The word pesticide includes these substances as well: defoliants, desiccants,
insect growth regulators, and plant growth regulators. Defoliants work by making leaves and other
foliage to fall from a plant, generally to ease harvest. Desiccants cause

The Destructive Use of Pesticides in Agriculture Essay...
The Destructive Use of Pesticides in Agriculture
When I was a child, I can remember my parents taking me into the apple orchard and picking
apples. I couldn't wait to eat them until I got home, so I would have one for a snack right in the
middle of the field. Today, when I take my children apple picking, I cannot let the children eat an
apple out of fear of what pesticides could be on the apple and the harmful affects they can cause.
Instead I have to take them home and scrub them before they can even take a bite. This is the result
of the harmful pesticides that have left their mark on our argriculture.
A pest is any species that competes with us for food invades our homes and gardens, destroys wood
in houses, spreads disease, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States approximately 25 percent of pesticide use is for ridding house, gardens, lawns,
playingfields, swimming pools, and golf courses of unwanted pests. According to the EPA, the
average lawn in the United States is doused with more than ten times the needed amount of
insecticides. Each year more than 200,000 U.S. residents become a ill because of household use of
pesticides resulting from accidental poisoning.
Broad spectrum agents are toxic to many species while others called selective or in narrow spectrum
agents are effective against barely defined groups of organisms. Pesticides very in their persistence
in the length of time they remain deadly in the environment.
Supporters of pesticides state they save human lives, increase food supply, lower food costs,
increased profits for farmers, in the field that the health risks are in significant compared to the
benefits(Miller, 1998).
Since 1945, EDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon and organic bio phosphate insecticides have
probably prevented the premature deaths of at least 7 million people from inset transmitted diseases
such as malaria (mosquito), bubonic plague(rat fleas), typhus(body lice), and sleeping
sickness(tsetse fly).
About 55 percent of the world's human food supply is lost to pests before or after harvest in the
United States. An estimated 37 percent of the

Rajneesh Weapons
Individuals, groups, and nations throughout history have employed different types of chemical,
biological, radioactive, nuclear and explosive weapons. Often times, which category depends on
factors such as knowledge of the materials being utilized, funding and research capabilities, the
ability of acquiring a weapon from an outside source or what the desired end state of the mission
may be. In the case of the Rajneesh, that weapon was biological. In 1984, Rajneesh's cult used a
form of Salmonella to contaminate restaurants (Forest 2012). Biological threats, according to Wall,
are not just germs that can be employed against people, but are much more diverse and can involve
pest species or attacks of agricultural crops. He also states

The Factors Affecting The Food And Agriculture Sector Essay
Introduction In the United States today there are many critical infrastructures that are depended on
and if one of the 16 infrastructures were to be disrupted it could result in devastating consequences
to, not only the American public, but to the world. Each infrastructure is dependent on one another
for the most part and if one is disrupted the other would be hindered. All the 16 critical
infrastructures are vital to the American society but the Food and Agriculture sector can arguably be
ranked among the most important. The Food and Agricultural (FA) sector is responsible for many
necessities and if it is disrupted in any way, it could have a substantial impact on America's food
source as well as the economy. Furthermore, all governments and private sectors rely on each other
for the FA sector to function without hesitation. There are many risks and hazards that are being
currently addressed in the FA sector and they are, food contamination and disruption (Accidental or
Intentional), disease and pests, severe weather and cyber security. These threats can greatly harm the
economy and food supply and will be discussed later in this paper. If any sector of the United States
that is responsible for the food supply succumbs to one of the risks, then it can rapidly cause chaos
throughout the states without hesitation. The consequences can be detrimental to the communities,
states and nation if the FA sector was at all compromised. However, there are certain measures the

Essay on Purple Loosestrife
Purple Loosestrife
The scene is breathtakingly beautiful, a thick brush of purple flowers blankets
Canada's wetlands. This blanket silences the expected sounds of the wetland environment, birds
chirping, ducks splashing, insects buzzing and animals thriving. This unnatural silence is disturbing,
the favourite flowers that used to litter this landscape are no longer visible, the water that used to
ripple continuously is perfectly still. The wetland is dead, except for this overpowering, hardy purple
flower that has choked out all other vegetation and species. Purple loosestrife now controls this
landscape.
Purple loosestrife is an exotic species that was introduced to North America from Europe during the
early 1800's. Europeans sailing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The genus Lythrum consists of thirty – five species, two of which are located in
North America, Lythrum Purish which is native to the continent and the invasive purple loosestrife.
Through cross breeding, purple loosestrife is quickly overtaking Lythrum Purish and causing a
decrease in native species. "The generic name comes from the Greek luthrum, blood, possibly
in reference to the colour of the flowers or to one of it's herbal uses, as an astringent to stop the flow
of blood." (Canadian Wildlife Federation 1993, 38) Purple loosestrife, an aggressive,
competitive, invasive weed often grows to the height of a human and when it is mature can be 1.5
metres in width. The stalk of the plant is square and woody and may grow to 50 centimeters in
diameter. The perennial rootstock can give rise to 50 stems annually which produce smooth edged
leaves on oppositesides of the stalk. Purple loosestrife flowers are long pink and purple spikes which
bloom from June to September (Figure 1). One purple loosestrife plant alone is solid and hardy but
when this plant invades an area it creates a "dense, impermeable stands which
Figure 2 – Purple loosestrife growing in a typical habitat.
(Parker 1993)
are unsuitable as cover, food or resting sites for a wide range of native wetland animals..."
(Michigan Department of Natural

Cactus Moth Research Paper
The Argentine cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum Berg (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was first
discovered in the United States in 1989 and has now become a major threat to ~31 species of
Opuntia cactus, nine of which are endemic and six of which have been designated as rare or
endangered. Since the initial finding of C. cactorum in Florida, the moth has spread along the Gulf
and Atlantic Coasts and now occurs as far west as Louisiana and as far north as North Carolina.
Following the termination of the sterile insect technique (SIT) in 2012, the efforts to control the
spread of the cactus moth have focused on population management through classical biological
control. Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez & Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the parasitoid

Pest Control
Substantial Content
I. Importance of natural method of pest control
The problem with broad range conventional pesticides is that they not only kill the bad bugs, but
they rub out the good bugs, too. A garden without natural predators means a world of insects gone
wild. There's nothing left to keep pest levels in check. In fact, chemicals can mean double trouble
because although you wipe out the first wave of pests, the second wave which is not the usual pest,
but another insect moving into the area can cause even greater losses than the insects you were
trying to get rid of in the first place. Another reason to go natural and use beneficials, is that a
greater number of insects are now showing resistance to chemical pesticides. For ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Garlic: Mix four quarts water, two tablespoons garlic juice do not use garlic powder, it will burn
plants, 32 grams of diatomaceous earth and one teaspoon or rubbing alcohol.
Effects: spray garlic pesticide on sweet potatoes to repel rabbits
Ground Coffee: Leftover coffee grounds make great ingredients to compost. They work as natural
pesticides and literally "perk up" ailing plants. Place the grounds into the soil surrounding your
plants. The acidity of the coffee is what keeps invaders at bay.
Vegetable oil: If mildew, mold or fungus is a problem, heres a solution you can spray right on the
plant that makes a big difference in a very short time. Combine a gallon of water, a tablespoon of
baking soda and 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil. Put into a spray bottle and mist plants from top to
bottom even in places where there are no signs of a problem.
Dish Washing Liquid: If a fungus has invaded your plants, mix a few drops of dishwashing liquid
and water and wipe it down. You'll be surprised how quickly this will rejuvenate sickly looking
plants!
Egg: To get rid of snails and slugs in your garden, add crushed eggshells to your soil. To them, its
walking on glass, so snails and slugs will tend to avoid the area entirely. If slugs are a continuing
problem, a few pinches of salt will make quick work of them.
C. Physical Method
Time consuming but very natural, this method consists of many things you can physically do to
control bugs and other pests. Picking grubs

Baculovirus Research Paper
Biopesticides – Several microbes (viruses, bacteria and fungi) are being developed as suitable
biopestecides for management of insect and nematodal pests. Some fungi have good potential of
their use as bionematicides to control nema–todal pests of vegetables, fruit and cereal crops. Some
bacterial and fungal products are also use to control disease of roots and shoots of plants.
Baculovirus family of insect pathogens are reliable vehicles for carrying genes into insect cells.
Recombinant baculovirus vectors are being developed for gene expression and protein production in
both insect cell cultures and living larvae. Therapeutic agents, vaccines, reagents, and pesticides are
some of the products that can be made by this unusual method (Knight, 1991). High production
levels of biologically active products can be achieved in this way. Under the control of strong
baculovirus – derived promoter sequence, productivity in insect system can exceed that in
mammalian systems by thousands of times (Miyajima ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Baculovirus normally contain gene called egt that blocks molting in the insect host, giving it more
time to eat. Deleting the egt gene from baculovirus significantly reduce insect feeding damage.
Adding genes for exogenous toxin also enhances baculovirus effectiveness. Splicing the genes that
encode the paralytic insect toxin produced by predatory mites into baculovirus can kill infected
insect in as little as 2 days (knight, 1991), or the gene for an insect–selective scorpion toxin can be
added to a B.mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) vector. B.mori larvae infected with this
recombinant virus stop feeding 40 hours after the infection, instead of the usual 96%. For crop pest,
the same scorpion toxin has been added to an AcNPV vector, decreasing the average time to kill
Heliothis virescens larvae from 125 hours to 88 hours (Knight,

The Power of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Essay
The Power of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring In 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring and
was greeted with a roar of protest and approval. After years and years of controversy and skepticism
surrounding its argument, Silent Spring was and still is recognized as a perceptive warning of things
in progress and things to come. The book set the stage for the first real and effectual environmental
movement. In 17 chapters, many of which can stand alone as essays, Carson develops a deceptively
simple premise: the use and overuse of synthetic chemicals to control insect pests introduces these
chemicals into the air, water, and soil and into the food chain where they poison animals and
humans, and disrupt the many intricate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carson's other books, Under the Sea Wind, The Sea Around Us (which stayed on the New York
Times bestseller list for 86 weeks), and The Edge of The Sea all focus on nature's strength and the
inter–connectedness of nature and all living things. But DDT exposed the vulnerability of nature and
I think this influenced the writing of Silent Spring. DDT was the most powerful pesticide in the
world at the time of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Unlike most pesticides, whose effectiveness is
limited to destroying one or two types of insects, DDT was capable of killing hundreds of different
kinds at once. Developed in 1939, it first distinguished itself during World War II, clearing South
Pacific islands of malaria–causing insects for U.S. troops, while in Europe being used as an effective
de–lousing powder. Its inventor was awarded the Nobel Prize. When DDT became available for
civilian use in 1945, there were only a few people who expressed second thoughts about this new
miracle compound. One was nature writer Edwin Way Teale, who warned, "A spray as
indiscriminate as DDT can upset the economy of nature as much as a revolution upsets social
economy. Ninety percent of all insects are good, and if they are killed, things go out of kilter right
away." Another was Rachel Carson, who wrote to the Reader's Digest to propose an article about a
series of tests on DDT being conducted not far from where she lived in Maryland. The magazine
rejected the idea. Silent Spring gives

What Is Garrett Ranking Technique
Garrett Ranking Technique
5.4: To examine the constraints in different stages of production and marketing of black pepper. The
distinguishing of constraints and opportunities is not unmistakable from, yet rather a piece of
production and marketing examination. Utilizing questionnaire interview, production and marketing
constraints and opportunities can be distinguished amid field interview with growers and export
members of black pepper. The preparatory interview guide was utilized as a part of this
methodology. It was intended to recognize constraints and opportunities confronted by the growers
and export members of black pepper. Amid the field investigation of the Black Pepper, various
constraints were distinguished at distinctive production

Coccinia Grandis: A Common Invasive Plant Species
Coccinia grandis is a common invasive plant species found on Hawaii (KISC, 2015). This vine–like
plant displays broad, flat leaves with star–shaped white flowers, and is characterized by chili–like
red fruits (Fox, 2008, p.D8). According to Fox, C. grandis (also referred to as 'Ivy Gourd') is native
to parts of Southeast Asia, India, and Africa, and it is likely that this hardy (and hard to eradicate)
plant found its way to the Hawaiian islands as a hidden passenger on immigrants from these areas. It
is well established that C. grandis is a harmful invasive species posing a threat to native Hawaiian
plants and ecosystems in direct and indirect ways. Despite the plant's negative effects on Hawaiian
plants, however, research has shown that C. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
grandis in the islands of Hawaii. Coccinia grandis is a potential health asset hidden beneath an
identity as a noxious weed, and should be researched and developed for medicinal purposes.
According to Voigt (N.d.), C. grandis has shown potential in treating diabetes, cataracts, gonorrhea
and in usage as a laxative. A double–blind study was enacted focusing on the effect of C. grandis on
blood sugar, with results showing that C. grandis acts as a hypoglycemic agent (Munasinghe,
Abeysena, Yaddehige, Vidanapathirana & Piyumal, 2011, p.1). This

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