5. WhyDRscreeningsoimportant?
⢠EVERYONE with diabetes mellitus (DM) MUST undergo eye
screening
⢠To prevent BLINDNESS
⢠Healthcare professionals are the ones doing this eye
screening
⢠We must know what to look for during our screening
⢠Patient load will just keep increasing as per DM patients in Mâsia
⢠We surely know someone with DM: parents, grandparents,
friends, siblings, even ourselves
⢠We must learn so that we can manage these patients
6. DIABETES MELLITUS
Highest among Indians (22.1%) followed by Malay(14.6%) and
Chinese (12.0%) (NHMS 2015)
WHO estimates that in year 2030, Malaysia would have 2.48
million people with DM (NHMS 2015)
Prevalance of Diabetes Mellitus Ethnic
Groups
National Health & Morbidity Survey 2015
7.
8.
9. HOW DO WE COMPARE TO OUR NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES?
10. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
INTRODUCTION
All DM patients are at risk of developing DR- prevalence of DR
worldwide ranges from 6.8 to 44.4% in patients with diabetes
mellitus
⌠the commonest cause of blindness and visual disability in
adults
13. Signs and Symptoms
Early stage â ASYMPTOMATIC
âFloatersâ- black spots / web-like spots in the visual field
Metamorphopsia (distortion of straight lines)
Gradual or sudden blurring of vision
18. ObjectiveOutline
Content No Topic
4 Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) Grading
5.4 Examination and Grading of DR by
Healthcare Professionals
6 Examination Schedule:
First screening, follow up &
referral criteria
23. GradingofDRâ CPGpage5:Retina
Stage of
Retinopathy
Findings of
Ophthalmoscopy
Follow up
0 No DR No fundus abnormalities 12-24 months
1 Mild
NPDR
Microaneurysms only 9-12 months
2 Moderate
NPDR
More than just
microaneurysms but less than
severe NPDR
- Dot-blot hemorrhages
- Cotton-wool spots
- Venous beading
- IRMA
6 months
Managed
at 1â eye
care level:
KK / GP
clinics
28. GradingofDR
Stage of
Retinopathy
Findings of
Ophthalmoscopy
3 Severe
NPDR
Any of the following:
1. Each of 4 quadrants >
20
intraretinal hâages
2. ⼠2 quadrants:
venous beading
3. ⼠1 quadrants: IRMA
AND no signs
proliferative disease
4:2:1 rule
52 â 75% progress to
Proliferative Diabetic
Retinopathy (PDR)
Mx: Refer to Ophthalmologist
Within 1 month
29.
30. Grading ofDR
Stages of Retinopathy Findings on Ophthalmoscopy
4 Proliferative
Diabetic
Retinopathy (PDR)
One of the following:
1. Neovascularization: new vessels at disc (NVD) or new
vessels
elsewhere (NVE)
2. Vitreous (VH) or pre retinal hâage
REFER OPHTHALMOLOGIST
URGENTLY
Within 1 week
31. GradingofDR
Stages of Retinopathy Findings on Ophthalmoscopy
5 Advanced Diabetic
Eye Disease
(ADED)
One of the following:
1. FVP: Fibrovascular tissueproliferation
2. TRD: tractional retinal detachment dt formation of posterior
vitreous detachment
3. Dragging of retina/ distortion
4. RRD: rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
TRD
REFER
OPHTHALMOLOGIST
URGENTLY
Within 1 week or
earlier
33. Macula
Macula Odema Ophthalmoscopy Findings
Absent No thickening/ hard exudates
Present : maculopathy/ DME
- Retinal thickening
- Hard exudate (HE)
Mild In posterior pole but distant from
macula
Moderate Approaching centre of macula
Severe Involving centre of macula
Refer
Ophthalmologist
Mild
Moderate
Severe
38. When to Refer???
Criteria for referral:
âŚAny level of diabetic maculopathy
âŚSevere NPDR
âŚAny PDR
âŚUnexplained visual loss
âŚIf screening cannot be performed including ungradable
fundus photo
39. CRITERIA FOR URGENT REFERRAL
URGENCY OF REFERRAL OCULAR FEATURES
Emergency (same day referral) ⢠Sudden severe visual loss
⢠Symptoms or signs of acute retinal detachment
Within 1 week ⢠Presence of retinal new vessels
⢠Preretinal haemorrhages
⢠Vitreous haemorrhage
⢠Rubeosis iridis
Within 4 weeks ⢠Unexplained drop in visual acuity
⢠Any form of maculopathy
⢠Severe NPDR
⢠Worsening retinopathy
40. Treatmentoptions forDR
1. MAINLY/ FIRST and FOREMOST: DM control
2. Laser: pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP), focal laser or grid
laser
3. Intraocular injections: Anti â VEGF, intraocular steroids
(expensive, not widely available)
4. In ADED/ VH cases: diabetic vitrectomy (by vitreo retinal
surgeon â only 1 in gov sector in Johor â HSA currently)
Educate, screen, control DM ď prevention is better then cure
41. TREATMENT FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
STAGE OF DR MODE OF TREATMENT
DME ⢠Laser - focal/ grid
⢠Intraocular steroids
⢠Intraocular anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
(anti-VEGF)
Severe NPDR ⢠No treatment, gm control
⢠Laser - scattered pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP)
PDR ⢠Laser - PRP
ADED ⢠Intraocular steroids
⢠Intraocular anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
(anti- VEGF)
⢠Vitrectomy