Urban Geography ch- 3.pdf

L/O/G/O
3. Internal Structure of Town and Cities
BY : Adola .S
May,2022
Haramaya University

Presentation Framework
➢ Introduction
➢ Cities as Service Centers
➢ The Central Business District( CBD)
➢ Theories of Urban Structure

Brainstorming
➢ Define urban structure
➢ What are Services available in Centers Cities
➢ What is the Central Business District( CBD)
➢ Explain Theories of Urban Structure

3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
❖ Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure;
the arrangement of public and private space in cities and
the degree of connectivity and accessibility.
❖ In this context, urban structure is concerned with the
arrangement of the CBD, industrial and residential areas,
and open space.

Cities
Introduction
❖ A city’s central business district (CBD), or downtown, is the
commercial and often geographic heart of a city.
❖ In North America, this is referred to as “downtown” or “city
center.”
❖ The downtown area is often home to the financial district,
but usually also contains entertainment and retail.

Cities
Introduction
❖ CBDs usually have very small resident populations, but
populations are increasing as younger professional and
business workers move into city center apartments.
❖ They also set aside industrial uses from urban areas to
reduce the environmental and social impact of industrial
uses and to provide a distinct zone of environmental
controls specific to industrial needs

Cities
Introduction
❖ Urban open spaces provide citizens with recreational,
ecological, aesthetic value.
❖ They can range from highly maintained environments to
natural landscapes. Commonly open to public access,
❖ they may be privately owned.

Cities
Introduction
✓ Open spaces offer aesthetic value for citizens who enjoy
nature, cultural value by providing space for concerts or art
shows, and functional value—
✓ for example, by helping to control runoff and prevent
flooding.

Cities
Introduction
✓ The technological, economic, and social changes of the late
twentieth century have made the urban structure flexible.
✓ Cities have spread out, suburbs have grown into veritable
cities, shopping malls have realigned the commercial order,
and the electronic revolution has drastically diminished the
resistance of distance

Cities
Introduction
✓ The Los Angeles school of urbanism projects Los Angeles
as the model of a post-modern city,
✓ The Los Angeles School redirects urban study away from
notions of concentric zones and an ecological
approach, used by the Chicago School during the 1920s,
towards social polarization and fragmentation, hybridity of
culture and auto-driven sprawl.

Cities
Introduction
❖ It views the city to be dependent in structure, divided into
independent places by function, culture, and location.
❖ It visualizes the growth impulse to work from the outside to
the central core, reversing the conventional view.
❖ The city is fragmented into functional-sociocultural districts,
such as edge cities, theme parks, gated communities, and
command and control centers

Cities
View of Los Angeles(LA)

Cities
THEME PARK (ENTOTO)

Cities
social polarization and fragmentation(Addis Ababa)

Cities
Urban Structure

Cities
3d Urban Structure

Cities
Cities as Service Centers
✓ The services provided in the city center categorized
underneath:
1. Availability of Services & Facilities ;Cities usually have
hospitals and nursing homes where there are good doctors to
take care of us when we have diseases or illnesses. Good
medicine is also available in cities.
✓ Cities have a very good supply of electricity and often have
power plants near to it.

Ch-3 Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
✓ Cities have good schools and colleges and universities and
many books are available which help with good education
opportunities.
✓ Cities often have factories near them for the production of
goods and materials for the people.

ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Availability of Services & Facilities

and Cities
2. Good Connectivity
✓ Cities have good means of transport like trains, buses,
trams, cars.
✓ They also have airplanes in airports for travelling longer
distances or for going to other countries.
✓ Cities have ports for bringing in good and people from far
off places.
✓ Public transport options are available in plenty of cities,
meaning that a lot of people can travel together and save
fuel and also save money for the same.

and Cities
Good Connectivity

and Cities
3.Municipality & Proper Sewage Systems
❖ Drinking water is often provided by the government which
is purified and circulated from filtration plants maintained
by the state.
❖ Cities have good sewage systems for keeping it clean and
hygiene is maintained.
❖ Cities have waste management departments for better
waste disposal and management.

and Cities
3.Municipality & Proper Sewage Systems

and Cities
4.Proper Infrastructure
✓ Cities have big buildings and places of interest.
✓ Cities have movie theaters and shopping complexes and
places to see.
✓ They have parks and markets and restaurants for eating
out and hotels for staying.
✓ Cities have big five — star hotels to provide top — class
service and amenities.
✓ They have coffee shops, grocery stores, big stadiums for
cricket and football matches where a lot of people can sit
and watch the games.

and Cities
4.Proper Infrastructure

and Cities
Watch the video....FCC Environment CEE Municipal and
Citizen Services.mp4

and Cities
The Central Business District(CBD)
❖ A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and
business center of a city.
❖ It contains commercial space and offices.
❖ In larger cities, it is often synonymous with the city's
financial district.
❖ Geographically, it often encompasses two parts CBD core
and CBD frame

and Cities
❖ The CBD Core: the CBD core is the area of intensive land
use with multi-storey dwellings, housing offices, retail
shops consumer services, theaters and banks.
❖ It has the highest concentration of pedestrian flows and an
absence of permanent residential population

and Cities
❖ The CBD frame: the CBD frame is an area of semi-
intensive land use surrounding the core where land use is
dominated by warehouses, car sales and services,
transport terminals, manufacturing and some institutional
uses.

and Cities

and Cities
Jobs in the CBD
There are three sets of jobs in the city center
1. There are office jobs ranging from management to routine
service work such as lift attendant, etc. All associated with
the public and private office sector in the commercial areas
of the central city.
2. There are jobs associated with the city center as a retail
and entertainment center.
✓ These jobs are available in shops, cinemas, restaurants,
etc. Much of the employment is poorly paid and often done
by women.

and Cities
Jobs in the CBD
3. There are manufacturing jobs which relate to the three
main types of industries:
a) Those industries such as printing and newspapers which
require the accessibility to skilled labor and the maximum
accessibility for the distribution of their products provided by
central city location.
b) Those industries such as office-machine manufacturing
which are attracted to the market provided by the nearby
location of offices in the commercial core.

and Cities
Jobs in the CBD
c) Those industries, generally small scale, which are located
in the inner city simply due to lack of capacity to move to
better locations

and Cities
job in CBD

and Cities
❑ The biggest change affecting the CBD as employment
center has been the suburbanization of both
manufacturing and service industries.
❑ In the manufacturing center there has been a net decline
in the number of firms in manufacturing.
❑ Inner city firms have been closing more than others due
to their uncompetitive position in the market while new
firms are setting up in suburb industrial estates or rural
locations

and Cities
The following points summarize the main characteristics of
the CBD.
a. It contains the major retailing outlets. The principal
department stores and specialist shops
with the highest turnover
b. It contains a high proportion of the city’s main offices.
c. It contains the tallest buildings in the city (this is more
typical of North American cities) mainly due to the high rents
which result from the competition for land.
d. It has the greatest number and concentration of
pedestrians.

and Cities
e. It has the greatest volume and concentration of traffic.
Much of present-day planning aims to limit the number of
vehicles entering this zone.
f. It has the highest land values in the city
g. It is constantly undergoing change. New shopping centers,
taller office blocks and new traffic schemes seem to be
announced daily.
h. Early 1960’s are now viewed as out of date and
unattractive. Of course, many have since been demolished
and rebuilt.

and Cities
✓ Recent studies have shown that the CBD of many cities to
be advancing in some directions (known as zone of
assimilation) and retreating in others (known as zone of
discard).
✓ The zone of assimilation is usually towards the highest
status residential districts;
✓ whereas the zone of discard tends to be nearer the
industrial and poorer quality residential areas.

and Cities
✓ Watch the video ..Wall Street and Financial District Travel
Guide_ Everything you need to know.mp4

and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
✓ The four comparative models of internal structure of the
city; namely concentric zone model, sector or wedge
model and multiple nuclei models and CTP will be
explained in detail.

Brainstorming
➢ The Concentric Theory
➢ Sector Model

and Cities
The Concentric Theory
✓ In 1925, Burgess presented a descriptive urban land use
model, which divided cities in a set of concentric circles
expanding from the downtown to the suburbs.
✓ This representation was built from Burgess' observations
of a number of American cities, notably Chicago, for which
he provided empirical evidence.

and Cities
✓ The model assumes a relationship between the socio-
economic status (mainly income) of households and the
distance from the CBD
✓ The further from the CBD, the better the quality of
housing, but the longer the commuting time

and Cities
According to this mono centric model, a large city is divided
in six concentric zones:
Zone I: Central Business District (CBD) where most of the
tertiary employment is located and where the urban transport
infrastructure is converging, making this zone the most
accessible.
Zone II: Immediately adjacent to the CBD a zone where
many industrial activities locate to take advantage of nearby
labor and markets.

and Cities
Zone III: (zone of transition )This zone is gradually been
reconverted to other uses by expanding manufacturing /
industrial activities.
❑ It contains the poorest segment of the urban population,
notably first generation immigrants living, in the lowest
housing conditions.

and Cities
Zone IV: Residential zone dominated by the working class and
those who were able to move away from the previous zone
(often second generation immigrants). This zone has the
advantage of being located near the major zones of employment
(I and II) and thus represents a low cost location for the working
class.
Zone V: Represents higher quality housing linked with longer
commuting costs.

and Cities
Zone VI: Mainly high class and expensive housing in a rural,
suburbanized, setting.
❑ The commuting costs are the highest. Prior to mass diffusion
of the automobile (1930s), most of these settlements were
located next to rail stations.

and Cities

and Cities
The Concentric Theory 3d view

and Cities
✓ According to Burgess, urban growth is a process of
expansion and reconversion of land uses, with a tendency of
each inner zone to expand in the outer zone.
✓ On the above figure 1, zone II (Factory zone) is expanding
towards zone IV (Working class zone), creating a transition
zone with reconversion of land use
✓ This concept cannot be applied in a contemporary (from the
second half to the 20th century) context where highways have
enabled urban development to escape the reconversion
process and to take place directly in the suburbs.

and Cities
✓ However, the Burgess model remains useful as a concept
explaining concentric urban development, as a way to
introduce the complexity of urban land use and to explain
urban growth in American cities in the early-mid 20th century.

and Cities
Sector Model
❑ A study of residential areas done in 1939 by Hoyt in the North
American context concluded that the land use pattern was not
a random distribution, nor sharply defined rectangular areas
or concentric circles, but rather sectors.
❑ Communication axes, such as rail lines and major roads, are
mainly responsible for the creation of sectors, thus transport
has directional effect on land uses.
❑ Cities would thus grow a long major axis

and Cities
Sector Model

and Cities
Sector Model 3d view

Brainstorming
➢ Multi Nuclei Model
➢ Central place theory

and Cities
Multi Nuclei Model
✓ Harris and Ullman (1945) introduced a more effective
generalization of urban land uses.
✓ It was brought forward that many towns and nearly all large
cities do not grow around one CBD, but are formed by the
progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei in the
urban pattern.
✓ These nodes become specialized and differentiated in the
growth process and are not located in relation to any distance
attribute, but are bound by a number of attributes:

and Cities
Multi Nuclei Model
❑ Differential accessibility. Some activities require specialized
facilities such as port and rail terminals. For instance, the
retailing sector demands maximum accessibility, which is
often different from centrality offered in the CBD.
❑ Land use compatibility. Similar activities group together since
proximity implies improved interactions through the process of
economies of agglomeration. Service activities such as
banks, insurance companies, shops and institutions are
strongly interacting with each other.

and Cities
Multi Nuclei Model
❑ Land use incompatibility. Some activities are repelling each-
other such as high quality residential and heavy industrial..
❑ Location suitability. Some activities cannot afford the rent of
the optimal site for their location. They are thus locating at
cheaper places, which are not optimal, but suitable for these
activities.

and Cities
Multi Nuclei Model

and Cities
comparison of Hoyt (sector model) Harris and Ullman poly-
nuclear model

and Cities
Central Place Theory
✓ Central place theory is an urban geographical theory that
seeks to explain the number, size and range of market
services in a commercial system or human settlements in
a residential system.
✓ It was introduced in 1933 to explain the spatial distribution of
cities across the landscape.
✓ The theory was first analyzed by German geographer Walter
Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned
as 'central places' providing economic services to surrounding
areas

and Cities
❑ Christaller explained that a large number of small settlements
will be situated relatively close to one another for efficiency,
and because people don’t want to travel far for everyday
needs, like getting bread from a bakery.
❑ But people would travel further for more expensive and
infrequent purchases or specialized goods and services
which would be located in larger settlements that are farther
apart

and Cities
✓ To develop the theory, Christaller made the following
simplifying assumptions
❑ an unbounded isotropic (all flat), homogeneous, limitless
surface (abstract space)
❑ an evenly distributed population
❑ all settlements are equidistant and exist in a hexagonal lattice.
❑ evenly distributed resources
❑ distance decay mechanism
❑ perfect competition and all sellers are economic people
maximizing their profits

and Cities
✓ The theory then relied on two concepts: threshold and
range.
✓ Threshold is the minimum market population needed to
bring about the selling of a particular good or service.
✓ Range is the maximum distance consumers are prepared
to travel to acquire goods - at some point the cost or
inconvenience will outweigh the need for the good

and Cities
Threshold &range

and Cities
low &high order goods and services

and Cities
✓ he different layouts predicted by Christaller have K-values
which show how much the sphere of influence of the central
places takes in — the central place itself counts as 1 and
each portion of a satellite counts as its portion:

and Cities
❖ According to the marketing principle K = 3, the market area
of a higher-order place (node) occupies one-third of the
market area of each of the consecutive lower size place
(node) that lies on its neighbor;
❖ the lower size nodes 6 in numbers are located at the corner
of a largest hexagon the high-order settlement.
❖ Each high-order settlement gets one-third of each satellite
settlement (which are 6 in total), thus K = 6 × 1⁄3+1 = 3.

and Cities
❖ According to K = 6 ×1/2+1= 4 transport principle, the market
area of a higher-order place includes a half of the market area
of each of the six neighboring lower-order places, as they are
located on the edges of hexagons around the high-order
settlements.
❖ This generates a hierarchy of central places which results in
the most efficient transport network. The transportation
principle involves the minimization of the length of roads
connecting central places at all hierarchy levels.

and Cities
❖ According to K = 6+1= 7 administrative principle (or political-
social principle), settlements are nested according to sevens.
❖ The market areas of the smaller settlements are completely
enclosed within the market area of the larger settlement.
❖ Since tributary areas cannot be split administratively, they
must be allocated exclusively to a single higher-order place.
❖ Efficient administration is the control principle in this
hierarchy.

and Cities
K principle of CTP

and Cities
the idealized urban hierarchy of urban according to CPT

and Cities
the shortened idealized urban hierarchy of urban
according to CPT

Urban Geography ch- 3.pdf

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