William Douglas - Idea 1 (pg. 199): "The association of people is not mentioned in the Constitution nor the Bill of Rights. The right to educate a child in a school of the parents choice- whether public, private, or patriarchal- is also not mentioned. Nor is the right to study any particular subject or foreign language. Yet the first amendment has been construed to include certain of those rights." - Idea 2 (pg. 199): " The right of freedom of speech and press includes not only the right to utter or print, but the right to distribute, the right to receive and the right to read, and freedom of inquiry, freedom of thought, and freedom to teach- indeed the freedom of the entire university community. Without those peripheral rights, the specific rights would be less secure." - Idea 3 (pg. 200): "In Schware vs. Board of Bar examiners, 353 US 232, we held it not permissible to bar a lawyer from practice because he had once been a member of the communist party." - Idea 4 (pg. 200): "The right of association, like the right of belief is more than the ability to attend a meeting, it includes the right to express ones attitudes or philosophies in a group or by affiliation with it or by other lawful means." -Idea 5 (pg. 201): "Would we allow the police to search the sacred precincts of marital bedrooms for the telltale signs of the use of contraceptives?" Hugo Black - Idea 1 (pg. 202): "Strongly as I desire to protect all first amendment freedoms, I am unable to stretch the amendment as to offer protection to the conduct of these defendants in violating Connecticut law." - Idea 2 (pg. 203): "Privacy is a broad, abstract, and ambiguous concept" - Idea 3 (pg. 203): "I am nevertheless compelled to admit that government has a right to invade it (privacy) unless prohibited by some specific constitutional provision." - Idea 4 (pg. 204): " If these formulas based on "natural justice" or other which mean the same thing are to prevail, they require judges to determine what is or is not constitutional based on the basis of their own appraisal of what laws are unwise or unnecessary." - Idea 5 (pg. 205): "The adoption of such a loose, flexible, uncontrolled standard for holding laws unconstitutional, if it is ever achieved, will amount to a great unconstitutional shift of power to the courts which i believe and am constrained to say will e bad for the courts, and worse for the country." The argument presented by William Douglas suggests that the Bill of Rights does not necessarily guarantee privacy but does protect individuals from scrutiny resulting from a lack of privacy. The case of Schware vs. Board of Bar examiners provides an example of how a lawyer who had been a member of the communist party is not protected from the potential widespread knowledge of their affiliation with the party, but it does protect them from discrimination in finding employment. The same should be true of married couples who have faced legal trouble for not adherin.

1. William Douglas
- Idea 1 (pg. 199): "The association of people is not mentioned
in the Constitution nor the Bill of Rights. The right to educate a
child in a school of the parents choice- whether public, private,
or patriarchal- is also not mentioned. Nor is the right to study
any particular subject or foreign language. Yet the first
amendment has been construed to include certain of those
rights."
- Idea 2 (pg. 199): " The right of freedom of speech and press
includes not only the right to utter or print, but the right to
distribute, the right to receive and the right to read, and
freedom of inquiry, freedom of thought, and freedom to teach-
indeed the freedom of the entire university community. Without
those peripheral rights, the specific rights would be less
secure."
- Idea 3 (pg. 200): "In Schware vs. Board of Bar examiners, 353
US 232, we held it not permissible to bar a lawyer from practice
because he had once been a member of the communist party."
- Idea 4 (pg. 200): "The right of association, like the right of
belief is more than the ability to attend a meeting, it includes
the right to express ones attitudes or philosophies in a group or
by affiliation with it or by other lawful means."
-Idea 5 (pg. 201): "Would we allow the police to search the
sacred precincts of marital bedrooms for the telltale signs of the
use of contraceptives?"
Hugo Black
- Idea 1 (pg. 202): "Strongly as I desire to protect all first

2. amendment freedoms, I am unable to stretch the amendment as
to offer protection to the conduct of these defendants in
violating Connecticut law."
- Idea 2 (pg. 203): "Privacy is a broad, abstract, and ambiguous
concept"
- Idea 3 (pg. 203): "I am nevertheless compelled to admit that
government has a right to invade it (privacy) unless prohibited
by some specific constitutional provision."
- Idea 4 (pg. 204): " If these formulas based on "natural justice"
or other which mean the same thing are to prevail, they require
judges to determine what is or is not constitutional based on the
basis of their own appraisal of what laws are unwise or
unnecessary."
- Idea 5 (pg. 205): "The adoption of such a loose, flexible,
uncontrolled standard for holding laws unconstitutional, if it is
ever achieved, will amount to a great unconstitutional shift of
power to the courts which i believe and am constrained to say
will e bad for the courts, and worse for the country."
The argument presented by William Douglas suggests that
the Bill of Rights does not necessarily guarantee privacy but
does protect individuals from scrutiny resulting from a lack of
privacy. The case of Schware vs. Board of Bar examiners
provides an example of how a lawyer who had been a member
of the communist party is not protected from the potential
widespread knowledge of their affiliation with the party, but it
does protect them from discrimination in finding employment.
The same should be true of married couples who have faced
legal trouble for not adhering to archaic laws such as a ban on
contraceptives. Laws should reflect cultural values, which may
suggest some increased level of flexibility from county to

3. county. William Douglas more broadly may be suggesting a
more bottom up process to navigating and altering what is
considered constitutional. Some scholars would find Douglas'
appeal to emotion and ethics (pathos and logos) to be a weak
point in his argument. However, appealing strictly to logic
suggests that humans are only rational beings void of
meaningful feelings and values.
NORMAN, ELTON_BTM7300-12-11 2
NORMAN, ELTON_BTM7300-12-11 1
NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
Student: Elton Norman
BTM7300
Dr. George Ackerman
Scholarly Literature Review
Assignment 11
Faculty Use Only
<Faculty comments here>
<Faculty Name> <Grade Earned> <Date Graded>

4. Signature Assignment Part 1
BTM-7300 Assignment # 11
Elton Norman
Dr. George Ackerman
11 January 2019
Introduction
World market integrates numerous states and nations that
use a different currency. Through the market operations, there
involves the development of the schemes that favor the business
running within the platform. There are different currencies
through the market activity with varying values in terms
potential of the purchase. For instance, it is essential to create
consistency within the global market and through the internal or
local business within various countries (Bergsten, 2017). The
constant increase in the business activities within the continents
around the world and different states, every country or region

5. involves their strategies of maintaining a healthy condition that
facilitate the normalcy of their economy. For instance, other
nations will consider the manipulation of the exchange to fit in
the international market in favor of the country or state.
However, these schemes that every state involved connecting to
the global market have impacts on the economy of the world.
Therefore, through this paper, there is the realization if the
various impacts that are connected to the manipulation of the
currency. Additionally, this work presents some of the
advantages and the disadvantages that are connected to the
manipulation of the currency and the measures that are
necessary to manage the manipulation of currency.
Consequently, the various impacts of the manipulation to the
global economy exhibit both the positive and the negative
impacts especially in relation to the partners involved through
the business operation and are connected to the international
agreement through the process. With this review, the
simplification of the impacts to the economy eases the
comprehension of the concept.
Manipulation of the currency involves the alteration of the
value of the currency against the other currencies rather than
the self-alteration regarding the various trends or the dynamic
of the world market. The process involves the fixation of the
rate of exchange or rather through the deliberate interference
with the currency values. The interference may either reduce or
increase the value of the money or the exchange. In various
instances there involves critics connected to the act especially
from the effects that relate to the manipulation basing on the
international agreements on business ethics and regulations.
Additionally, the alteration creates other effects during the
export of products and in turn creates an imbalanced global
trade (Bergsten & Gagnon, 2012).
History of money manipulation
Under this section, there involves the history connected to
currency manipulation, and it dates to 1998, a time when the
government of China included the spun the export transactions

6. in the United States because of the standard policy that bound
the two countries regarding the business activities.
Consequently, the initial importance of the United States to the
market regarding the context of the business during the period
after the war took place in 1971. During this period, there
involved stiff competition from other big markets or rather the
trading partners within the states such as Europe and Japan.
Around the year 2005, the government of China developed a
reformation connected the policies that govern the system of
exchange. Therefore, the China government announced that
there would be no paging of the currency and the adjustment of
the exchange rate would depend on the demand and market
supply with the reference being the movement of the exchange
rate of the global market. Between the years 1947 and 1971
there involved an operation by the united states that occurred
under the system of the exchange rate that was fixed and was
based on gold standards, and the united states were under the
subject of the exchanging the dollars for products such as gold
(Bloomberg, 2008). Thereafter there was the suspension of the
gold to dollar convertibility by President Nixon and there was
the improvement of the surcharge of 10% on the imports.
Through his administration, the president developed the various
measures that connected to the elimination and the evaluation of
the boundaries of trade which had existed especially in Japan
and other European community members. The target of the
strategy or rather the elimination targeted the removal of the
states having fixative records and increased participation to the
project of the common defense by the partners of the United
States. In late 1971, Japan and the European nations supported
the agreement to reconsider subjecting Nixon to suspend the
various surcharges. There was various evidence connected to
the efforts to delay the transformations that had been made by
the president, Nixon (Wong, 2017).
Through this section, there is the analysis of the records of the
manipulation in a consistent manner connecting the effect of
exchange rates. On the exceptionally main level, conversion

7. scale usually impacts fares, imports and exchange effort of a
nation. A better swapping scale can prompt ascent in imports
and a reduction in fares that suggests deteriorating of exchange
balance (Censky, 2010). Consequently, this can be because
shoppers can suppose that it’s more cost-effective to get foreign
merchandise and there'll be a propensity to supply cheap
product from entirely different nations. Also, degrading of
money can prompt popping out of fares. This can inspire
energy concerning general exchange balance as imports get
pricey whereas trades get more and more centered.
Another essential impact rate downgrading (or devaluation) has
inflationary weight: nice foreign end up to be more and more
pricey each to the immediate buyer and house maker utilizing
them for any getting ready. In response to swelling (real and
dreaded), the full-service bank will raise the loan prices, on
these lines causation an economic condition motivation. Trade
rates, also, decide worldwide exploit intensity of occupants
abroad. A cheapened money would prompt littler external
utilize power whereas a lot of noteworthy getting power to get
back home. Money management as stated involves the act of
incorrectly developing rates of trade by the full actions bank of
a given nation therefore on acquire an out of line advantage.
Commonly cash management happens once a country settles the
conversion scale of its benefit relevancy the cash of another
country. It will incorporate a requirement for a resolved
conversion scale or the specified utilization of a nation's full-
service bank for foreign trade deals (Glaser, 2017).
In article 5, International money (IMF) Agreement conveys that
an element ought to "abstain from the prevailing trade rate, all
together to select out of line advantage over entirely different
people. And connected reconnaissance mission arrangement
characterizes management to include extended substantial scale
mediation away within the trade advertising. At the tip of the
day, if a Bharat exchanging assistant makes immense scale
exploit of a government agency and entirely different financial
usual that prompts below market-based mostly conversion

8. standard, there's an indication of money management to extend
out of line favorable position as indicated by agency Agreement
(Gagnon, 2012).
The depiction of Indicators Trade and Current Account
Balances, the present record balance mirrors an economy's
overabundance of sparing over venture; it very well may be
estimated as the net exchanges on exchange products and
enterprises (typically the most significant part). In addition to
net adjusts on pay and exchange streams; it is additionally
reflected in capital and money related record inflows or
outpourings (counting changes in outside trade saves).
Exchange and budgetary streams will be influenced by various
variables that impact expenses and costs in a single economy
concerning those of its exchanging accomplices. For instance,
conversion standard developments, development in profitability,
relative expansion rates and relative money related conditions.
Just as by patterned powers, for example, an economy's progress
in respect to that of its real exchanging accomplices. The minor
presence of a substantial worldwide current record surplus does
not imply that an economy meets the necessities for assignment
under terms of the Act. Respective exchange adjusts reflect one
of a kind examples of interest or relative preferred standpoint
among nations and is subsequently restricted in their capacity to
help clarify standard conversion developments. For instance, it
is very reasonable that the United States would have an
expansive reciprocal shortfall with a nation that is a noteworthy
oil exporter. In the meantime, in a multilateral exchanging
framework, an economy's complementary deficiency with one
economy can be counterbalanced by a two-sided surplus with
another.
Extended Large-Scale Intervention in One Direction –
Protracted broad scale mediation one way could mirror an
exertion by an economy's specialists to keep up a given
swapping scale level even with market weight for the reasons
for averting successful equalization of installments modification
or increasing out of line advantage in universal exchange.

9. Mediation can, in any case, be completed for various purposes.
IMF observation systems, for instance, given that individuals
ought to intercede in the trade showcase if necessary to counter
violent economic situations (Goldstein, 2006).
Furthermore, nations may intercede to construct stores to meet
outer obligation installments and build up a cushion against
stuns. Proof demonstrates that the adequacy of mediation in
affecting the conduct of the conversion scale of a nation with
open capital markets is, best case scenario, brief, mainly if such
intercession is "disinfected." Rapid Foreign Exchange Reserve
Accumulation – When a nation's budgetary experts buy outside
trade, that nation's save property commonly rise. There are
numerous reasons why a country may wish to expand its stores.
A state may, for instance, want to gather holds as protection
against sudden inversion of capital streams or the advancement
of muddled outside trade markets. It might need to reimburse
obligation. Some ware delivering nations, which see quick
gains in fare profit because of an ascent in item costs, spare a
segment of their cash income to construct adjustment reserves.
Fiscal specialists may intercede in the remote trade showcase or
keep up a settled swapping scale if the outside conversion
standard assumes a vital job in a money-related arrangement
intended to accomplish value steadiness.
The selection of a settled swapping scale regularly fits for little
and very opens economies, where the household value level is
controlled by global costs, and in this way changes in the
remote conversion scale lead straightforwardly to relating
changes in the residential value level. Staying away from
conversion scale gratefulness might be especially critical for
economies that are endeavoring to keep away from or escape
from flattening. In this case, the amassing of outside trade
stores might be both a method for forestalling conversion scale
gratefulness, which would intensify descending weight on costs
and a device for expanding the household cash supply (Stagier,
2008). Swapping scale arrangement in this occasion is
adequately part of household hostile to collapse strategy. In

10. these cases, it is hard to interpret the save aggregation by such
economies essentially as endeavors to "control the rate of trade
between their money and the dollar United States for
motivations behind counteracting viable parity of installments
changes or increasing out of line upper hand in global
exchange." There is no generally concurred ideal dimension of
reserves, Capital Controls and Payments Restrictions – Capital
controls likewise warrant consideration in making evaluations.
Capital controls can be connected to inflows (constraining
upward weight on household money) or surges (restricting
descending weight on residential cash). A few nations have
utilized controls on inflows out of worry that huge, transient
portfolio speculation from primary monetary focuses could
suddenly invert – disturbing little household capital markets.
Capital controls keep capital from streaming to its most
productive uses and can force dangerous, wasteful aspects on an
economy.
Benefits connected to currency manipulation
There involve various reasons as to different governments alter
the multiple values of the currency, and through the process,
numerous advantages connect to the various process. For
instance, The United States. Treasury Unit discharged a semi-
annual report in 2016 during the time Taiwan China, Japan,
Korea a long with the Federal state of Germany got placed on
prescription list as powerful violators of right currency actions
(Stagier, 2010). States on the list warrant rose scrutiny for
working out if they were involved the manipulation of the
currency that involves a policy connecting to the finance and is
in connection with trade advantage that is not fair to the
markets involved. The penalties connected to the sector may
result into the violation of the partnership through the trade
activities. Currency manipulation takes place whenever the
three is the reinforcement of the monetary policy for the
alteration of the exchange within the global market. These
ethics are thought of poor trade actions after they are modeled
of the careering of the human-made competitive benefits for a

11. trade that is within the given volatile country. Consequently,
the initial common incidence involves the artificial manner of
raising the provision of associate economy's tender to support
its export trade. All else being equal, currency examination that
makes the external trade from the various associate economy
less cheap all told separate economies, therefore raising the
demand for this products through the global market or rather the
markets abroad. Through this, there is the stimulation of the
production of the materials that are necessary for the promotion
of the market activities.
U.S. company money Results
The cash results of organization or companies primarily based
within the United States of America involves the wedged
substantially by currency alteration. Once outer countries
reduce the value of their given currencies lower than the belt,
markets that engage in the exportation within the regions of
United States dwindle through the competition within the
platforms in markets that connects the states around the world,
and foreign exporters get in return a bonus in markets within
United States. Yankee organizations notice it actively resistant
to contend with outer basis of values. These factors
connectively threaten the business ‘particular fundamentals,
whether competitive advantage is maintained or not (Harding,
2017).
The proportion connected to foreign-denominated businesses
tends to exist beyond the limits of foreign-denominated
expenditures for international organizations based within the
United States of America. Currency manipulation develops a
condition of affairs in which organization in operation
advantages are reduced, because of the similar volume
connected to the sales can currently result to reduced top-line
end- product while not an equivalent decrease in expenses. Such
states conjointly prompt organization management units to
publish informal adjusted numbers that regulates for the
fluctuations.

12. Yankee investors hold almost over seventy-five equity shares of
the United States. Therefore, various investors are exposed
once Yankee organization loses their competitive advantage.
Lost profit because of currency headwinds dampens earnings
yields, limits money flows and creates downward the pressure
on the dividends and dividend development. Adjusted figures
and large currency distortions complicates the basic analysis
model, making further blockages forth non-professionals
(Sanford, 2007).
U.S. Economic Well-Being
Similarly, the same impacts that affect company cash results
will mount into general economic matters. Chinese currency
reduction in value inflated the common annual United States
deficit through many hundred billion greenbacks that is
throughout the initial twenty-first century that involved
negative effects on employment. Consequently, the policy
Institute guess time test that Chinese currency deflation value
involved the depreciation of the contract because of currency
alterations, as a result of their competitive disadvantage
contrary to their foreign partners. Hence, this will together
impact the development of income and edges that are necessary
to a healthy economic process in developed economies (Hassan,
et al. 2016).
A feeble economy will reduce the particular investment and
scale back the various investable financial advantages earned by
the people of America, as the investors become much of
conservative in the times of the given uncertainty. For instance,
through the reduction in the value of other currency, there is the
depreciation in the plans that facilitate the market potential.
Cash Manipulation
In 2007, the IMF was as far as anyone knows given obligation
regarding observation over individuals' trade rates, by which the
US implied disclosing to China that the estimation of its money
was underneath the fitting (Jaber, 2017). The expression "out
of line money control" has had official status in US law for a
long time and in the IMF Articles of Agreement for more,

13. despite its protectionist ring. By and by, the alleged order on
surplus nations to revalue upward has never been upheld, rather
than the weight on shortfall nations to cheapen. Some would
state the time has come to redress the asymmetry. My view is
that the time has come to perceive two substances: (1) it is
ordinarily impractical to state with certainty what is the right
estimation of money (and still less what is the "reasonable"
esteem). (2) Creditors are, and will dependably be, in a more
grounded power position than indebted individuals. The time
has come to resign the dialect of unreasonable money control,
instead of weakening the authenticity of the dialect of universal
exchange assertions (Shaikh, 2018).
American Congressmen of the two gatherings have since 2003
contended that the RMB is underestimated and that expanded
adaptability in China's cash routine would be painful. These are
both sensible recommendations. Be that as it may, the
legislators have overestimated the significance of the issue
(Nelson, 2013). They were misinformed in believing that
valuation for the RMB would, alone, do a lot to help US yield
or business. The requests were particularly confused in putting
such high need on the whole swapping scale issue, given that we
require China's assistance on increasingly vital things, for
example, keeping an atomic outfitted North Korea. In any case,
my contentions amid this period may have been seen by non-
wonks as bandy. I agreed that an expansion in the adaptability
of China's swapping scale would be something to be thankful
for. Now, in 2009, the circumstance has changed. Proceeded
with requests from American members of Congress that China
should quit mediating in outside trade market to keep the RMB
settled against the dollar have turned out to be particularly
silly? This is a result of two advancements throughout the most
recent year (Reilly, 2016).
I
The first improvement: in the spring of 2008, the best chefs in
China chose to eject the arrangement they had followed in 2007
– which had comprised of the since quite a while ago wanted

14. relinquishment of the dollar peg and the putting of a significant
load on the euro. They changed steeds in mid-stream: After
mid-2008 they came back to their old strategy (e.g., 2005-06) of
a genuinely close peg to the dollar. The inspiration for the
arrival to the dollar was grievances from Chinese exporters who
had lost aggressiveness in 2007, as the euro and accordingly the
new container acknowledged against the dollar.
II
Why, at that point, are American congressmen wrong to gripe
that the arrival of the dollar connect has given American firms
an extra value detriment in world markets? The principal
reason on the rundown is that throughout the most recent year,
the euro (shockingly) deteriorated against the euro.
III
The second advancement is that, in 2009, the stratospheric rate
of ascent of China's outside trade saves fell suddenly. In a few
months sooner this year, the Public lost stores. This implies an
expansion in conversion scale adaptability – in the
extraordinary case, a move to coasting – under current
conditions probably won't result in energy about the RMB and
may even outcome in a devaluation. Once more, that does not
compare to what the congressmen truly need, nor to the general
population conclusion that they speak to (Katz, 2015).
IV
True, sooner rather than later we could well observe an
arrival of generous surpluses on China's general parity of
installments and entry of the 38-year slant dollar deterioration.
Non-Mediation would by and by suggest RMB thankfulness
against the dollar. In any case, that drives us to the third point.
V
The third advancement, in the spring of 2009, is the appearance
in the dollar's garden of the principal "red shoots." Red as in
deficiencies and red as in China. For a considerable length of
time, the United States has possessed the capacity to rely on

15. outsider financial specialists, and after all other options have
been exhausted foreign national banks more explicitly, to
purchase dollars to back US shortages (Cwik, 2011). As of late,
the Pubic has been the lead facilitator, heaping up $2 trillion
available for later, a large portion of it in dollars. Amid the
spring of 2009, we have seen the main flags that this procedure
probably won't proceed until the end of time. Finally, the
likelihood that rating organizations may inevitably downsize US
obligation is noticeable all around, and longer-term loan fees
have ascended during the most recent month.
VI
But the most telling cautioning shots have originated from
Chinese authorities. Chief Wen in April communicated stress
that US Treasury securities would lose an incentive, later,
requiring a remarkable open consolation from President Obama.
Public Governor Zhou in May proposed supplanting the dollar
as global cash, with the SDR. Another authority disclosed to
Americans that his compatriots "loathe" holding cash that they
accept will lose an incentive later as it has before. Translated
independently and indeed, every one of these announcements
brings up interesting financial issues deserving of broadened
dialogue. Taken together, they establish a reminder for
negligent members of Congress. The message is that, when its
proportion of obligation to GDP is in an unstable way, the
United States is vigorously and progressively reliant on China
to purchase its treasury bills. If they and other Asian and item
trading nations quit getting US treasury charges, the outcome
would be more likely than not be a hard arriving for the dollar,
characterized as the mix of a significant fall in the estimation of
the dollar together with a substantial increment in US financing
costs.
VII
As a general recommendation, it is heartless to make strident
requests on ones' greatest bank without taking any thought of
the adjustment in power that indebted person status involves. It

16. is astoundingly uncaring to make the interest that the Chinese
quit purchasing dollars, in the meantime as the United States is
subject to them proceeding to buy dollars to back our shortfalls.
US Treasury Secretary Geithner seems to have perceived this
reality.
Current money control patterns
Starting with China, it has frequently been faulted of keeping
the Yuan falsely week while making its fares less expensive.
Additionally, RMB, that is the money, has been dipping down
entirely within the value above nine percent in contrary to the
United States’ dollar. The United States governance, through
precedent Trump, is greatly worried of the deterioration. In
addition, through this way there is the development of other
techniques that moderate the impacts of the negative effects that
might rise through the situation of the dollar. For instance, the
drop of Yuan has been compensated with the consideration of
the market trend and the identification of the current trend of
the market in relation to the facilitation of the effectiveness and
the value of the currency in the country (Glaser, and Veers,
2017).
Investigation of different nations
As shown by the treasury of US the number of states under
analysis might be expanded. This creation targets states, for
example, Russian Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Ireland or
Malaysia. Additionally, these nations are on target following
dynamic exchange activity that has been connected to the
increment in the current year with the government of US. As
expressed by Sheikh, and Weber, developing the rundown would
be an unmistakable flag of aim that the companies needs more
project ting straight forwardness regarding the strategies of the
exchanges accomplices, as stated by Patel concerning money
strategies. Indeed, it equally flags the aim of maintaining a
strategic gap from 'excessively concrete, a dollar in the middle-
term, and this is an unpretentious though necessary move in

17. dollar alignment that should not be messed (Ridley, 2012).
Consequently, the involvement of the monetary transformation
in relation to the value has resulted to the impact on the overall;
market operation. For instance, through the, manipulation of
the currency, there is the inconsistency through the creation of
the free market that favor all the involved partners through the
process. In addition, the various transformations have affected
the world economy and through the review, there was the
indication of the various impacts that developed because of the
various changes. Moreover, through the review, there is the
identification that there are various impacts that are of
advantage top the global economy however, most of the
discussion revealed the negative impacts that resulted from the
manipulation of the currency.
Regarding the negative effects of the manipulation, there are
various measures that assist in the leveling of the situation
regarding the economy of the world. The various measures
operate within the involved states for the facilitation of the
competitive advantages that in turn facilitate the development
of the world economy. Additionally, through the review, there
is the presentation of the records connected to the
transformations.
References
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Renegotiation. The International Economy, 31(3), 30.
Bergsten, C. F., & Gagnon, J. E. (2012). Currency
manipulation, the US economy, and the global economic order
(pp. 12-25). Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for
International Economics.
Bloomberg, L. D., & Volpe, M. (2008). Developing and
presenting the literature review. Review Chapter 2
Censky, A. (2010). What is currency manipulation, anyhow.
CNN Money, 11.
Cwik, P. F. (2011). The New Neo‐Mercantilism: Currency
Manipulation As A Form Of Protectionism. Economic Affairs,

18. 31(3), 7-11.
Gagnon, J. E. (2012). Combating widespread currency
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Glaser, B. S., & Viers, A. (2017). TRUMP AND XI BREAK
THE ICE AT MAR-A-LAGO. Comparative Connections: A
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Goldstein, M. (2006). Currency manipulation and enforcing the
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Harding, R. (2017). Donald Trump’s Anger at Asian Currency
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930f-061b01e23655 (Accessed February 16, 2017).
Hassan, T. A., Mertens, T. M., Zhang, T., & National Bureau of
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Jaber, M., & Jaber, K. (2017). Currency Substitution and Price
Endings: Right Digit Effect. Journal of Global Marketing,
30(4), 238-255.
Katz, R. (2015). The Myth of Currency Manipulation. The
International Economy, 29(3), 40.
Nelson, R. M. (2013). Current Debates over Exchange Rates:
Overview and Issues for Congress.
Reilly deLutio, C., Trostel, P. A., & Center, M. C. S. P. (2016).
2016 TRADE POLICY ASSESSMENT.
Ridley, D. (2012) The literature review: A step-by-step guide
for students.
Read Chapter 8: Being Critical
Sanford, J. E. (2007, May). Currency Manipulation: The IMF
and WTO. Congressional Research Service, Library of
Congress.
Sanford, J. E., & Library of Congress. (2007). Currency
manipulation: The IMF and WTO. Washington, DC:
Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
Shaikh, A., & Weber, I. (2018). The US-China Trade Balance
and the Theory of Free Trade: Debunking the Currency
Manipulation Argument (No. 1805).

19. Staiger, R. W., & Sykes, A. O. (2008). "Currency
manipulation" and world trade. Cambridge, MA: National
Bureau of Economic Research.
Staiger, R. W., & Sykes, A. O. (2010). ‘Currency
manipulation’and world trade. World Trade Review, 9(4), 583-
627.
Wong, C. S. (2017). Regulating Currency Manipulation:
Political, Legal and Economic Barriers to Reform. Journal of
World Trade, 51(4), 691-710.
write a short paper assessing your tentative dissertation topic
after completing a draft literature review in this course. Your
paper should address the following topics:
1. Write a draft problem statement for your dissertation
research.
2. Write a draft purpose statement for your dissertation.
3. Describe your preferred research method (quan/qual/mixed).
4. Describe potential study participants.
5. List 1-3 draft research questions.
6. Explain how your chosen theories support the above
elements.
7. Assess the viability of such dissertation study and relate it to
your degree (PhD or DBA) and specialization.
Length: 3-5 pages
Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the
ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new
thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your
response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA
standards.
Douglas
Idea #1 (p.198)

20. “We think the appellants have standing to raise the
constitutional rights of the married people with whom they had
a professional relationship.”
Idea #2 (p.200)
“The Ninth Amendment provides: ‘The enumeration in the
Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be constructed to deny
or disparage others retained by the people.’”
Idea #3 (p.200)
“In other words, the First Amendment has a penumbra where
privacy is protected from governmental intrusion. In like
context, we have protected forms of “association” that are not
political in the customary sense, but pertains to the social,
legal, and economic benefit of the members.”
Idea #4 (p.201)
“And it concerns a law which, in forbidding the use of
contraceptives, rather than regulating their manufacture or sale,
seeks to achieve its goals by means having a maximum
destructive impact upon that relationship."
Idea #5 (p.201)
“Would we allow the police to search the sacred precincts of
martial bedroom for telltale signs of the use of contraceptives?
The very idea is repulsive to the notions of privacy surrounding
the marriage relationship."
Black
Idea #1 (p.202)

21. “The two defendants here were active participants in an
organization which gave physical examinations to woman,
advised them what kind of contraceptive devices or medicines
would most likely to be satisfactory for them, and then supplied
the devices themselves, all for a graduated scale of fees, based
on family income. Thus, these defendants admittedly engaged
with others in a planned course of conduct to help people
violate the Connecticut law.”
Idea #2 (p.203)
“The Court talks about constitutional ‘right to privacy’ as
though there is some constitution provision or provisions
forbidding any law ever to be passed which might abridge the
‘privacy’ of individuals. But there is not.”
Idea #3 (p.204)
“I think that if properly construed, neither the Due Process
Clause nor the Ninth Amendment, nor both together, could
under any circumstance be a proper bias for invalidating the
Connecticut law.”
Idea #4 (p.205)
“My point is there is no provision of the Constitution which
either expressly or impliedly vests power in this Court to sit as
a supervisory agency over the acts of duly constituted
legislative bodies and set aside their laws because of the Courts
belief that the legislative polices adopted are unreasonable,
unwise, arbitrary, capricious or irrational.”
Idea #5 (p.206)
“And so I cannot rely on the Due Process Clause or the Ninth
Amendment or any mysterious and uncertain natural law

22. concept as a reason for striking down this state law.”
I found the argument of author William O. Douglas more
convincing. He ruled that married people reserve the right to
marital privacy. He clearly states the law violated the married
couples right as citizens to have their own space and privacy; as
well as adds insight as to why. Douglas stated in his article,
“Would we allow the police to search the sacred precincts of
martial bedroom…? The very idea is repulsive to the notions of
privacy surrounding the marriage relationship.” (p. 201) He
argued that the right to privacy is fundamental. Due to the fact
that the U.S Constitution contains no express to the right to
privacy, Douglas used the Ninth Amendment in his favour by
interpreting it as a justification to protect the privacy of married
couples. It is pointed out: “The Ninth Amendment provides:
‘The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
be constructed to deny or disparage others retained by the
people.’” (p. 200) All the amendments can be applied against
the states due to the Fourteenth Amendment. In other words, the
right to privacy in the married couples home is considered
fundamental and cannot be infringed. The married couples use
of contraception is another fundamental right that the marital
couple obtains and should not be punished for.