If you wanted to know which strains of rhizobia were present in a plot.pdf

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If you wanted to know which strains of rhizobia were present in a plot of soil in a soybean field, and what differences were present in the Nod factor genes of those strains, which of the following would be most useful/comprehensive? Collect nodules from the roots of nodulated soybean plants in the plot. Isolate rhizobia from nodules. Grow cultures of each strain to use as an inoculum for different types of legumes (soybean, pea, clover, bean, vetch, etc.). Test each strain against each legume to see which ones can successfully be nodulated by that particular strain. Collect soil samples in the field and obtain the DNA from the bacteria within. Carry out metagenomics using that DNA to identify the bacteria, and to make comparisons of the Nod genes present in the samples. Isolate rhizobia from soil samples collected from the field. For each of the bacterial strains isolated, incubate in fresh media containing nintrients labeled with 13 C (heavy carbon). After time to grow, isolate DNA from each strain, and centrifuge to separate labeled vs. unlabeled DNA. Sequence the labeled DNA to identify the bacteria of interest. If you wanted to know which strains of rhizobia had been able to nodulate legume plants in a field, and identify other strains of bacteria present (including rhizobia and other types of soil bacteria), which of the following would be most useful/comprehensive? Isolate rhizobia from nodules, and from soil samples collected from the field. After incubation, subject the pure strains of all isolated bacteria to a series of biochemical tests to observe similarities and differences, and use these results to make identifications. Isolate rhizobia from nodules, and from soil samples collected from the field. For each of the bacterial strains isolated, incubate in fresh media containing nutrients labeled with 13 C (heavy carbon). After time to grow, isolate DNA from each strain, and centrifuge to separate labeled vs. unlabeled DNA. Sequence the labeled DNA to identify the bacteria of interest. Isolate rhizobia from nodules, and collect soil samples in the field. Obtain the DNA from the isolated rhizobia, and the soil samples. Carry out 16 S rRNA gene analysis or metagenomics to identify the bacteria in each case. If you wanted to know which strains of rhizobia were present in a plot of soil in a soybean field, and what differences were present in the Nod factor genes of those strains, which of the following would be most useful/comprehensive? Collect soil samples in the field and obtain the DNA from the bacteria within. Carry out metagenomics using that DNA to identify the bacteria, and to make comparisons of the Nod genes present in the samples. Isolate rhizobia from soil samples collected from the field. For each of the bacterial strains isolated, incubate in fresh media containing nutrients labeled with 13 C (heavy carbon). After time to grow, isolate DNA from each strain, and centrifuge to separate labeled vs. unlabeled DNA. Sequence t.

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All of rice oligotrophic endophytic Bradyrhizobia in this study were obtained except SUT-R74. 6 Bradyrhizobial strains were obtained from 98 bacterial strains. Bradyrhizobium is found only in rice root, with 10% relative abundance of total Alphaproteobacteria. Endophytic Bradyrhizobia could not be obtained from the monoculture system. Thai rice cultivars, the Thai Bradyrhizobial strains could promote rice growth better than Japanese strains. Three rice cultivars (Pathum Thani 1, Kasalath, and Nipponbare), cultivar Pathum Thani 1 responded only to putative Thai rice endophytic Bradyrhizobia. This phenomenon was not found in Japanese rice cultivars. Non-PB strains are also capable of forming a natural endophytic association with rice. Strains SUT-PR9, WD16, RP5, and RP7 displayed non-PB phenotypes but were genotypically close to PB strains.

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Plant endophytes may be intercellular or intracellular depending upon their location in the plant tissue because they are present inside the cells or in the intracellular space, respectively. Isolation of endophytic bacteria has been reported from both monocot and dicot plants, ranging from woody trees, such as teak and pear, to herbaceous crop plants such as mustard and maize. The aim of this study was the isolation of endophytes from potato and their antagonist effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, stems and roots of healthy Potato plant derived from Chak No.359/E.B Village, Tehsil Burewala. Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant parts was done according to the method described by Petrini. The media used in the present study was the Potatodextrose agar (PDA) for fungus and nutrient agar medium for maintaining bacterial stains. F.oxysporum was taken from the Plant pathology lab of UAF sub-campus Burewala-Vehari . The results of the experiment clearly revealed that the stems, root and leaf of the potato plants under present investigation had the maximum colonization frequency for fungal endophytes. Fusarium oxysporum showed rapid growth 5-7cm in5 days. Fusarium oxysporum was white and growing rapidly that later produced dark violet pigments in PDA. Erwinia showed light green, circular, shining, slimy, smooth characteristics. The isolate strain of Bacillus showed rodshaped, fuzzy white or slightly yellow circular and irregular characteristics.

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Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.

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ABSTRACT: The study on the different isolates of the fungus Pyrenochaeta terrestris that cause pink root rot disease on onion Allium cepa L., collected from different areas in Sudan, was carried out to elucidate the morphological, cultural and physiological variations of the pathogen. The PDA medium was found suitable for the fungus growth, while the Watson's medium was suitable for isolation. The white Kassala (WK) isolate outgrew the rest of isolates significantly, followed by the red Hudeiba (RHu) isolate, which scored more than two fold the rates of other isolates. The darker pigment of the culture seemed to be maintained only when the fungus utilized sucrose as the carbon source and/or sodium nitrate as the nitrogen source. The fungus Pyrenoehaeta terrestris was found to be more suited to slightly acidic to alkaline pH, although it could grow in a pH range of >4.0-8.0. The colour shade of the culture was found to be affected by the H ion concentration of the medium.

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1. Why are substrate hyphae particularly well suited for bacteria like Streptomyces spp., which live in soil? (Check all that apply.) Because streptomycete hyphae reproduce by fragmentation Because hyphae provides more surface area for hydrolytic enzymes to degrade substrates; these degradation products are assimilated by streptomycetes Because Steptomyces spp. compete with fungi, which also produce hyphae Because a larger volume of soil can be sampled by hyphae as compared to a typical bacterial cell 2. You are working for an environmental engineering company that has been using bioremediation to clean up soil that has been contaminated pesticides. You perform 16S rRNA sequencing on RNA extracted from the soil. Which of the following genera do you expect to find in abundance? (Check all that apply.) Rhodococcus Corynebacterium Arthrobacter Bifidobacterium 3. During endospore formation, Bacillus thuringiensis also produces a parasporal body that is toxic to moth larvae thus the bacteria are used commercially as a(n) _________.

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