Assignment Slides- A short basic intro to biomolecules. This is part of larger course of molecular electronics and biomolecules of nanotechnology. Note- This is just basic concise part I made for assignment, any scientific inaccuracies is probable and highly regretted. Any constructive criticism is welcome.

1. Biomolecules
Achal Singh
M.tech Nanotechnology(2nd Sem)
Scholar No-2221050102
NT-560 Molecular Electronics and Bio-Molecules

2. Contents
Organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Fatty acids
Phospholipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Ref.-quizizz

3. Organic Molecules
Formed by living things
Form the base of all living beings
Have a carbon backbone
Ref.-buzzle

4. Carbohydrates
General Formula-[CH2O]n
Short-term energy storage- Sugars
Intermediate energy storage
Starch- Plants
Glycogen-Animals
Structural Components
Cellulose-Plant Cell Wall
Chitin- arthropods (insects) exoskeleton
Carbohydrates
Simple
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Complex Polysaccharides

5. Monosaccharides
Simplest form of sugars- cannot be further hydrolysed.
Ribose- a pentose[5-C sugar] occurring in vitamins and enzymes.
Glucose- The fastest and main source of energy.[6-C sugar]
Hexose- a term for 6-carbon[C]sugars.
Ref-fattoenergy Ref.-Visionlearning

6. Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides chemically bonded together
Sucrose [Glucose + Fructose] – The sugar we get from sugarcane
Lactose [Glucose + Galactose] – Present in milk.
Ref.-nutrientsreview
Ref.-dreamstime

7. Polysaccharides
• Macromolecules consisting of many monosaccharides bonded
together.
• Formation of ester bond-esterification.
• Removal of water molecule by condensation.
• Example- starch, cellulose.
Ref.-Americanboard
Cellulose
Ref.-public.oml.gov

8. Polysaccharides(contd.)
• Starch
• A polymeric molecule made by
many glucose[referred as glucans
in polypeptide] molecules bonded
by α-(1→4)-D glycosidic bonds.
• Used by plants for energy storage.
• Consist of 2 chains:
• Amylose-straight chain
• Amylopectin- branched chain
oCellulose
oFound in plant cell walls
oIndigestible by humans
oMade up of only β-glucose(
opposed to α,β in starch and
glycogen).
Ref.-healthjade

9. Lipids
Long term energy storage.
Insoluble in polar solvents such as water.
Secondary Functions
Structural components-phospholipids in cell membranes
Messengers-hormones: communication within and in-between cells
Simple lipids are usually composed of 3-fatty acids covalently bonded
to 3-C glycerol.
Lipids are classified into:
Saponifiable lipids- can be hydrolysed [triglycerides, phospholipids]
Non-saponifiable lipids- cannot be further hydrolysed [cholesterols]

10. Fatty Acids
oHydrocarbon chains terminating with carboxylic acid groups.
oTypes
o Unsaturated fatty acids- unsaturated C-C bond
o Saturated fatty acids- saturated C-C bonds
oFunctions:
o Signal-transduction pathways
o Biological signaling through series of molecular events.
o Insulation and cushioning.
o Cellular fuel sources
o Energy storage in adipose tissues(fat-cells)-in form of triglycerols.
o Composition of hormones and lipids
o Protein modification Ref.-periodni.com

11. Phospholipids
• Basic building structure of cell membrane
• Consists of
• 2 fatty acids tails- 2non-polar tails
• 1 phosphate head- 1 polar head
• Phospholipids in cell membrane are semi-permeable
• Molecules dissolving in fat can pass easily.
• Molecules dissolving in water cannot pass easily.
Ref.-Lumenlearning

12. Proteins
Complex biomolecules made up of many small
units called amino acids.
Amino acid is an organic molecule consists of a
central carbon atom attached to
 An amino group,
 a carboxyl group,
 A hydrogen atom and,
 a variable side chain (R group) .
 The amino acids strands are twisted to form long
chains.
 There are 20 amino acids common to most
proteins.
The specific order of these amino acids
determines the structure and function of proteins.
Ref.-thesupplestrength
Ref.-openoregon

13. Nucleic acids
• Polymers composed of monomer units known as nucleotides.
• Main functions
• information storage (DNA)
• protein synthesis (RNA),
• and energy transfers (ATP and NAD).
• Nucleotides consist of
• a sugar,
• ribose or deoxyribose
• a nitrogenous base,
• Purines (Adenine and Guanine) - double-ring structures,
• Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil)- single-ringed.
• a phosphate.
Ref.-ScienceNotes

14. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Physical carrier of inheritance for 99% of
living organisms.
4 nitrogenous bases of DNA (C, G, A, and T)
code for
20 amino acids found in all living things,
make an infinite variety of polypeptides.
A mutation is any change in the DNA base
sequence
causes evolution. Ref.-101diagrams

15. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
oDNA (except in chloroplasts and
mitochondria), is restricted to the
nucleus/nuclear region.
oRNA occurs in the nucleus as well as
in the cytoplasm (also as part of the
ribosomes that line the rough
endoplasmic reticulum).
oThere are three types of RNA:
o Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the blueprint
for construction of a protein.
o Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the
construction site where the protein is
made.
o Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the truck
delivering the proper amino acid to the
site at the right time

16. References
Biologydictionary.net
Dr. Fozia Z. Haque, NT-550 Molecular Electronics and Biomolecules,
Simple Molecules- Lecture plan.