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Pals approach to sick child
1. PALS : Approach to Emergency
Assessment and Management
Dr C. Abhiram kumar
Fellow in PICU
Aster CMI Hospital
2. Objectives
Recognize a seriously ill child by using a systematic approach
Proper Triage and allocation of Resources
High quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Stabilizing a seriously ill or injured child
3. INTRODUCTION
• Each year millions of children around the world die from
potentially preventable and treatable causes
• Majority of them could be prevented by paying attention to
public health measures and living conditions
• However improvement in early recognition of serious illnesses
and delivery of initial medication can undoubtedly save lives
• If basic principles of resuscitation are adhered to, it is possible
to improve the outcome of serious illnesses with modest
resources available
9. Child unresponsive and not breathing or only gasping
Follow left side of algorithm
Child responsive and breathing
Follow right side of algorithm
Evaluate using ABCDE components of primary
assesment
A-airway, B-breathing, C-circulation, D-disability, E-exposure
10. THE PAT TRIANGLE
• First impression
• Rapid assesment
• Visual and auditory
13. • INTERVENE- After identifying child’s condition, intervene with
appropriate actions which may include:
• giving a fluid bolus
• supplying oxygen
• positioning the child etc…..
15. • BREATHING:
Respiratory rate and pattern
Respiratory effort
Chest expansion and air movement
Abnormal lung and airway sounds
Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry
20. INTERVENE
• MANAGEMENT OF RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS
• RESPIRATORY ARREST: A child in respiratory arrest is not
breathing or breathing ineffectively but has palpable central
pulse.
• Provide rescue breathing to prevent cardiac arrest
21. • RESCUE BREATHING
• Give 12-20 breaths per minute
• Give each breath one second
• Each breath should result in visible chest rise
• Use oxygen as it is available
22. • AIRWAY:
• Support the airway(allow the child to assume position of
comfort) or position the child to open the airway
• Position in a way such that the oral axis, pharyngeal axis and
laryngeal axis are aligned in same direction
• Clear the airway(suction nose and mouth as indicated)
• Insert an oropharyngeal airway as indicated
25. .
• BREATHING:
• Assess and monitor oxygenation by pulse oximetry
• Assess and monitor ventilation by evaluating respiratory rate,
effort, and lung sounds
• Assist ventilation if needed(eg- bag and mask)
• Give oxygen. Provide humidified oxygen if available
• Give medication as needed(eg- salbutamol, nebulized
epinephrine)
26. • BAG AND MASK VENTILATION
• A bag mask device consists of a ventilation bag and a face
mask which can be used with or without oxygen
• FACE MASK: select a face mask which extends from the bridge
of the child’s nose to cleft of the chin covering the nose and
mouth but not compressing the eyes
• It should create a tight seal against the face.
• Select a transparent mask if available
27. .• VENTILATION BAGS:
• They are mainly self inflating or flow inflating
• They can be used with or without oxygen supplementation
• To deliver near 100% oxygen concentration attach the bag and
mask device with a reservoir to an oxygen source
• Maintain oxygen flow of 10- 15 litres/minute
• Titrate oxygen saturation to maintain saturation between 94-
99%
28.
29. Cont….
BAG MASK VENTILATION TECHNIQUE:
• Open the airway by tilting the head back
• Use E-C clamp technique to lift the jaw against the mask ,
pressing and sealing the mask on the face
• With other hand, squeeze the ventilation bag until the chest
rises
• Deliver each breath over one second making sure there is
adequate chest rise with each breath
• In two person bag and mask one person opens the airway and
seals the mask to the child’s face and other provider squeezes
the bag
31. PULSE OXIMETRY:
• Oxygen saturation is measured using the pulse oximeter
• It is based on the Beer-Lambert’s law
• It requires pulsatile blood flow to determine oxygen saturation
• Check the accuracy by clinically correlating or with the cardiac
monitor
• Immediately evaluate the child if the oximeter fails to detect a
signal or has inconsistent heart rate or there is a fall in
saturation
32. .
• Pulse oximetry may be inaccurate in the following settings:
• Cardiac arrest
• Shock or hypothermia
• Motion, shivering or bright overhead lighting
• Problem with skin probe interface
• Misalignement of sensor with light source
• Cardiac arrhythmias with low cardiac output
33. • MANAGEMENT OF CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS
Goals of shock management:
Improve oxygen content of blood
Improve blood flow to the tissues
Reduce tissue demand for oxygen
Support organ function
Prevent cardiac arrest
34. GENERAL PRINCIPLE
• Get help
• Position the child
• Give high flow oxygen
• Support the airway and ventilation as needed
• Ensure vascular access
• Begin fluid boluses therapy
• Monitor vitals
• Identify response to therapy and intervene accordingly
35. INTRAOSSEOUS ACCESS
• First alternative to difficult or delayed intravenous access
Intraosseous tray:
Sand bag
Gauze
Sterile gloves
Bone marrow needle (16 or 18 gauze)
10 or 20 ml syringes
Dynoplast
36. • Procedure:
• place the sand bag under the knee
• slightly abduct and rotate the knee externally
• clean the site of insertion with betadine soaked gauze
• identify the tibial tubercle
• introduce the bone marrow needle with trocar one cm
below and medial to the landmark
• with screwing movements introduce the needle into the
tibia perpendicular to the shaft until a ‘give’ is felt
• remove the trocar and push fluid with the syringe
• encircle the needle with gauze and fix with dynoplast
• can be retained for 24 hours
37. FLUID BOLUSES:
In case of hypovolemic or distributive shock 20 ml/kg of
isotonic crystalloids is rapidly infused over 5-10 minutes
In case of cardiogenic shock smaller boluses such as 5-10
ml/kg should be infused more slowly over 10-20 minutes
Adjust fluid therapy for conditions such as diabetic
ketoacidosis and burns
Do not use fluid containing dextrose as boluses
Reassess the child after boluses for further management
38. CARDIAC ARREST
• Cardiac arrest is absent or ineffective heart activity
• With cardiac arrest, blood flow stops and signs of circulation
are absent
• Child becomes unresponsive and is not breathing
• Death may occur if high quality CPR Is not provided
• Two main types of cardiac arrest
Hypoxic/asphyxial arrest
Sudden cardiac arrest
39. • Identification:
unresponsiveness
no breathing or only gasping
no pulse(assess for no more than 10 seconds)
• Palpate central pulses (carotid or femoral in a child and
brachial in an infant)
• If there is no pulse then start CPR, beginning with chest
compressions
40.
41. High quality CPR
• Push at a rate of at least 100 compressions per minute
• Push with enough force to depress the chest at least one third
the depth of the chest
• Allow full recoil
• Minimize interruptions
• Avoid excessive ventilation
42. SBAR Reporting
S
Date: …………………................. Time: ……:…….................. (24hrs)
Drs name: ……………………………..................................................
My name is ……………………………………......................................
From Ward/Dept ……………………………...................................... I am calling about (patient name) …..………………………………....... The
problem is...……………………………………………………….....
B
The patient was admitted with ………………………………................ on ……/……/…..
Relevant PMH....................................................................................
Resuscitation status ...........................................................................
A
The patient has a PAR score of ……………........................................ Airway……………………………………………………………………... Breathing
………………………………………………………………..... Circulation ……………………………………………………………….... Disability
…………………………………………………………………... Exposure…………………………………………………………………..
Other relevant factors e.g. Sepsis screening, blood results, pain, urine output
...........................................................................................................
R
I request you review the patient within the next …………… hrs/mins
(enter agreed timescale e.g. 30mins)
Document any initial instructions
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
Patient reviewed by Dr at ……:…… (24hrs)
43. Are any two of the following SSI criteria present?
n n n Temperature <36 or >38.30C Heart rate >90bpm
WCC >12 or <4 x109/l
n n n Respiratory rate >20/min Acutely altered mental state
Hyperglycaemia in the absence of diabetes
If no, treat for SEPSIS:
• Oxygen
• Blood cultures
• IVantibiotics
• Fluidtherapy
• Reassess for SEVERESEPSIS with hourly observations
Sepsis/Severe : Sepsis Screening Tool
Does your patient have a history or signs suggestive of a new infection? For example:
n Cough/ sputum/ chest pain n Dysuria
n Abdo pain/ distension/ diarrhoea n Headache with neck stiffness
n Line infection n Cellulitis/ wound infection/ septic arthritis
n Endocarditis
if yes, patient has SSI
n SBP < 90mmHg or MAP < 65mmHg n Lactate > 2mmol/l
n Urine output < 0.5ml/kg/hr for 2 hrs n New need for oxygen to keep SpO2 >90%
n INR > 1.5 or aPTT > 60s n Platelets < 100 x 10 9/1
n Bilirubin > 34µmol/l n Creatinine > 177mmol/l
Any signs of organ dysfunction?
If yes, patient has SEPSIS
If yes, patient has SEVERE SEPSIS
Start SEVERESEPISCARE PATHWAY
46. Take Home Message…..
• Early Identification and timely interventions are pivotal in
preventing mortality in pediatric ER.
• Systemic approach to Pediatric assesment is key to recognise
potential life threatening emergencies.
• Call for Help whenever in doubt.
• Adequate preparation is essential for ensuring patient safety.
• Effective team dynamics help in better success rates
Editor's Notes
Level of consciousness- responsive, unresponsive, less responsive or alert
Breathing- initial impression evaluate without steth. Look for respiratory effort and abnormal breathing sounds
Color- skin color- mottling, pallor, cyanosis. Hemmorhage-obvious significant bleeding or bleeding within the skin like petechiae and purpura