3. • “And if anyone saved a life, it
would be as if he saved the life
of the whole people.” (Al Quran
5:32)
• “No soul can die except by
Allah's permission.” (Al Quran
3:185)
4. MEDICAL ETHICS
• Medical ethics is primarily a
field of applied ethics, the study
of moral values and judgments
as they apply to medicine.
•آدابمهنةالطبهوفيالمقاماألولمجال
األخالقيات،التطبيقيةودراسةالقيماألخالقيةواألحكام
التيتنطبقعلىالطب.
5. A NOBLE PROFESSION
• Medical profession is the guardian
of human life and is responsible for
defending living beings from the
miseries and death from disease.
•مهنةالطبهوالوصيعلىحياة،اإلنسانوهي
مسؤولةعنالدفاععنحياةاالنسانمنمآسي
المرضوالموت.
6. •Medical ethics is a code of
conduct of practicing doctors/
dental surgeons evolved over
centuries nationally and
internationally that is based
on the most admirable human
values and principles.
•آدابمهنةالطبهيمدونةلقواعد
السلوكفيممارسةاألطباء/أطباء
األسنانتطورتعلىمدىقرون
دولياوعالمياوالتيتقومعلىالقيم
اإلنسانيةوالمبادئاألكثرانتشاراو
اتفاقاعليها.
7. Greek healers in the 4th Century B.C.,
drafted the Hippocratic Oath and pledged
to :
“prescribe regimens for the good of my
patients according to my ability and my
judgment and never do harm to anyone”.
صاغالمعالجوناليونانيونفيالقرنالرابع
قبلالميالدقسمأبقراطوالذيفيهالمعالجيتعهد
ب...:”اصفالنظمالعالجيةلصالحمرضاي
وفقالقدرتيوحكميوأبداالاضربايأحدا".
8. Muslim physicians:
Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi
(who wrote the Conduct of a Physician,
the first book dedicated to medical ethics)
Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi
(known as Rhazes in the West)
9. Muslim physicians
Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi:
Who wrote the Adab al-Tabib
(Conduct of a Physician), the first
paper dedicated to medical ethics.
He regarded physicians as
"guardians of souls and bodies", and
wrote twenty chapters on various
topics related to medical ethics.
11. There are main four principles of
Medical Ethics:
1. Patient Autonomy;
2. Beneficence;
3. Do No Harm (or Non-malificence);
4. Justice.
12. • In addition to the four ethical principles
the following ethical principles have
been included:
Principles of confidentiality
مبادئالسرية
Protection of the vulnerable
الضعفاء حماية
Collegiality
الزمالة
15. • Beneficence implies consideration of
the patient's pain; their physical and
mental suffering; the risk of disability
and death; and their quality of life. At
times, beneficence can imply not
intervening, if the benefit of therapy
would be minimal.
•اإلحسانيعنيالنظرفيآالمالمريض؛المعاناة
الجسديةوالعقلية؛مخاطرالعجز،والوفاةونوعية
حياتهم.فيبعض،األحيانيمكناالحسانيعنيعدم
،التدخلإذاكانتالفائدةمنالعالجضئيلةللغاية.
17. 4. Justice: العدالة
•Resources are limited;
you cannot cure everybody
and so priorities must be
set (hence the notion of
triage).
•عالج يمكنك ال ،محدودة الموارد
األولوي تحديد يجب ولذا الجميعات
(الفرز فكرة هنا ومن).
18. Principles of confidentiality
• Non-disclosure / disclosure of patients’
details and medical records.
• To respect the privacy and preserve the
dignity of each patient.
•عدمالكشف/الكشفعنتفاصيلالمريض
والسجالتالصحية.
•على والحفاظ الخصوصية احترامكرامةمريض كل.
19. Dignity:
• The patient and the
doctor have the right to
dignity.
•The spirit of humanity,
respecting the worth of each
person
•Each person we encounter
in our working day deserves
our respect—patients,
visitors, co-workers
والطبيب المريض من لكل حق الكرامة
العمل اثناء نواجهه شخص كل
احترامنا يستحق(زو ، مرضىار
العمل وزمالء)
واالحترام ،اإلنسانية روح يستحق شخص كل
20. Confidentiality:
•is commonly applied to
conversations between
doctors and patients. This
concept is commonly
known as patient-
physician privilege.
•تعنيالحفاظعلىسريةالمريضمنجهة
،الطبيبوهذهتسمىميزةالعالقةبين
المريضوالطبيب
•Legal protections prevent
physicians from revealing
their discussions with
patients, even under oath
in court.
•الحمايةالقانونيةتمنعاألطباءمنالكشف
عنمناقشاتهممع،المرضىحتىتحت
القسمفيالمحكمة.
21. • Confidentiality forms a cornerstone of the doctor-patient
relationship, but it is increasingly hard to maintain with the
growth of electronic data.
•السريةتشكلحجراالساسفيالعالقةبينالطبيب،والمريضولكنمنالصعب
الحفاظعلىذلكلتزايدالنموفيتناقلالبياناتاإللكترونية.
• In order to protect the trust between doctor and patient, the
physician should not release personal medical information
without the patient's consent.
•منأجلحمايةالثقةبينالطبيبوالمريضينبغيعلىالطبيبعدمالتصريح
بالمعلوماتالطبيةالشخصيةللمريضدونموافقتةالمريض.
• Like other ethical duties, however, confidentiality is not
absolute. It can be necessary to override privacy in the
interests of public health. However, this should always be
done in a way that minimizes harm to the patient.
•مثلالواجباتاألخالقية،األخرىالسريةليستمطلقة.يمكنأنيكونمنالضروري
تجاوزالخصوصيةمناجلمصالحالصحةالعامة،بشرطانيتمذلكبطريقةتقلل
الضررعلىالمريض.
22. Discussion topic:
A patient's relative gives you information on
the patient but asks you not to reveal where
the information came from. Do you have to
keep this secret?
23. Disclosure:
•the doctor must disclose
information that is
materially relevant to the
patient's understanding of
his condition, his
treatment options and
likely outcomes.
• This would include, for
example, information on
medical errors made in
their care.
• Errors do not necessarily
constitute improper,
negligent, or unethical
behavior, but failure to
disclose them may.
25. Discussion topic:
A teenage patient requests an abortion but
asks you not to tell her parents. How do you
balance protection of the patient's
confidentiality against the rights of her
parents?
26. Protection of the vulnerable
الضعفاء حماية
• Standing up for the rights of those who
may be unable to speak or act for
themselves. e.g.. Children, the frail
elderly, and patients who are unable to
make decisions for themselves.
•الوقوفعلىحقوقأولئكالذينقديكونونغيرقادرينعلىالكالم
أوالعملألنفسهم.علىسبيلالمثال.األطفالوالمسنينالضعف،اء
والمرضىالذيناليستطيعوناتخاذقراراتهمبأنفسهم.
27. Collegiality الزمالة:
• Calls for support of colleagues and
fellow practitioners and
professionals.
• Mutual respect & understanding
for fellow optometrists, for other
professionals and for their
respective roles in the health care
team.
