4. Terms Use in Nursing Theory
• Concepts are the basic ingredients of theory. An
idea or a general impression. Examples of nursing
concepts is pain.
5. Model
• Models are abstract frameworks, linking
facts and phenomena, that assist nurses
to plan nursing care, investigate
problems related to clinical practice,
and study the outcomes of nursing
actions and interventions. Most of the
nursing models in current usage are of
North American origin
6. Nursing Theories
• A nursing theory is a set of concepts,
definitions, relationships, and assumptions or
propositions derived from nursing models or
other disciplines.
• Project a purposive, systematic view of
phenomena by designing specific inter-
relationships among concepts for the
purposes of describing, explaining, predicting,
and /or prescribing.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Evolution of Nursing Theories &
Application
• Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory was
groundbreaking during the 1860s and helped
change the course of nursing and healthcare while
changing the outcomes of patients through the
identification of environmental factors that may
hinder their health and well-being.
• Later in last century nursing began with a strong
emphasis on practice.
12. cont’
• Following that came the curriculum era which
addressed the questions about what the nursing
students should study in order to achieve the
required standard of nursing.
• As more and more nurses began to pursue higher
degrees in nursing, there emerged the research
era
• Later graduate education and masters education
was given much importance
13.
14. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP)
• Evidence-based practice is a conscientious,
problem-solving and scientific approach to
clinical practice that incorporates the best
evidence from well-designed studies, patient
values and preferences, and a clinician's expertise
in making decisions about a patient's care
18. Illness-wellness Continuum
• Illness-wellness continuum is a wellness
model created by Dr. John Travis. Rather than
looking at wellness as the absence of disease,
Travis' Wellness Inventory asserts that there
are many degrees of wellness.
• This model views wellness as a spectrum, on
which everyone can aspire to achieve
increasing levels of wellness.
19. The key concept of illness-wellness
continuum
• The first key concept is,
• wellness is a process, never a statistic.
• If an individual is free from disability, illness and
symptoms of disease, she has achieved a neutral
level of wellness.
• As that individual achieves awareness, education
and growth, she moves higher on the wellness
spectrum.
20. Second Key Concept
• illness and health are only the tip of the
iceberg.
• To understand their causes, you must look
below the surface.
• The Wellness Inventory views a person's state
of health as the very tip of the iceberg. Below
the water are lifestyle and behavior,
psychological motivation and spiritual well-
being.
21. Third key concept
• The third key concept is interconnectedness,
• Everyone is connected to the rest of humanity
and the whole universe.
• All life processes, including illness, are about
managing attitude and energy.
• stress and negative emotions weaken the
immune system and lead to poor health and
disease.
• Wellness is improved by managing these
emotions in a positive way.
22. Treatment Paradigm
• Within the illness-wellness continuum there is a
treatment paradigm,
• When a patient falls below the neutral point, the
point at which she has no discernible disease,
that patient requires treatment.
• Treatment is administered according to the
treatment paradigm and consists of drugs,
surgery, psychotherapy and other natural
remedies.
• The treatment continues until the patient has
recovered.
23.
24. 6 Components of Personal Health
• Physical health: Is our body functioning as well as it
could be?
• Emotional health: Can we express ourselves
adequately?
• Mental health: Does stress consume us or can we cope
when needed?
• Social health: Do our friends and family help us or
hinder us?
• Environmental health: Is our air, water, and food clean
and safe?
• Spiritual health: Are we following our own code of
ethics, morals and values?
25. Conclusion
• Nursing theories provide the foundation for
nursing practice and are essential to the care
of patients.
• Nursing theories should be incorporated into
policies and procedures to ensure EBP.
• Most nurses and institutions employ variety of
nursing theories within their everyday practice .
Most do it unknowingly.
• The goal of a health continuum is to offer a
more comprehensive patient care.
28. BIOGRAPHY OF Cheryl Tatano Beck
• Born on 6th october 1967,obtained a BNsc in Nursing
in 1970
• In 1972, Beck graduated from Yale University with a
master’s degree in maternal-new-born nursing and a
certificate in nurse midwifery. In 1982, she received a
doctorate in nursing science from Boston University.
• She has served as consultant on numerous research
projects for universities and states agencies in the
North-eastern United States. Fittingly, she began her
research career with women in labour, examining fetal
monitoring
29. BIOGRAPHY OF C .T BECK con...
• Beck's research wound its ways through
the labor and birth process and became
firmly planted in the postpartum period,
with a specific focus on postpartum
mood disorders.
• This body of work resulted in a
substantive theory of postpartum
depression and the development of the
Postpartum Depression Screening Scale
(PDSS) and Postpartum Depression
Predictors Inventory (PDPI).
30.
31. Introduction
• Postpartum depression has been described as a
dangerous thief that robs mothers of the love
and happiness they expected to feel toward
their newborn babies
32. INTRODUCTION CONT…
• Postpartum depression- a nonpsychotic major
depressive disorder with distinguishing
diagnostic criteria, postpartum depression
often begins as early as 4 weeks after birth.
• Maternity blues- is a relatively transient and
self-limited period of melancholy and mood
swings during the early postpartum period.
33.
34. CONT’
• Postpartum psychosis- a psychotic disorder
characterized by hallucinations, delusions,
agitation, inability to sleep, along with desire
and irrational behaviour
• Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder-
symptoms include repetitive intrusive
thoughts of harming the baby, a fear of being
left alone with the infant and hyper vigilant in
protecting the infant.
35. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
POST PARTUM MOOD DISORDER
• CHILD CARE STRESS
• PRENATAL ANXIETY
LOSS OF CONTROL
• LIFE STRESS
• MARITAL SATISFACTION
36. MAJOR CONCEPTS CONT...
PRENATAL DEPRESSION
• SOCIAL SUPPORT
• HISTORY OF DEPTRESSION
MENTAL CONFUSION
• SUICIDAL THOUGHTS
• LOSS OF SELF
• GUILT AND SHAME
37. ASSUMPTIONS OF THE THEORY
1. Nursing is a caring profession with caring
obligations to persons we care for, students and
each other. Interpersonal interaction between
nurses and those for whom we care are the
primary ways nursing accomplishes goals of
health and wholeness.
2. Persons are described in terms of wholeness.
Persons have biological, sociological and
psychological components.
38. ASSUMPTIONS CONT..
3. Health is the consequence of women’s
responses to the content of their environments. All
context of health are vital to understanding any
singular issue of health.
4. Environment in board terms might include
individual factors, but also includes that world
outside of each person. The outside environment
includes event, situation, culture, physicality,
ecosystems, and socio-political system.
39. Predictors of Postpartum Depression
Clinical Factors
• Depression during
• pregnancy
• Prenatal anxiety
• Previous history of
• depression
• Family history of
Depression
Planned/unplanned
Obstetric & Infant Related
Factors
• Obstetric & Pregnancy
complications
Congenital anomaly
40. Predictors cont..
Psychological Factors
• Cognitive
• attributions
• Neuroticism
Social Factors
• Life events
• Social support
• Marital status
• Marital relationship
• Income
41. Paternal Postpartum Depression
• Fathers who are young, have a history of
depression, experience relationship problems
or are struggling financially are most at risk of
postpartum depression.
• New fathers can experience postpartum
depression, too. They may feel sad or
fatigued, be overwhelmed, experience
anxiety, or have changes in their usual eating
and sleeping patterns
42. Perioperative Application Of The Theory
• Postoperative depression is a common
complication (abt 20%) after surgery that
profoundly affects recovery and prognosis.
• Postoperative depression can be seen in
various surgical operations including
thyroidectomy, mastectomy, spinal surgery
and cesarean section
• The mechanism underlying postoperative
depression remains elusive, but interaction
between multiple systems is certain.
43. Perioperative Application Of The Theory
cont…
• Operative intravenous ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) can
reduce the postpartum depressive symptoms for
1 week. The long‐time effect is remained to be
seen. (Yao et al 2020).
• The intraoperative application of intravenous
ketamine is an interesting potential intervention for
postoperative depression because new research
shows that ketamine is a potent antidepressant that
exerts a rapid and sustained antidepressive effect
and eliminates suicidal ideation at a subanesthetic
dose (0.5 mg/kg).( Frontiers pharmacology 2020)
44. Perioperative Application Of The
Theory cont…
• Lim et al in 2020 concluded that “for
susceptible women, pain at all prenatal, labor,
and postpartum points, appear to be
independently linked to depression scores at 6
weeks postpartum.
• These data support the concept that labor
and acute postpartum pain influences both
acute and long-term PPD symptoms
45. OTHER THEORIES DISCUSSED
• ABRAHAM MASLOW
• TRANSCULTURAL
• ABDELLAH FAYE
• SYSTEM
• ADOPTATION
• OREMS
• PAIN AND NIGHTINGALE THEORIES ARE
READING ASSIGNMENT FOR YOU ALL.
