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Earthquakes
- 1. Earthquakes Done by : Rahaf Musa Bayan Gnemat Noor Qudah
- 2. what is earthquake ? Earthquakes are natural disasters that have been affecting the world for millions of years. They are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, which make up the Earth's crust.
- 3. what is earthquake ? Earthquakes can range from being barely noticeable to extremely powerful and destructive. In this article, we will delve into the details of earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and what can be done to prepare for and reduce the impact of earthquakes.
- 4. the four main causes of earthquakes collapse of rock formation underground explosions slipping of tectonic plates 2 1 3 4 volcanic eruptions
- 5. what causes earthquakes?? Earthquakes occur when two tectonic plates grind against each other, causing a release of energy in the form of seismic waves. This energy can cause the ground to shake, which is what we experience as an earthquake. Hot tectonic plates are huge sections of the Earth's crust that move slowly over time, often colliding with each other at their edges. When two plates collide, the edge of one plate can get stuck and build up pressure until it finally gives way, releasing the energy in the form of an earthquake.
- 6. what causes earthquakes?? In addition to plate tectonics, earthquakes can also be caused by human activities such as underground nuclear testing, the pumping of water into or out of the ground, and the extraction of oil or gas from the ground. These human activities-caused earthquakes, known as induced earthquakes, can be just as powerful as earthquakes caused by plate tectonics.
- 9. types of earthquakes There are many different types of earthquakes: tectonic, volcanic, and explosion. The type of earthquake depends on the region where it occurs and the geological make-up of that region.
- 10. types of earthquakes These occur when rocks in the earth's crust break due to geological forces created by movement of tectonic plates. Tectonic earthquakes
- 12. types of earthquakes occurs in conjunction with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes
- 14. types of earthquakes result from the explosion of nuclear and chemical devices. Explosion earthquakes
- 16. types of earthquakes are small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines. Collapse earthquakes
- 18. Richter Scale Of Earthquake Energy 1–1.9 2–2.9 3–3.9 4–4.9 5–5.9 6–6.9 7–7.9 8–8.9 9+ Micr o Minor Ligh t Strong Maj or Great
- 19. Richter Scale Of Earthquake Energy great 8 ≥ major 7-7.9 strong 6-6.9 moderate 5-5.9 light 4-4.9 minor 3-3.9
- 20. Devastating Effects of Earthquakes Damage to buildings Damage to infrastructure Landslides and Rocks slides Earthquakes can trigger tsunamis Leads to liquefaction Can result in floods
- 21. Devastating Effects of Earthquakes Damage to buildings Damage to infrastructure
- 22. Devastating Effects of Earthquakes Landslides and Rockslides Can result in floods
- 23. Devastating Effects of Earthquakes Earthquakes can trigger tsunamis Leads to liquefaction
- 24. what is faults? fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake
- 25. Types of faults A B C Normal Fault Reverse Fault Strike-Slip Fault
- 26. Types of faults A Normal Fault Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about six kilometres .
- 27. B Reverse Fault Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent plate boundaries, are associated with the most powerful earthquakes, megathrust earthquakes, including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Megathrust earthquakes are responsible for about 90% of the total seismic moment released worldwide. Types Of Faults
- 28. Strike-Slip Fault Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Strike- slip faults, particularly continental transforms, can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10 km within the brittle crust.Thus, earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not possible. Types Of Faults C
- 29. some of deadliest earthquakes Indonesia, Indian ocean China Pakistan Haiti
- 30. some of deadliest earthquakes
- 31. examples of earthquakes 8.8 Magnitude of the main shock Ecuador-Colombia Earthquake(1906)
- 32. examples of earthquakes 9.5 Magnitude of the main shock Valdivia Earthquake (1960)
- 33. Safety tips when earthquake occurs 0 2 Cover If there is no shelter nearby, get down near an interior wall or next to low-lying furniture that won’t fall on you, and cover your head and neck with your arms and hands. 0 1 Drop DROP down onto your hands and knees before the earthquake knocks you down. This position protects you from falling but allows you to still move if necessary. Hold On until the shaking stops. Be prepared to move with your shelter if the shaking shifts it around. 0 3
- 34. Importance of earthquake in civil engineering Engineering is concerned with the design and analysis of structural structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. The general goal is to make these structures more earthquake resistant. Where the civil engineer aims to build structures that are not subject to damage as a result of simple vibrations, and will avoid serious damage or collapse in the event of a major earthquake. Accordingly, earthquake engineering is the scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment, and the artificial environment from earthquakes by reducing earthquake risks to socially and economically acceptable levels.
- 36. Geology Project The End Special Thanks to our Doctor : Akram Suleiman