Unit 1 IoT Fundamentals.pdf

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education
IoT – Sensors and
Devices

Course Outline
IoT – Sensors and Devices
CO2: Analyze the optimal usage of
microcontroller.
CO3: Demonstrate the usage of sensors and
actuators for specific requirements
CO4: Analyze the communication protocols for
different devices and its applications.
CO5: Inspect the various cloud services in alignment
with the corresponding IoT devices.
CO6: Work effectively in as team and individual in doing the
experiments following the safety procedures and ethics and
document effectively the experiments carried out in the
laboratory.
CO1: : Distinguish between the different concepts of
IoT for its applications.
Course description:
To expose the students to the fundamental
concepts of Microcontrollers and its interfacing,
that will help them put a strong foundation for the
implementation of Internet of things in real time.

Unit-1: IoT Fundamentals
Syllabus – Lecture contents
❖ IoT architecture and protocols
❖ Various platforms for IoT
❖ Real-time examples of IoT
❖ Overview of IoT components and IoT
❖ Communication techniques
❖ Challenges in IoT.
Unit 1
IoT fundamentals
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSENAME: IOT: SENSORS AND DEVICES

Unit 1 Outline & Course in Progress
Lesson 1. IoT Architecture and Protocols
Lesson 2. Various platforms for IoT
Lesson 3. Real time examples of IoT
Lesson4: Overview of IoT components
Lesson5: Communication Techniques
Lesson6: Challenges in IoT
IoT – Sensors and Devices

Internet of Things (IoT)
• IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics
system which exploits networking, sensing, big data, and artificial
intelligence technology to deliver complete systems for a product
or service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and
performance when applied to any industry or system.

Architecture of IoT
• Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of
interrelated, internet-connected objects
which are able to collect and transfer data
over a wireless network without human
intervention.
• For example, smart fitness bands or
watches, driverless cars or drones, smart
homes that can be unlocked through
smartphones and smart cars, etc.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Four Phases of Architecture in IoT
• There are different phases in the
architecture of IoT, but they can
vary according to the situations
but generally, there are these four
phases in the architecture of IoT −

Phase 1: Networked Devices
Networked Devices
• These are the physical devices which include sensors,
actuators, and transducers. These are the actual devices that
collect and send the data for processing. They are capable of
receiving real-time data and they can convert the physical
quantities into electrical signals which can be sent through a
network.

Phase 2: Data Aggregation
Data Aggregation
• It is a very important stage as it
includes converting the raw data
collected by sensors into meaningful
data which can be used to take actions.
It also includes Data Acquisition
Systems and Internet Gateways. It
converts the Analog signals provided by
sensors into digital signals.

Phase 3: Final Analysis
Final Analysis
• This is a stage that includes edge IT analytics and the
processing of data to make it more efficient and fully capable
of execution. It also includes managing and locating all the
devices correctly

Phase 4: Cloud Analysis
Cloud Analysis
• The final data is received here and analysed closely and
precisely in data centres. They process and clean the data to
make it free from any kind of errors and missing values. After
this stage, data is ready to be sent back and executed to perform
operations.

Basic fundamental architecture of
IoT which consists of four stages
• Sensing Layer − The first stage of IoT
includes sensors, devices, actuators etc.
which collect data from the physical
environment, processes it and then sends it
over the network.
• Network Layer − The second stage of the
IoT consists of Network Gateways and Data
Acquisition Systems. DAS converts the
analogue data (collected from Sensors) into
Digital Data. It also performs malware
detection and data management.

Basic fundamental architecture of
IoT which consists of four stages contd…
• Data Processing Layer − The third stage of
IoT is the most important stage. Here, data is
pre-processed on its variety and separated
accordingly. After this, it is sent to Data
Centres. Here Edge IT comes into use.
• Application Layer − The fourth stage of IoT
consists of Cloud/Data Centres where data is
managed and used by applications like
agriculture, defence, health care etc.

Advantages of IoT
Cost Reduction − IOT devices catch any problem very fast as
compared to traditional troubleshooting. It not only saves
time but also saves costs of large repairs.
Efficiency and Productivity − An automated PDF conversion
and creation tool will remove the hustle of PDF editing and
archiving. Hence, increase in Efficiency and Productivity.

Advantages of IoT contd..
• Business Opportunities − IOT provides advanced analytics, smart
utility grids which help Small Management Businesses to provide more
valuable content and things to their customers.
• Customer Experience − Nowadays customer's experience is the most
valuable thing in running a business. IoT has drastically increased the
customer's experience. An example of customer experience is Home
Automation. Since everything is connected, customers need not have to
worry about appliances. One can turn off the appliance through mobile.

Advantages of IoT contd..
• Mobility and Agility − With the help of IoT, employees can do
their work from any geographical location, anytime without
any restrictions.

Disadvantages of IoT
• Security − The data is travelling all over the
Internet. So maintaining its privacy is still a Big
Challenge. End-to-end Encryption is a must in
IoT.
• Compatibility − There is no International
Standard for the monitoring of the equipment.
• Complexity − Most of the devices still contain
some software bugs. Each device must be able to
seamlessly interact with other devices in the
network.

Disadvantages of IoT contd..
• Safety − Suppose a patient is left unattended by a doctor.
And some notorious guy changes the prescription or Health
monitoring devices malfunctioned. Then it can result in the
death of the patient.
• Policies − Government authorities must take some steps to
make policies and standards related to IoT to stop the Black
marketing of IoT devices.

Introduction to IoT Protocols
❖The Internet of Things (IoT) is about the network of sensor devices to
the web in real-time.
❖IoT devices communicate with each other over the network, so certain
standards and rules need to be set to determine how data is exchanged.
These rules are called IoT Network Protocols.
❖Today, a wide variety of IoT devices are available, and therefore
different protocols have been designed.
❖Depending on the IoT application’s functionality, its workflow or
architecture varies. Basic architecture involves four layers, i.e.,
the Sensing layer, Network layer, Data processing layer, and
Application layer.

Need for Protocols
• As IoT devices have very few components-
little batteries and sensors, there is a small
amount of power available. Hence, it is
tough to design protocols for IoT.
• So what are the requirements??

Requirements for IoT Protocols?
IoT Protocols Should also Satisfy These Requirements
✓ Allow communication among various devices simultaneously.
✓ IoT is being used in critical areas like health, industries, home surveillance, etc.
hence communication security needs to be ensured.
✓ Transport data efficiently.
✓ IoT devices can be added or removed from the IoT network. Hence protocols
must provide scalability.

How to choose the right protocol?
• There are many such protocols developed for IoT, then how to
choose one??
• One way to decide which protocol to use is to consider the
environment for which these protocols are designed. Some are
designed for small ranges; some are for wide ranges, high data
rates, low data rates, etc. They vary based on power
consumption, range, cost, data rate, etc.

Types of Network Protocols
Types of Network Protocols Examples
Short Range Communication,
Low Data Rate, Low Power
Bluetooth, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN
Short Range Communication, High Data Rate WirelessLAN - Wi-Fi
Long Range Communication, High Data Rate, Low
power
LoRaWAN, LTE-M
Long Range, Low Data Rate, Low Power Consumption Sigfox
Long Range, Low Data Rate, High Power Consumption Cellular

What is IoT
A phenomenon which connects a variety of things
– Everything that has the ability to communicate
❖Internet connects all people, so it is called “the
Internet of People”
❖IoT connects all things, so it is called “the Internet
of Things” From any time ,any place connectivity for
anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything!

What is IoT

Coursename: IoT: Sensors and Devices
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-IoT-from-an-embedded-systems-point-of-view-
29_fig3_335688376
Figure: Qualitative analysis
Qualitative Analysis

Why use IoT
To optimize critical
monitoring system
Maintenance of
controlling system or
industrial device is
crucial
Reduce the
maintenance cost
Why use IoT

Various platforms for IoT
The entire IOT process starts with the devices themselves like smartphones, smartwatches, electronic appliances like TV,
Washing Machine which helps you to communicate with the IOT platform. Most Popular IoT Platforms in 2023
1. Google Cloud IoT
2. Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
3. Salesforce IoT Cloud
4. IBM Watson IoT
5. ThingWorx
6. Amazon AWS IoT Core
7. Microsoft Azure IoT Hub

Various platforms for IoT- Google Cloud IoT
Core features of Google Cloud IoT:
•AI and machine learning capabilities
•Real-time data analysis
•Strong data visualization
•Location tracking
Core use cases:
•Predictive maintenance
•Real-time asset tracking
•Logistics and supply chain management
•Smart cities and buildings

Various platforms for IoT- Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
Core features of Cisco IoT Cloud Connect:
•Powerful industrial solutions
•High-level security
•Edge computing
•Centralized connectivity and data management
Core use cases:
•Connected cars
•Home security and automation
•Payment and POS solutions
•Industrial networking
•Smart meters
•Healthcare

Various platforms for IoT- Salesforce IoT Cloud
Core features of Salesforce IoT Cloud:
•Full integration of customers, products and CRM
•No need for programming skills to create rules, conditions and events due to a simple point-and-click UI
•Compatibility with third-party websites, services and other products
•A proactive approach to customer issues and needs
Core use cases:
•Government administration
•Machinery
•Financial services
•Marketing and advertising
•Chemicals

Various platforms for IoT- IBM Watson
Core features of IBM Watson IoT:
•Data ingestion from any source with the help of MQTT
•Direct access to the latest data in the Cloudant NoSQL DB solution
•Built-in monitoring dashboards to control your assets
•Analytics Service to process raw metrics
•The Cloud Object Storage solution for long-term data archiving
Core use cases:
•Supply chain management
•Regulatory compliance
•Building management
•Energy consumption
•Shipping and logistics

Various platforms for IoT- Thingworx
Core features of ThingWorx:
•Access to multiple data sources due to the extension of traditional industrial communications
•Powerful ready-to-use tools and applications to create and scale IIoT solutions quickly
•Real-time insights from complex industrial IoT data to proactively optimize operations and prevent issues
•Total control over network devices, processes and systems
Core Use Cases:
•Remote asset monitoring
•Remote maintenance/service
•Predictive maintenance and asset management
•Optimized equipment effectiveness

Various platforms for IoT- Amazon AWS IoT
Core features of Amazon AWS IoT Core:
•A wide choice of connection protocols, including MQTT, MQTT over WSS, HTT and LoRaWAN
•Ability to use with other AWS services such as AWS Lambda, Amazon Kinesis, Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon
CloudWatch, Alexa Voice Service and more to build IoT applications
•A high level of security provided by end-to-end encryption throughout all points of connection, automated configuration
and authentication
Core use cases:
•Connected vehicles
•Connected homes
•Asset tracking
•Smart building
•Industrial IoT

Various platforms for IoT- Microsoft Azure
Core features of Azure IoT Hub:
•Data protection all the way from the edge to the cloud
•The ability to operate even in offline mode with Azure IoT Edge
•Enhanced AI solutions
•Continuous cloud-scale analytics
•Fully managed databases
•Azure Industrial IoT solution
Core use cases:
•Automotive industry
•Energy sector
•Healthcare
•Transportation

Case Study: Automobile Price Prediction in
Cloud-based Environment
• Steps involved:
❖ Get the data
❖ Prepare the data
❖ Define features
❖ Choose and apply an algorithm
❖ Predict new automobile prices

Get the data

Contd.,

Prepare data

Define features

Choose and apply an algorithm

Predict new automobile prices

Evaluate Model

Application of IoT

Applications of IoT
❖IoT In Industry
❖Smart Home, Cities
❖Logistics
❖Smart Environment
❖ Health care
❖ Agriculture
❖Transportation

Contd.,

IoT in the Industry
❖Industry is a long-time user of M2M (machine to
machine), with IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) it’s
scaling up.
❖IIOT brings together M2M communication with
machine learning, sensor data, and automation
technologies to create autonomous smart machines and
connected factories
❖Oil & Gas: one of the reason IIoT is so big! Smart
Factories

Case Study-IoT for Oil & Gas industry
Extremely capital-intensive and complex industry:
❖Upstream Companies: Exploration & Production (finding and drilling wells, etc. )
❖Midstream Companies: Transportation, such as pipelines and storage
❖ Downstream Companies: Petroleum products refiners and retailers (convert crude oil into
gasoline)
The Oil & Gas industry is used to make huge investments, and expect a return !

IoT Applications-Buildings, Smart cities
❖IoT home automation is the ability to control domestic appliances by electronically controlled,
internet-connected systems.
❖It may include setting complex heating and lighting systems in advance and setting alarms and home
security controls, all connected by a central hub and remote-controlled by a mobile app

Smart Home
Home automation:control and automation of
❖Lighting
❖heating,
❖ventilation, air conditioning, etc.
❖appliances: washing machine, dishwasher, refrigerators, etc,

Home security Smart Domestics
❖The smart home security system is a great tool for
protecting your property since it provides total
control of everything inside and outside of your
house.
❖ IoT home appliances are equipped with cloud-
based AI functions and have evolved to realize
optimal home appliance control.

IoT Lifestyle products

Block Diagram

Functional overview
❖ Controlling and Monitoring devices over the Internet
❖Automatic light and Camera on/off by motion sensor.
❖Main door open/close detection by magnetic door sensor.
❖Automatic AC on/off by temperature sensor.
❖Alarm when smoke detected by smoke sensor.
❖Appliance controlled through mobile phone.
❖Notification via Email & SMS.

IoT based Home Automation

Web app screenshot

Smart home platform

Smart city
New challenges for cities:
❖Increase in urban population (70% in the world)
❖Demographic changes: increase in the number of seniors
❖Lifestyle changes: new habits in work, mobility, new family patterns
❖Environmental pressure: pollution, resources depletion, climate change, etc.
Smart City: use Information Technologies and IoT to improve the quality of life, efficiency and
economic competitiveness of the city, while ensuring an sustainable growth and protecting the
environment.

Smart city concept

Smart city requirement
The smart city technical requirement:
❖Sensor and data sharing
❖Interconnection & interoperability
❖A common shared infrastructure

IoT-Logistics
❖ Logistics operators, business as well as end consumers
are seen the bright side of IoT when implemented to
complement Logistics operations.
❖Experts identify areas in Logistics operations that can be
automated with the Internet of Things.
❖ Scrutinizing the processes involved in the entire logistics
value chain, experts find a way out to integrate warehouse
operations, Warehouse Automation, freight transportation,
and final delivery with the help of an integrated IoT system.

❖ Customers expect complete transparency and integrity
control throughout supply chain management projects.
❖ End consumers demand to track the shipment of their
product, which is quite easy with an integrated IoT system in
place.
❖ Reduce manpower for customer support related to
tracking & shipment queries by providing end-users with
unique tracking IDs to check the real-time status of the
shipment..
Need for IoT in logistics

Future goals of IoT for the logistic sector
❖Advanced Security – Detect theft
❖Increase Human Safety
❖End to End Product Tracking

IoT-Environment
We will learn 4 important applications of IoT Environmental Monitoring, which are beneficial
for the environment.
❖Waste management
❖Vehicle tracking
❖Pollution monitoring
❖Extreme weather

❖ The problem of waste management is very
crucial issue in big cities, due to two reasons; first
the cost of service and second the problem of
storage of accumulating garbage.
❖ For example, intelligent waste containers help
identify the level of load the trucks carry and allow
for an optimization of the collector trucks route,
which in turn can reduce the cost of waste
collection and improve the quality of recycling.
Waste Management

❖ The vehicle tracking facility makes use of road
sensors and intelligent display systems that
help drivers to find the best path for parking in the
city.
❖ The benefits from this service are many such as
faster the car takes to locate a parking slot means
lesser CO emission from the car, lesser traffic
problems, and ultimately happier citizens. The IoT
infrastructure can directly integrate the vehicle
parking facility.
Vehicle Tracking

❖The monitoring technology currently in use for air and
water safety mainly uses manual labor along with some
advanced instruments, and lab processing techniques.
❖Through IoT systems, the need for manual labor is
reduced.
❖As a result, frequent sampling is allowed, increasing the
range of monitoring and sampling, allowing sophisticated
on-site testing, and providing responses to detection
systems.
❖This prevents any further contamination of water bodies
and other natural resources and related disasters.
Pollution Monitoring

❖Powerful, advanced systems currently used for
weather forecasting allow deep monitoring, but they
suffer from using broad instruments, such as radar and
satellites.
❖These instruments that are used for small details lack
the accurate targeting potential for smart technology.
Extreme weather

❖The current technology in healthcare and a general
practice of medicine gets enhanced with the IoT
system. Professionals reach is expanding within a
facility. The diverse data collected from large sets of
real-world cases increases both the accuracy and size
of medical data.
❖The precision of medical care delivery is also
improved by incorporating more sophisticated
technologies in the healthcare system.
IoT Health care

Medical Information Distribution

Devices
❖ IoT tries and fills gaps between the way we
deliver healthcare and the equipment by creating a
system rather than just tools.
❖ It then detects flaws and reveals patterns and
missing elements in healthcare and suggests
improvements.

Wearable technology
❖Wearables are often using for personal
healthcare but nowadays they’re also
becoming famous for uses other than that of
smartwatches or simply health trackers.
❖Wearables are, as an example, being use to
defend workers in factories and this means
they are also used within the commercial net
of factors.

IoT in Agriculture
❖ The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to
transform the ways we live in the world; we have
more efficient industries, more connected cars, and
smarter cities, all these as components of an
integrated IoT system.
❖ The ever-growing global population would touch
around 9.6 billion by 2050. So, to feed this immense
population, the agriculture industry needs to
embrace IoT.
❖ The demand for more food has to meet
overcoming challenges such as, rising climate
change, extreme weather conditions and
environmental impact that results from intensive
farming practices.

Precision Farming
❖Precision farming is a process or a practice that
makes the farming procedure more accurate and
controlled for raising livestock and growing of
crops.
❖After data is collected, predictive analytics software
uses the collected data to provide farmers with
guidance about crop rotation, optimal planting times,
harvesting times and soil management.
❖ Ability to identify fields that require treatment and
determine the optimum amount of water, fertilizers
and pesticides to apply.

Agriculture drones
❖Agricultural drones are a very good example of
IoT applications in Agriculture. Agriculture
industries today, have become one of the major
industries where drones can incorporate.
❖Two types of drones, that is, ground-based and
aerial based drones are being incorporated in
agriculture in many ways such as, for crop health
assessment, irrigation, planting, and soil & field
analysis.

Livestock Monitoring
❖IoT applications help farmers to collect data regarding the
location, well-being, and health of their cattle. This
information helps them in identifying the condition of their
livestock.
❖Such as, finding animals that are sick so, that they can
separate from the herd, preventing the spread of the disease
to the entire cattle. The feasibility of ranchers to locate their
cattle with the help of IoT based sensors helps in
bringing down labor costs by a substantial amount.

Smart Greenhouses
❖Greenhouse farming is a technique that enhances
the yield of crops, vegetables, fruits etc.
Greenhouses control environmental parameters in
two ways; either through manual intervention or a
proportional control mechanism.
❖Different sensors that measure the environmental
parameters according to the plant requirement are
used for controlling the environment in a smart
greenhouse. Then, a cloud server create for remotely
accessing the system when it connects using IoT.

IoT- Transportation
❖At each layer of transportation, IoT presents improved verbal exchange and information distribution.
This includes applications that consist of personal cars, business motors, trains, UAVs, and different
devices.
❖It expands through the entire device and includes all transportation elements along with visitors
control, parking, gas consumption, and more.

Car

Smart train

Overview of IoT Components
▪Sensors/Devices
▪ Connectivity
▪ Data Processing
▪User Interface

i. Sensors/Devices
❖Sensor as an input device which provides an output (signal) with respect to a
specific physical quantity (input).
❖The term “input device” in the definition of a Sensor means that it is part of a
bigger system which provides input to a main control system (like a Processor or a
Microcontroller).
❖Another unique definition : It is a device that converts signals from one energy
domain to electrical domain. The definition of the Sensor can be better understood
if we take an example into consideration.

i. Sensors/Devices
•A device can have multiple sensors that can
bundle together to do more than just sense things.
For example, our phone is a device that has
multiple sensors such as GPS, accelerometer,
camera but our phone does not simply sense
things.

Sensors Classifications
❖The other type of classification is based on the means of detection
used in the sensor.
❖Some of the means of detection are Electric, Biological, Chemical,
Radioactive etc.

❖The next classification is based on conversion phenomenon i.e., the input
and the output.
❖Some of the common conversion phenomena are
✓Photoelectric,
✓Thermoelectric,
✓Electrochemical,
✓Electromagnetic,
✓Thermo-optic etc.

❖The final classification of the sensors are Analog and Digital Sensors.
❖Analog Sensors produce an analog output i.e., a continuous output signal (usually voltage but
sometimes other quantities like Resistance etc.) with respect to the quantity being measured.
❖Digital Sensors, in contrast to Analog Sensors, work with discrete or digital data.
❖The data in digital sensors, which is used for conversion and transmission, is digital in nature.

Different Types of Sensors
• The following is a list of different types of sensors that are commonly used in various applications.
All these sensors are used for measuring one of the physical properties like Temperature,
Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat Transfer etc.

Microcontroller
❖ Next to sensor, Microcontroller plays an important role in IoT
❖It is a chip that is optimized to control Electronic Devices.
❖It is stored on a single IC which is dedicated in performing a
particular task and executing only a specific application.
❖It is a specially designed circuit for embedded applications and is used
widely in automatically controlled electronic devices.
❖ It contains the blocks like memory, processor and programmable I/O.
COURSE NAME : IOT – SEN

LilyPad Arduino Arduino Diecimila

Arduino Leonardo Arduino Esplora

ii. Connectivity
❖Next, that collected data from sensor and microcontroller is sent to a
cloud infrastructure, but it needs a medium for transport.
❖ The sensors can be connected to the cloud through various mediums
of communication and transports such as cellular networks, satellite
networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, wide-area networks (WAN), low power
wide area network and many more.
❖ Every option we choose has some specifications and trade-offs
between power consumption, range, and bandwidth. So, choosing the
best connectivity option in the IOT system is important.

iii. Data Processing
❖ Once the data is collected and it gets to the cloud,
the software performs processing on the acquired
data.
❖ This can range from something very simple, such as
checking that the temperature reading on devices
such as AC or heaters is within an acceptable range.

iv. User Interface
❖ Next, the information made available to the end-user in some way.
This can achieve by triggering alarms on their phones or notifying
through texts or emails.
❖Also, a user sometimes might also have an interface through which
they can actively check in on their IOT system. For example, a user
has a camera installed in his house, he might want to check the video
recordings and all the feeds through a web server.
❖Depending on the IoT application and complexity of the system, the
user may also be able to perform an action

iv. User Interface
• For example, if a user detects some changes in the refrigerator, the
user can remotely adjust the temperature via their phone.
• There are also cases where some actions perform automatically.
• By establishing and implementing some predefined rules, the entire
IOT system can adjust the settings automatically and no human has to
be physically present.
• Also in case if any intruders are sensed, the system can generate an
alert not only to the owner of the house but to the concerned
authorities.

IoT software and Hardware components

Challenges
- Security
- Coverage
- Scalability
- Interoperability
- Bandwidth availability
- limited Battery life
- Reliability and Hardware
- Remote access

Coverage
• To transmit and receive data, IoT devices need a network connection. Lose the
connection, and you lose the device’s capabilities. While there are numerous IoT
connectivity solutions, they’re all best suited for different types of coverage.
• The solution you choose can severely limit where you can deploy. This makes
coverage a constant IoT challenge.
• For example, WiFi is a common choice for IoT connectivity. But your devices can
only operate within a short range of a router, and you can only deploy your
devices at locations that have WiFi. When the infrastructure isn’t available, you
have to either pay to build it or outfit your devices with a backup solution that
already has coverage.

Scalability
• IoT businesses often have hundreds or thousands of devices in the field. The
largest IoT manufacturers have millions of devices deployed around the world. As
businesses scale, they often piecemeal together their IoT stack, adopting different
connectivity solutions for deployments in new regions.
• Each of these comes with different management platforms, support systems, and
underlying technologies. And suppose you have to fundamentally change your
product to support a new connectivity solution.
• In that case, you need multiple SKUs for a single product. The larger the scale of
your operations, the more overwhelming device management, and logistics
become.
• This is even a problem with cellular IoT, where connectivity is available
worldwide but owned by disparate Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). To
connect to a new carrier, you need a provider with roaming agreements with that
carrier or a new SIM card.

Interoperability
• One of the incredible things about IoT is the seemingly endless ways you can
configure your tech stack to suit your unique circumstances. But it also creates a
challenge: Not all IoT devices and solutions are compatible with each other or
with your business applications.
• Adding new hardware and software to the mix may require you to make a chain
reaction of changes to keep the functionality you need while accommodating the
new tech.
• There’s another way interoperability challenges IoT manufacturers. Some of the
underlying tech your IoT solution depends on may be open source. That isn’t a
problem itself, but if that open source technology doesn’t have a regulating body
to create a clear universal standard, you can wind up with different businesses
and/or countries using different variations of the open source tech. This makes it
difficult to add technology from a different vendor or deploy your IoT solution in
a new country.
• It’s certainly not a problem for every IoT application, but some industries need to
accelerate their adoption of universal standards to improve interoperability.

Bandwidth Availability
• Radio Frequency (RF) bandwidth is a finite resource the entire world has to share.
Even with billions of connected devices, there’s more than enough to go around.
But when too many of these devices use the same frequency bands in the same
location, their signals interfere with each other.
• A common example of this is WiFi in apartment buildings. Every resident with a
WiFi router creates a separate network that uses the same frequencies (usually
5GHz or 2.4GHz). Since they’re so close together (in some cases on either side of
the same wall), their signals can easily interfere when everyone tries to use these
frequencies simultaneously.
• In IoT, you often have thousands of connected devices in relatively close
proximity. As we continue adding billions of new devices, the RF spectrum will
grow increasingly crowded. Signal interference and the availability of bandwidth
are something manufacturers need to be aware of it.

Limited Battery life
• Most IoT devices have small batteries. This is mainly because the devices are
often incredibly small—and new generations of IoT technology are trending
smaller and more efficient devices and components.
• Larger batteries could restrict a device’s use cases or limit where and how the
device can be installed. For example, putting a larger battery on a predictive
maintenance sensor could prevent you from installing the sensor where it would
be most protected from extreme temperatures, debris, impact, and other conditions
that could cause damage.
• For devices that spend the majority of their lifecycle in the field without access to
another power source, the battery is designed to last for years. But it can only last
all that time if the device’s regular operations drain minimal power. Transmitting
or receiving data for extended periods drains too much battery life.

Reliability and Hardware
• Any successful IoT undertaking requires a robust and secure infrastructure.
Depending on the industry and business, the physical devices may vary but their
quality, upkeep, reliability, and efficiency are extremely important.
• Let’s take sensors, for example. Many people believe that cheap sensors are easily
available and effective. However, sensors that last long and are reliable are rarely
inexpensive.
• If the upkeep of sensors used for delicate operations, such as gas or pH sensors, is
not regular and thorough, the data received from these can be unreliable.
• The overall hardware requirements are not always aligned with the available
resources, and it needs to be considered before the project is started.

Remote access
• The type of connectivity an IoT device uses can change how you’re able to access the device. For example,
using your customers’ WiFi or ethernet requires support personnel to either have VPN privileges or be on the
premises.
• On-site visits are extremely expensive, but if that’s the only way a technician can troubleshoot or update your
device, you’re stuck paying the additional costs.
• Remote access capabilities dramatically lower the costs of support and maintenance—for you or your
customers—and make routine firmware updates far more manageable at any scale. Unfortunately, many IoT
connectivity solutions lack the data throughput to make global remote access viable.
• A single firmware update over a network with low data throughput consumes too much power for devices that
rely on batteries.
• This is another strength of cellular connectivity. Cellular networks offer the data throughput needed to
efficiently push updates to your devices and the required technology for secure remote access through VPNs.

Unit 1 IoT Fundamentals.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Unit 1 IoT Fundamentals.pdf

Similar to Unit 1 IoT Fundamentals.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Unit 1 IoT Fundamentals.pdf