3. SUEZ WAR:
• An international crises in the Middle East precipitated
in 1956 when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel
Nasser, nationalized the British-owned Suez Canal.
• A valuable waterway that control 2/3rd
of oil used by
Europe.
• French and British forces joined with Israel.
• To regain its lost possession, the United Kingdom,
under the leadership of Prime Minister Anthony Eden,
invaded Egypt alongside France and Israel. Midway
through what was called the Suez Crisis, pressures from
the United States and the United Nations forced the
three nations to withdraw, marking the end of France
and Britain as global powers.
4. DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS:
• The British Prime Minister, Sir Anthony Eden, formed the Egypt
Committee to co-ordinate Britain's intent on recovering the Suez
Canal. In August, an international conference met in London to find
a diplomatic solution.
• Eighteen proposals were adopted and presented to Nasser by the
Australian Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies. The proposals would
have declared the Suez Canal “International waterway free of
politics or national discrimination" but were turned down by
Nasser as a "derogation from Egyptian sovereignty".
•Throughout September and October, further conferences to come to
an agreement proved fruitless.
5. PROTOCOL
SEVRES:
• The Protocol of serves was a secret
agreement reached between the
governments of Israel, France and
United Kingdom during discussions
held between 22 and 24 October
1956 at Sevres. France
• joint political and
military collusion to topple the
Egyptian leader Colonel Gamal
Abdel Nasser, by invading and
occupying the Suez Canal zone in
response to President Nasser’s.
6. WAR
OPERATION KADESH: THE ISRAEL
INVASION
Consisted of 4 military objectives:
• Sharm el-Sheikh: Capturing the town= Israel have access to
the Red Sea and allow it to restore the trade benefits of
secure passage to Indian Ocean.
• Arish and Abu Uwayulah: Important places for soldiers and
centers of command and control of Egyptian army in Sinai.
• Gaza Strip: was a place where Egypt troops could launch
attacks on Israeli troops; wanted to take over so Egypt could
not attack.
7. OPERATIO
N
MUSKETEE
R
(REVISE):
THE
ANGLO-FR
ENCH
INVASION
• On October 30, Britain and
France sent ultimatums to Egypt
to which Nasser responded by
sinking 40 ships in the Suez
Canal, blocking all shipping.
• On October 31, Eden and Mollet,
initiated Operation Musketeer and
shortly after, Egypt's air bases
were bombed and Tripartite
(British, French, and Israeli) air
supremacy was established.
8. CONTINUE
…
• On November 5,British and
France landed paratroopers along
the Suez Canal British troops
invaded Port Said.
• Gamal Abdel Nasser had been
killed in the assault on the city
and Egypt was placed under the
control of the Triple Entities.
9. INTERNATIO
NAL
PRESSURE:
Another Arab nation, Saudi Arabia, embargoed
the shipment of oil to either Britain or France and
the United States refused to fill them in.
The United States, enraged at the apparent act of
imperialism called for boycott$ against Britain
and France.
Huge amounts of pressure upon United Kingdom
and France.
10. CONTINUE..
In the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev
made threats to nuke both countries,
although secretly was counting on the
nations to listen to Eisenhower's warning.
Eden, however, called the bluff and
pressed on for four more days,
ending the quick war with the end
of Nasser's Egypt.
11. AFTERMATH:
• Within a few days, most threats and
boycotts against the Tripartite allies
were withdrawn.
• Egypt was under joint occupation by Anglo-French and
Israeli troops, and the cleanup of the Suez Canal was
underway.
However, the war heavily tarnished relations with the
United States.
• The Suez Canal was closed from
October 1956 until March 1957.
12. REFERENCE:
• Cannon, Martin. 20th
Century
World History: Course Companion.
Oxford UP,2009. Print.
• N. a LESTER PEARSON AND
THE SUEZ CRISES.
•Gaddis, 1992, p.172
• Baylis, Smith & Owens, 2008,
p.61.
