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H-Bat in Busses
- 1. H-Bat Potential in Urban Transport - Busses City transport via busses is a likely candidate for the implementation of H-Bat. The reasons are: a considerable amount of space to store the battery due to the ground surface of the vehicle. Another criterium is that acceleration is not a critical parameter which translates to a relatively low ratio power to energy storage. The advantages of low maintenance, and ideally that the vehicle could run the whole day, without any need for refuelling, and be plugged in during the night to get charged would be ideal. On top of that creating an emission free and silent urban transport is further icing on the cake. Market Potential Most busses used by the 2 passenger transportation companies in Belgium, the Lijn in Flanders and Tec in Wallonia, do on average 200 to 400 km a day. Busses that connect country to country, capital to capital, like Flexibus, the former Eurolines, can do longer distances, up to 1,000 to 1,200 km per day. In our an example we compare with a city passenger transport bus. We use the A300 series made by Van Hool, a market leader in urban transport. The A300 is a very common bus, https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Hool_A300. Its specifications are: 11.5m long, 2.5 wide, 12500 kg empty, max weight 18700 kg, motorpower 235 kW. The original fuel tank is 270 litres, https://autoline.nl/-/brandstofsystemen/bussen/VAN-HOOL--c543fc65ftm2811. The average motor dry weight is 1130 kg, https://www.engines.man.eu/man/media/content_medien/doc/global_engines/on_road/OnRoad_EN_160808_web.pdf. An equivalent Tesla motor, 3 phase induction machine of 200 kW weighs 35 kg and can temporarily be overcharged. In 2016 Protterra in the US created the first long distance electrical powered bus with a range of 960 km and a 660 kW Li-Ion battery, https://www.wired.com/2016/09/new-electric-bus-can-drive-350-miles-one-charge/. An equivalent 660 kWh battery at 333 Wh/l for a Tesla battery gives a volume of 1981 litres for that battery. Belgian City busses consume between 46 to 49 litres per 100 km, https://www.startpagina.nl/v/vervoer/autos/vraag/187461/ gebruikt-bus-brandstof/. One litre of diesel equals around 3 kWh electrically, https://www.quora.com/How-much-does-one- litre-of-diesel-generates-electricity-units-in-genset. On average a passenger weighs 80 kg. Specifications and background Comparison between different H-Bat versions for a 2000l reference volume Specifications A300 Bus Diesel Demo HB1 HB2 Surface dimensions (m) 11.5 m x 2.5 m 11.5 m x 2.5 m 11.5 m x 2.5 m 11.5 m x 2.5 m Specifications Below we calculate the potential for H-Bat in terms of energy storage and range. Energy Storage Potential in a 2000 litres Reference Volume Prometheon Technologies September 2020 50
- 2. Usable Battery Surface (m) 10.5 m x 2.0 m 10.5 m x 2.0 m 10.5 m x 2.0 m 10.5 m x 2.0 m Usable Battery Volume assuming a 10 cm layer 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm Usable Battery Volume (litres) 2100 2100 2100 2100 Protterra Bus Li-Ion Battery Volume (litres) 1981 1981 1981 1981 Reference Bus Battery Volume (litres) 2000 2000 2000 2000 Maximum Weight (kg) 18700 18700 18700 18700 Weight without passengers, full tank (kg) 12500 12500 12500 12500 Weight diesel motor + tank + auxiliary 1500 0 0 0 Equivalent usable Battery + asynchronous motor weight 0 1500 1500 1500 Weight without motor, and without full tank and without auxiliary 11000 11000 11000 11000 Equivalent kWh Electric for full tank (*) 810 720 1660 2212 Range (**) (km) 551 490 1129 1505 Continuous Power (kW) 235 238 448 538 Refueling (***) Every 2 days Every 2 days Every 4 days Every week Battery Weight (kg) 0 2647 3569 3569 Total Weight without passengers 12500 13647 14569 14569 Extra weight empty bus compared to Diesel fuelled bus 0 1147 2069 2069 People allowed in the bus on maximum weight 78 63 52 52 A300 Bus Diesel Demo HB1 HB2 Specifications (*) at 3 kWh per litre (**) This is with the assumption of 49 litres per 100 km and a fuel tank of 270 litres in a normal bus route (***) at an average of 250 km per day in city Comparison between different H-Bat versions in an A300 bus in city traffic for 270kW reference Specifications A300 Bus Diesel Demo HB1 HB2 Surface dimensions (m) 11.5 m x 2.5 m 11.5 m x 2.5 m 11.5 m x 2.5 m 11.5 m x 2.5 m Usable Battery Surface 10.5 m x 2.0 m 10.5 m x 2.0 m 10.5 m x 2.0 m 10.5 m x 2.0 m Usable Battery Volume assuming a 10 cm layer 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm 10.5 m x 2.0 m x 10 cm Usable Battery Volume (litres) 2100 2100 2100 2100 Maximum Weight (kg) 18700 18700 18700 18700 Weight without passengers, full tank (kg) 12500 12500 12500 12500 Weight without motor, and without full tank and without auxiliary 11000 11000 11000 11000 Weight diesel motor + tank+ auxiliary 1500 0 0 0 Equivalent usable Battery + asynchronous motor weight 0 1500 1500 1500 Reference Continuous Power in kW 235 235 235 235 Specifications Below we calculate the potential for H-Bat in terms of energy storage and range for similar power performance as the current diesel fuelled A300 bus. Energy Storage Potential in same Power Density setting as the diesel powered version of 235 kW Prometheon Technologies September 2020 51
- 3. Comparison power cost Diesel to HB2 for a 235 kW battery Specifications A300 Diesel Demo HB1 HB2 Cost 270 kW MAN Motor + Auxiliary 20000 0 0 0 Battery Storage Capacity kWh 0 710 867 965 Battery at 120€/kWh, excluded 21% VAT for industrial client 0 85200 104040 115800 Fuel Cost, excluded VAT in euro €1 / liter €0.2/kWh €0.2/kWh €0.2/kWh Fuel Consumption 0.5 liter / km 1.47 kWh / km 1.47 kWh / km 1.47 kWh / km Cost per km 0.5 € / km 0.29 € / km 0.29 € / km 0.29 € / km Average of 250 km / day, km per year 90000 90000 90000 90000 Fuel Cost 45000 26100 26100 26100 Fuel Savings per year 0 18900 18900 18900 Cost Motor / Battery + Fuel Y1 65000 111300 130140 141900 Cost Motor / Battery + Fuel Y2 110000 137400 156240 168000 Cost Motor / Battery + Fuel Y3 155000 163500 182340 194100 Cost Motor / Battery + Fuel Y4 20000 189600 208440 220200 Cost Motor / Battery + Fuel Y5 245000 215700 234540 246300 Savings after 10 years compared to Diesel 0 123800 104960 93200 Cycles Batteries 0 6000 6000 6000 Average Cycles per year 0 160 160 160 Battery life in years 0 38 38 38 Battery can be fully recovered in next vehicle No Yes Yes Yes Most busses last about 12 years, or 250,000 miles equaling 400,000 km, and an investment cost around 500,000$, https:// www.liveabout.com/buses-and-other-transit-lifetime-2798844 Comparative Cost Analysis Equivalent kWh Electric for full tank (*) 810 710 867 965 Range (**) (km) 551 483 590 656 Continuous Power (kW) 235 238 448 538 Refueling (***) Every 2 days Every 2 days Every 2 days Every 2 to 3 days Battery Weight (kg) 0 2611 1865 1556 Total Weight without passengers 12500 13611 12865 12556 Extra weight empty bus compared to Diesel fuelled bus 0 1111 365 56 People allowed in the bus on maximum weight 78 64 73 77 A300 Bus Diesel Demo HB1 HB2 Specifications Prometheon Technologies September 2020 52
- 4. Between 3 and 4 years after the original investment, H-Bat is cheaper in overall cost compared to a classical diesel motor bus, even with a higher initial cost of a battery compared to a diesel motor. On top of that, since H-Bat has a lifespan of 38 years and does not decay in performance, different than Li-Ion batteries, the battery can be re-used for the next bus, or can be sold on a secondary battery market. After 10 years of use, there is an average saving compared to diesel that is in the 100k € range. Conclusion Prometheon Technologies September 2020 53