The document lists and defines common literary techniques used to analyze plays, including allegory, allusion, didactic elements, ellipses, figurative language, gaps and silences, humor, levels of language usage, linear and non-linear structures, personification, setting, simile, symbolism, theme, and tone. These techniques include elements like double meanings, references, moral messages, pauses, sound devices, what isn't said, types of humor, language styles, chronological order, human traits given to objects, locations, comparisons, symbolic objects, central ideas, and feelings conveyed through word choice.

1. Literary Techniques Part 1: Techniques for Analysing a Written Text
Below is a list of the most common literary techniques used in plays:
Allegory Story with a double meaning: one primary (on the surface) and one secondary.
Allusion A subtleor indirect reference to another thing, text, historical period, or religious
belief.
Didactic Any play that instructs thereader or is obviously delivering a moral message.
Ellipsis A dramatic pause(…) creates tension or suggests words can’t be spoken.
Figurative language
& sound devices
metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, simile, personification, assonance, alliteration,
consonance, onomatopoeia, etc. These devices have a powerfulimpact as they work
on our senses to strengthen the subject matter of the play.
Gaps & silences What is not said; whose voice isn’t heard and whose voice dominates?
Humour Incongruity, parody, satire, exaggeration, irony, puns etc. used to lighten the overall
tone.
Level of usage of
language
Slang, colloquial, dialect, Standard English, informal or formal.
Linear Sequential – thescenes occur in chronological order or time.
Non-linear Non-sequential narrative, events do not occur in chronological order. May use
flashbacks or begin at the end and go backwards.
Personification Human characteristic given to a non-human object. Inanimate objects take on a life.
Setting Location of a story – internal and external.
Simile Comparison of 2 objects using ‘like’ or ‘as’.
Symbolism When an object represents one or more (often complex) ideas.
Theme Message or moral of a play – makes us ponder bigger issues in life.
Tone The way playwright or character feels – conveyed by word choice.