This presentation is an introduction to Anatomy and physiology lecture

1. BIOL 107
Basics of Anatomy and
Physiology.
Yavuz Cakir, PhD

2. Introduction
 Health professionals speak a foreign language called
medical terminology
 This chapter lays the foundation for learning this new
language
 Future chapters build upon the foundation that begins
here, so at journey’s end you will not only understand
anatomy, physiology, and disease, but be fluent in the
language

3. Learning Objectives
 Understand the terms anatomy, physiology, and
disease and various related areas
 Relate the importance and purpose of medical
terminology to anatomy, physiology, and disease
 Construct and define medical terms using word roots,
prefixes, and suffixes
 Explain the concept and importance of homeostasis

4. Learning Objectives (cont’d)
 Contrast the metabolic processes of anabolism and
catabolism
 Relate signs and symptoms to the disease process
 Discuss disease concepts related to the body’s
defense mechanism
 Contrast routes of transmission of disease and
appropriate preventative measures

5. Pronunciation Guide
Anabolism
Anatomy
Catabolism
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Etiology
Homeostasis
Idiopathic
(ah NA bow lizm)
(ah NA tom ee)
(ka TA bow lizm)
(Dye ahg NOH siss)
(EP uh dee me ALL oh jee)
(ee tee ALL oh jee)
(hoh mee oh STAY siss)
(ID ee oh path ick)
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

6. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)
Macroscopic Anatomy
Metabolism
Microscopic Anatomy
Nosocomial
Organism
Pathology
Physiology
Prognosis
Syndrome
(MAK roh scop ic ah NA tom ee)
(me TA bow lizm)
(MY kroh scop ic ah NA tom ee)
(NOHS oh koh me al)
(OR gan iz em)
(path ALL oh jee)
(fiz ee ALL oh jee)
(prog NOH siss)
(SIN drohm)
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

7. Anatomy
 Anatomy: study of internal and external
structures of the human body
 Human body is complex and amazing; to truly
understand it you must know how it is put
together
 Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut
apart”
 Specialties within field of anatomy include
microscopic anatomy and macroscopic (gross)
anatomy

8. Physiology
 Focuses on function and vital processes of various
structures making up the human body
 Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of
how anatomical structures actually function
 Deals with all vital processes of life; is more complex,
with more sub-specialties

9. Putting It All Together
 Anatomy focuses on structures and how something is
put together
 Physiology is the study of how these different
structures work together to make the body function as
a whole
 Design of the structure is often related to its function

10. Putting It All Together (cont’d)
 Human anatomy and physiology (A&P) forms the
foundation for all medical practice
 Medical treatment attempts to bring the body’s
structure and function back to normal A&P

11. Figure 1-1 A. Normal red blood cells (RBCs) are flexible and donut shaped and move with ease through blood
vessels. (Photo © Phototake NYC) B. The anatomical distortion of the structure of RBCs in sickle cell anemia affects its
normal function to carry oxygen. In addition, the sickle cells lose their ability to bend and pass through the small
blood vessels, thereby causing blockages to blood flow. (Photo © Photo Researchers, Inc.)

12. What is Disease?
 Disease (meaning not at ease) is a condition in which
the body fails to function normally
 The body works to make things function smoothly and
maintain balance known as homeostasis
 Pathology is the study of disease characteristics,
causes, and effects
 Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal body function

13. Types of Diseases
 Idiopathic diseases: those for which the cause cannot
be determined
 Communicable diseases: those that have potential to
be spread from person to person
 Contagious diseases: readily transmitted from one
person to another
 Tracked by Center for Disease Control (CDC)

14. Distribution of Communicable
Diseases
 Endemic: diseases that occur in specific populations
or regions
 Epidemic: when diseases occur in large numbers over
specific region
 Pandemic: when diseases spread country or
worldwide

15. Metabolism
 Refers to all chemical operations going on within the
body
 Requires various nutrients
 Produces waste products
 Includes all life-sustaining reactions within the body
 Two types: anabolism and catabolism
 Fever is common disease process that will speed up
metabolism

16. Catabolism
 Process by which complex substances are broken down
into simpler substances
 Breaking down phase of metabolism
 Example: breakdown of food into simpler chemical
building blocks for energy
 Abnormal and extreme example: starvation victim
whose body will “feed upon itself” by actually
consuming own body’s tissues

17. Homeostasis
 Physiological process that monitors and maintains a
stable internal environment or equilibrium
 Survival depends on ability to maintain homeostasis
 Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments made in
human organism to maintain a stable internal
environment
 For example, a thermostat is a homeostatic control in a
home

18. Negative Feedback Loop
 Continuous feedback loop to determine what required
action is needed
 If feedback opposes the stimulus, it is a negative
feedback loop
 Hypothalamus in the brain uses a negative feedback
loop to control body temperature and maintain
homeostasis
 Example: thermostat triggering heater on and off to
maintain set temperature

19. Figure 1-3 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F).

20. Positive Feedback
 Increases magnitude of change versus resisting
change
 Process known as a vicious cycle
 Does not maintain homeostasis but sometimes
necessary to complete a specific process
 Often harmful if cycle cannot be broken
 Example: recurrent contraction of uterus during
childbirth

21. Disease Concepts
 Signs – objective, measurable indicators of illness
 Examples: fever, change in color
 Vital signs: signs vital to life
 Pulse
 Blood Pressure
 Temperature
 Respiratory Rate

22. Disease Concepts (cont’d)
 Symptoms: subjective indicators of illness that are
perceived only by the patient
 Examples: pain, dizziness, itchiness

23. Disease Concepts (cont’d)
 Syndrome: a specific grouping of signs and symptoms
related to a specific disease
 Example: Down Syndrome signs and symptoms include
sloping forehead, low set ears, short broad hands, mild-to-
moderate mental retardation, and often, cardiac valvular
disease

24. Disease Concepts (cont’d)
 Diagnosis: identification of disease determined by
studying patient’s signs, symptoms, history, and results
of diagnostic tests
 Begins by obtaining Chief Complaint (CC) or reason the
individual is seeking medical help
 Continues as more details are obtained about the problem

25. Disease Concepts (cont’d)
 Prognosis: prediction about outcome of a disease
 Acute conditions: rapid onset of signs and symptoms
 Chronic conditions: gradual onset of symptoms over a
long period of time

26. Disease Concepts (cont’d)
 Remission: period of time when signs and symptoms of
chronic disease disappear
 Relapse: recurrence of a disease
 Exacerbation: “flare-up” of signs and symptoms
 Terminal disease: one with a prognosis of death

27. Body’s Defense System
 Disease can result from pathogenic (disease producing)
microorganisms invading body through openings
referred to as portals of entry
 Body Barriers: first line of defense
 Example: skin
 Provides mechanical barrier (if unbroken )
 Slightly acidic, which makes environment inhospitable to
some pathogens

28. Body’s Defense System (cont’d)
 Immune response: kicks in if pathogens get past barriers
 Microscopic body cells activate
 Some attack and “eat” pathogens
 Some release powerful chemicals that disintegrate
pathogens
 If body has been attacked by that pathogen before,
substances can be produced that specifically target that
pathogen

29. Body’s Defense System (cont’d)
 Inflammatory response – occurs whenever body
tissues are injured
 Possible triggers: physical injury, intense heat, chemical
irritation, reaction to invading germs
 Signs and symptoms: redness, increased temperature at
affected site, swelling (edema), pain
 Has protective function: Isolates injured area, Increases
blood flow to restore normal function

30. Figure 1-5 Agents capable of stimulating an inflammatory response.

31. Routes of Disease Transmission
 Vectors: when disease is spread by insect, or other
non-human animal
 Biological vector: infected insect spreads infection to
person (example: malaria)
 Mechanical vector: organism present on surface of
insect is spread to person (example: a fly that lands on
cow feces, and then on a person’s food)

32. Routes of Disease Transmission
(cont’d)
 Contact transmission
 Direct contact: when a person becomes sick due to
direct contact with a contagious body fluid
 Indirect contact: when a person becomes sick due to
contact with a contaminated object (example: catching
the flu by picking up germs from a doorknob)

33. Routes of Disease Transmission
(cont’d)
 Common vehicles: when consumable goods (such as
food) become contaminated; results in several people
simultaneously developing same infection
 Airborne spread: when droplets containing a pathogen
spread through the air

34. Preventing the Spread of
Communicable Diseases
 Requires breaking chain of infection (interrupting
spread of disease from outside source into the body)
 Washing your hands is one of the most powerful ways
of controlling the spread of disease

35. Preventing the Spread of
Communicable Diseases (cont’d)
 Universal Precautions: set of standard
actions/procedures designed to prevent transmission of
disease between patient and health care provider
 Based on assumption that every person could have
some kind of communicable disease
 Includes use of gloves, gowns, goggles, masks, and
other protective equipment in appropriate situations

36. Figure 1-6 Standard Precautions guidelines.

37. Case Study
 A 66-year-old male involved in a vehicular accident is
taken to the ICU with dyspnea and abdominal pain. He
has acrocyanosis, tachycardia, and a past medical history
of cardiopathy. He weighs 150 pounds and is 5 feet 6
inches tall. His chest X-ray shows an enlarged heart. His
facial injuries will require future rhinoplastic surgery. An
electrocardiogram and lower GI series is ordered

38. Case Study Questions
 Where exactly in the hospital was the patient taken?
 Describe the patient’s color, heart rate, and breathing.
 What is the medical term for what the X-ray showed?
 What future facial surgery will he need?

39. Case Study Questions: Ray’s Story
 Explain how the relationship of Anatomy to Physiology
has worked against Ray.
 What is the etiology of Ray’s current condition and his
diagnosis?
 How would you state his prognosis? What future
complications do you expect to see?