2. Appropriate Learning Theories
Scenario
•In this scenario, the employees already
know how to perform their jobs, they are
very familiar with the products:
•however some employees were not able
to produce the level of performance
required by the company.
• If was suggested that additional
computer training can help speed the
process already in place.
3. Appropriate Learning Theories
Constructivism
Constructivist’s approaches to instruction
are where the learners build their own
knowledge by understanding certain
concepts instead of memorizing the facts
and imitating the techniques.
New skills are being added to the
experiences already acquired with the
hope that the employees will be better
suited to handle their job efficiently.
However “Knowledge is less a discovery
than it is a construction” (Eisner, 2007)
4. Appropriate Learning Theories
Cognitivism
Being able to adapt to new changes, and
try to remember familiar tasks that come
with it by incorporating the new mental
interpretation with the new procedures is
very common in cognitive learning .
When talking about mental capacity,
human potential for growth and
development is virtually unlimited.
In this case deciding to attend the six
weeks training in order to improve
performance is qualified as the cognitive
learning theory.
5. Appropriate Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Behaviorists believed that behavior was
learned, and certain modification can be
made to correct a bad behavior to an
acceptable behavior.
any modification made was considered as
part of the learning process, since
inappropriate behaviors can be corrected
by using effective behavioral instruction.
In this case the training instruction can be
memorized by repetition until the
knowledge can be retrieved effortlessly,
without having to think about the
cognitive thought process.
6. Appropriate Learning Theories
Learning theory used in the original lesson
plan
Piaget believed that people’s mind was not
built to immediately understand and use
certain information.
Therefore the need to take the time to organize
their thought according to their life
experiences is necessary.
The cognitive learning theory process allows
people to create pictures and symbols in their
mind that can later be changed and adjusted to
develop effective learning.
7. Appropriate Learning Theories
Adapting the original lesson plan
To a different
learning theory
constructivism guidelines can be used for the
basic computer training as well, since it will
require for the employees to think and to
incorporate the new skills with the product’s
knowledge and to adapt to new information in
order to perform better.
This guideline provides less emphasis on
directly teaching specific skills, and more
emphasis on meaningful learning context, the
learning result however is not easily measured.
8. Appropriate Learning Theories
Conditions
&
Theories of Design
The theories of design can help in the
adaptation and the development of effective
instruction by incorporating the conditions
with the appropriate guidelines.
Gagne’s designed these events with one objective in
mind; the selected topic needs to be classified as one of
the five domains outcomes and the conditions of
learning are used as tools to achieve specific goal.
In addition to using the appropriate learning theories
that will be beneficiary for learners and to develop
effective instructional materials, certain conditions
need to be met.
9. Appropriate Learning theories
Justification
All three learning theories requires four components to be
complete, first the concept needs to have an audience;
from the audience comes the behavior associated with
certain conditions and last but not least the degree of
measurement.
The teacher’s centered version will be more beneficiary to
the training. With the cognitive theory The instructor will
provide the training materials along with Power Point
presentation for visual effect and verbal accuracy.
With the information received, employees can become
more independent in performing they task ,and when a
problem arises, they will know exactly what is going on,
how it can be quickly resolved and by whom.
10. Appropriate Learning Theories
Gagne’s Events of Instruction
The nine events of instruction developed by Gagne
can be used as a behavior model and part of this
model is originated from the cognitive process.
It is classified as conditions of learning and divided in
two groups: the internal conditions responsible for
prior knowledge capabilities and the external
conditions associated with stimuli, behavior and
motivation.
Gagne has been known to provide three important
types of stimuli:
1. Demonstrating the skills
2. Providing practice with feedback
3. Providing learning guidance
11. Appropriate Learning Theories
Gain attention
This event is used to increase motivation and interest
on the subject being studied. In addition to live
questions and surveys, the instructor can apply this
function to motivate learners, by including pictures with
the lesson, which can help attract learner’s attention and
keep their mind focus on discovering the correct answer.
Inform learners of objectives
or goals description
This event describes the objective of the
instruction, and allows learners to reorganize
their way of thinking, by trying to make room for
new knowledge ,such as: Power Pointe presentation,
syllabus and other instruction for activities and
Practices.
12. Appropriate Learning Theories
Stimulate recall of prior learning
Stimulate recall of prior knowledge is one of
Gagne’s nine events of instruction. In this
event, he explained, how easy it was for
learners to build on their prior knowledge.
Because the presence of prior knowledge, if
it was relevant to the current instruction can
help the learner understand the subject or
the task at hand faster.
13. Appropriate Learning Theories
Present the material to be learned
With this function the employees will be
presented with reading and exercise
materials, activities along with assessments
and hands on projects that will demonstrate
the additional computer training needed to
reach their goals.
14. Appropriate Learning Theories
Provide guidance for learning
In this event the teacher can reduce time
And frustration by providing the employees
with clear and precise instructions with
practices that are easy to comprehend ,
along with verbal instruction that allows
them to ask questions for clarification.
15. Appropriate Learning Theories
Elicit performance "practice“
These are practices and activities conducted
individually or as a group such as: written
test or assignments and lab exercises, that
will give the learners a chance to apply their
knowledge and will allow them to figure out
whether they have mastered the learning or
not.
Provide feedback
Feedback helps students discover their weak
points, allows them to identify their problem
areas, while showing them what was done
correctly. Feedback also helps them decide
where improvement can be made.
16. Appropriate Learning Theories
Assess Performance
Provide general progress information
Enhance retention and transfer to the job
Promote personalization by allowing learners
to relate their work to their personal life
experiences and to provide additional practice if
needed.
17. Appropriate Learning Theories
Wiggins’s theory of Backwards Design
Strength
Lessons are organized and designed to fit the
needs, talents, interests and the ability of the
learners (Wiggin’s & McTighe, 2005, p.207).
Weakness
Most of the time activities are irrelevant and
completely detached from the learning goals.
18. Appropriate Learning Theories
Gagne’s nine events of instruction
Strength
His events are processed oriented and easy
to follow. They tend to work well with the
cognitive theory for lesson planning and
ideal for instructional designers that were
recently exposed to teaching.
Weakness
Some goals were very easy to classify, but
were not easy to categorize.
19. Appropriate Learning Theories
which design process best suits your
content, learners,
Gagne’s nine events theories of instruction
were intended to promote the transfer of
knowledge from perception to memory.
and will be more
beneficial to the basic computer training.
20. Appropriate Learning Theories
Justification
The cognitive learning style may be different
and perhaps not suited for all learners; it
requires consistency where all learners or
employees are instructed to accomplish the
same procedures.
The training will be teacher’s centered and
the employees will be presented with similar
reading and exercise materials, activities
along with assessments and hands on projects
to help expedite and facilitate learning.
