Select three of the following concepts. Describe the concept in detail and provide an example. · The overconfidence phenomenon  · The framing effect  · The discounting of base-rate information  · The availability heuristic  · Illusory correlations  · Illusions of control  · Perceiving order in random sequences  · Belief perseverance  · Hindsight bias  · Self-serving bias  · Mood effects on memories and judgments  · Ingroup bias  Discussion 2 WK 8: The Role of the RN/APRN in Policy-Making Word cloud generators have become popular tools for meetings and team-building events. Groups or teams are asked to use these applications to input words they feel best describe their team or their role. A “word cloud” is generated by the application that makes prominent the most-used terms, offering an image of the common thinking among participants of that role. What types of words would you use to build a nursing word cloud?  Empathetic, organized, hard-working, or advocate would all certainly apply. Would you add policy-maker to your list? Do you think it would be a very prominent component of the word cloud? Nursing has become one of the largest professions in the world, and as such, nurses have the potential to influence policy and politics on a global scale. When nurses influence the politics that improve the delivery of healthcare, they are ultimately advocating for their patients. Hence, policy-making has become an increasingly popular term among nurses as they recognize a moral and professional obligation to be engaged in healthcare legislation. To Prepare: · Revisit the Congress.gov website provided in the Resources and consider the role of RNs and APRNs in policy-making. · Reflect on potential opportunities that may exist for RNs and APRNs to participate in the policy-making process. By Day 3 of Week 8 Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in  policy-making.  Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges. Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities to participate in policy-making. Be specific and provide examples. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/ https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf https://www.congress.gov https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=b574b6f6-8433-4258-ac0e-e6e9ddd29687%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=9704071863&db=bth https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=048431f3-de42-469e-bcfe-95ab412b8a8c%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=edsovi.10.1111.jep.12350&db=edsovi https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=66312ef3-5943-41f0-84dd-64d395986d10%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1z.

1. Select three of the following concepts. Describe the concept in
detail and provide an example.
· The overconfidence phenomenon
· The framing effect
· The discounting of base-rate information
· The availability heuristic
· Illusory correlations
· Illusions of control
· Perceiving order in random sequences
· Belief perseverance
· Hindsight bias
· Self-serving bias
· Mood effects on memories and judgments
· Ingroup bias
Discussion 2 WK 8: The Role of the RN/APRN in Policy-
Making
Word cloud generators have become popular tools for meetings
and team-building events. Groups or teams are asked to use
these applications to input words they feel best describe their
team or their role. A “word cloud” is generated by the
application that makes prominent the most-used terms, offering
an image of the common thinking among participants of that
role.
What types of words would you use to build a nursing word
cloud?
Empathetic, organized, hard-working, or
advocate would all certainly apply. Would you add policy-
maker to your list? Do you think it would be a very prominent
component of the word cloud?
Nursing has become one of the largest professions in the world,
and as such, nurses have the potential to influence policy and

2. politics on a global scale. When nurses influence the politics
that improve the delivery of healthcare, they are ultimately
advocating for their patients. Hence, policy-making has become
an increasingly popular term among nurses as they recognize a
moral and professional obligation to be engaged in healthcare
legislation.
To Prepare:
· Revisit the Congress.gov website provided in the Resources
and consider the role of RNs and APRNs in policy-making.
· Reflect on potential opportunities that may exist for RNs and
APRNs to participate in the policy-making process.
By Day 3 of Week 8
Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that exist for
RNs and APRNs to actively participate in
policy-making.
Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities
may present and describe how you might overcome these
challenges. Finally, recommend two strategies you might make
to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these
opportunities to participate in policy-making. Be specific and
provide examples.
https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/
https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf
https://www.congress.gov
https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=b574b6
f6-8433-4258-ac0e-
e6e9ddd29687%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0
ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=9704071863&db=bth
https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=048431
f3-de42-469e-bcfe-

3. 95ab412b8a8c%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0
ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=edsovi.10.1111.jep.1
2350&db=edsovi
https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=66312e
f3-5943-41f0-84dd-
64d395986d10%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0
ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=95431226&db=bth
CLASS RESPONSES WK 8
Respond to at least two of your colleagues* posts by suggesting
additional opportunities or recommendations for overcoming the
challenges described by your colleagues.
Policy making is critical in every area to get society's desired
changes. Hajizadeh et al. (2021) stated, "According to the
definition by World Health Organization (WHO), health policies
refer to decisions, plans, and actions undertaken to achieve
specific health care goals within a society." (p.2). Nursing is
considered the most prominent medical organization. As such,
they greatly influence policymaking or policy changes at local,
state, and federal levels (Duquesne University School of
Nursing. 2020, May 23).
The opportunities to be an RN OR APRN are primarily
providing effective and efficient patient care to many people,
patient education, patient advocacy, medication, and treatment
administration, collaborating with other healthcare providers,
and many more. However, challenges abound in discharging
these roles and opportunities. Bureaucracy is one of the
challenges deterring RN/APRNs from discharging their duties.
Sometimes patient advocacy would extend more than the health
care setting to the government level.
Policy making and changes, when implemented, ensure patient

4. safety. The primary goal of health policies is to promote the
public's welfare. It involves three stages formulation, policy
implementation, and evaluation (Hajizadeh et al., 2021). Nurses
should be involved in politics to bring about healthcare
changes. Nurses have firsthand experience of how the policy
impacts the patient in the long run. Hence, the nurses are in the
best position to advocate for policymaking/ changes for the
patient at the local, state, and federal levels (Milstead & Short,
2019).
Nurses' involvement in professional nursing associations could
help curb the challenges encountered in care delivery. An
association like the American nursing association (ANA) and
the American association of nurse practitioners (AANP) are
good examples. These associations stand as a formidable force
to defend a policy in favor of healthcare. Their wealth of
experience is brought to bear in terms of experience in
formulating and implementing health policies that cater to the
patient's needs. Policies, as they relate to mental and physical
health care accessible to all regardless of socioeconomic status,
age, sex, race, and gender, are one a nurse should always
advocate for.
Class response 2
Nurses have been involved in many changes not only in their
workplace, but nurses have the opportunity to influence their
legislators also in laws that they see fit. In 2018 a bill was
passed S.2446 Safe Staffing for Nurse and Patient Safety Act of
2018 and then reintroduced as S.1168 again after the COVID
pandemic, it simply stated that nurses should have a certain
number of patients in order to have less burnout and better
patient outcomes. It states that there is a correlation in
medication errors, poor patient outcomes and increase in nurse
turnover which in 2015 cost the average hospital $5 million
dollars every year. Nurses were involved in this billed since it

5. meant better staffing ratio to work, the New York State Nurse
Association was extremely involved in getting this bill enacted
like frontline nurses like Karines Reyes. (Nysna,n.d).
How Could Nurses get involved
RNs and APRNs have many opportunities to get involved and
actively be involved in policy making, no longer do nurses just
take a backseat they understand that policies and bills will
influence their workplace and their lives in general. They are
internship programs with elected officials and bureaucratic
agencies, which teach these nurses how to write legislation, how
to bring arguments forth, and also how to bring points of
interest that pertains to the general public. Another way that
Nurses and APRNs could be involved in the political arena is
thru organizations like the House of Nursing Caucus has the
responsibility of educating legislators about the issues that
affect nurses and how nurses affect the health of the public.
Challenges
The challenges that policy making are many but the number one
will be how to really get legislators to actually listen to your
proposal. The first thing I will do is to reach out to my local
legislators in order to at least get them to understand the policy
that I would like to implement and why, I will then reach out
and get petitions signed for the policy that I would like to
implement and get endorsements from the general public since
this will affect them.
Getting the policy reviewed by my local Credentialling review
program will also be one of the things that will have to be done
in order to first present a policy, then take it to the CT
Department of Health to also review the policy, some of these
agencies will inform state senators of the policy and when they
are voting on legislations. The challenge will be if they even
listen to the policy and think it is significant enough to make

6. into a bill.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
lifespandevelopment/chapter/module/
https://youtu.be/YcQg1EshfIE
Part 1. Main Entry: Post a brief analysis of what you have
learned from this week’s readings and activities. Start a new
thread, and place the header -- Name's Main Entry (e.g.,
Rick’s Main Entry) at the top. Within the body of your
post, clearly identify each segment of the required response in
order to facilitate discussion development.
a.
This week’s great takeaway: What concept or theory
did you find most interesting this week? Why?
b. Diagnostic labels: As you read the chapters on childhood,
you may notice that the process of diagnosing and labeling
children is changing. Both labels of autism and fetal alcohol
syndrome have now been replaced with “autism spectrum
disorders” and “fetal alcohol spectrum disorders”, respectively.
1) What thoughts to you have on why these changes have
occurred?
2) What impact does labeling a child with a diagnosis have on
that child? What are the advantages, disadvantages, and
consequences? Support this element of your discussion by
posting an article, blog page, video, or other informational
resource.
Part 2. Post Constructive Peer Feedback: In addition to posting
your thoughts to the main entry questions, respond to at
least TWO (2) of your classmates’ entries. In 3 or more
sentences, provide constructive feedback. Do you have some
additional thoughts on the topic? Share them. When providing
your feedback present the logic behind it.

7. Classmate 1:
a. I was very excited to learn all about lifespan development
during the childhood stage since this is the age group that I
want to work with as a school counselor. The concepts that I
found most interesting this week were found on the page titled
"Learning and Intelligence." I thoroughly enjoyed reading and
learning all about the controversies over testing in schools, the
different theories of intelligence, and the world of school from
different perspectives. It was specifically interesting to read
about the politics in the school system and the studies
conducted by Lareau and Horvat (2004).
b. I believe that these changes have occurred due to there being
many different disorders being discovered under the more broad
categories of the autism spectrum disorders and the fetal alcohol
spectrum disorders. For example, Asperger's Syndrome falls
under the ASD category, but it is a milder form of ASD, and
there are more severe cases of ASD as well (Lumen, 2020). It is
not fair to associate every child that possesses symptoms of
autism as simply just "autistic," we have developed different
disorders and levels of autism and fetal alcohol syndrome to
accommodate all of the disorders that may emerge from these
diagnoses.
The impacts of labeling a child with these diagnoses can be life-
altering. As mentioned in the text, a child's difficulties can
change over time and they may improve or their delays during
their school years may not be relevant during adulthood but
these labels will still follow them for the rest of their life. Not
to mention, it may contribute to low self-esteem and lack of
confidence. One article from Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall
discusses the advantages and disadvantages of labeling students

8. with learning disabilities. Some of the advantages, according to
Henley et al. (n.d.) include: the development of specialized
teaching methods, assessment approaches, and behavioral
interventions and federal and local funding for special
education programs. Some of the disadvantages are that students
are unable to receive these special education services without
being labeled, labeling comes with blame and guilt not only for
the student but for the parents as well, there is questionable
validity and reliability for evaluation across different states
putting some students at a disadvantage and causing
overrepresentation for some.
References:
Lumen. (2020). Lifespan Development. Lumen Learning.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
lifespandevelopment/chapter/developmental-problems/
Henley, M., Ramsey, R. S., and Algozzine, R. F. (n.d.).
Labeling and disadvantages of labeling. Pearson Allyn Bacon
Prentice Hall.
http://people.uncw.edu/robertsonj/SEC210/Labeling.pdf
Classmate 2:
This week’s great takeaway: What concept or theory did you
find most interesting this week? Why?
The concept of concrete operational by Piaget discusses the act
of children continue to learn through symbolically to extend
logical and problem solving. Even though children might not
fully understand observation and become naïve from realization.
The reading uses an example of a child observing her friends as
“rude” which classified that all her friends as “rude”
(Lumen,2020). The child uses inductive reasoning to group her
friends with one characteristic of “rudeness”. However, as
children develop, they began to distinguish between factual vs

9. nonfactual concept using deductive reasoning effectively
(Lumen, 2020).
1) What thoughts to you have on why these changes have
occurred?
I appreciate the change to reduce stigma for children to receive
accurate treatment to identify areas of diagnosis. I believe that
the DSM 5 has recognized the changes in complex interventions
so redefine provides accuracy in treatment planning.
2) I used to work as a case manager where I attended IEP
meetings with families to coordinate academic with therapeutic
services to promote wraparound approach. The IEP process
provide an educational and psychological scope of the child’s
limitation to perform effectively in the classroom. IEP team use
feedback from family history, medical, teachers, case
manager/social worker and psychologist to generate a data
report to conclude a diagnosis. The important factor is to reduce
misdiagnosis, underdiagnosis or overdiagnosis to ensure that the
child receive the proper educational placement and in school
supports. I’ve observed schools that acknowledge the factor
domains where the child receives recommended benefits in
occupational therapy, counseling, speech, teacher aid support
base of the diagnostic. The child was able to receive support
from an effective IEP assessment to extend educational value.
On the hand, I observed IEP meeting where data wasn’t
congruent with the child’s background which provided
misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. As a result, the parent
requested a amend IEP assessment to petition accurate
educational planning which delay the implementation of
supportive services. I learned when parents don’t understand
their rights or acknowledge concerns prior to signing the IEP it
delays in school supports. I also coordinate families with SPAN
educational advocacy program to participate in meetings to
ensure parents understand the process.
Lumen Learning (2020). Lifespan development. Retrieved
from:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-

10. lifespandevelopment/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcWWuFQAfFI