SESSION 1 Michael Delarosa, Department Manager What suggestions do you have for improvement in regards to training new supervisors? Make sure there are opportunities for hands on problem solving. Too much of our training is theory and supervisors need to be focused on the real-world problems that come up. What challenges do supervisors in our plants encounter that training would help them resolve? I'd say that a lot of the challenges we see relate to the diversity on the line. There are a lot of different types of people working at CapraTek and they don't always play well together. What are the most important abilities for supervisors in our plants? Well… the first thing that comes to mind is the ability to find information. Whether it's technical information or answers for the people who report to you. Another key ability though is the ability to acquire technical expertise. No one comes in knowing it all, but the ability to gain necessary knowledge is very important. What knowledge does a new supervisor need? A solid understanding of the job itself. Supervisors provide a lot of training to new employees, so they need to know our systems and processes inside and out. Should training be conducted face to face, online, or a combination of both? I'd say a combination. There are some topics that don't really need a classroom experience, but others where the face-to-face interaction provides as much as the actual training materials. If it had to be one or the other, I'd definitely say face to face. Leland Butler, Shift Supervisor What suggestions do you have for improvement in regards to training new supervisors? Don't think you can cover this stuff once and be done with it. I went through supervisor training when I was promoted, but I've gotta admit, I don't remember much of it. That kind of stuff doesn't always stick unless you're doing it. Having an opportunity to be in the job and then get training on what you're actually dealing with is better than sitting in a training room listening to someone talk about theories and policies. What challenges do supervisors in our plants encounter that training would help them resolve? Well… like I said, being able to apply the leadership and supervisory ideas in realistic situations. I'm a hands-on kind of person and it's always better if I can do something, so maybe like getting training on performance reviews or some of the paperwork we're all dealing with. That would be helpful. What are the most important abilities for supervisors in our plants? Communication and flexibility. Hands down. You need to be able to shift gears decisively and communicate with your team. What knowledge does a new supervisor need? He or she needs to know what the role of their team is to the division. How it all fits together. A good supervisor needs to be able to communicate to the people who report to him what's going on and why things are the way they are. So, he's got to be in .

1. SESSION 1
Michael Delarosa, Department Manager
What suggestions do you have for improvement in regards to
training new supervisors?
Make sure there are opportunities for hands on problem solving.
Too much of our training is theory
and supervisors need to be focused on the real-world problems
that come up.
What challenges do supervisors in our plants encounter that
training would help them resolve?
I'd say that a lot of the challenges we see relate to the diversity
on the line. There are a lot of different
types of people working at CapraTek and they don't always play
well together.
What are the most important abilities for supervisors in our
plants?
Well… the first thing that comes to mind is the ability to find
information. Whether it's technical
information or answers for the people who report to you.
Another key ability though is the ability to
acquire technical expertise. No one comes in knowing it all, but

2. the ability to gain necessary
knowledge is very important.
What knowledge does a new supervisor need?
A solid understanding of the job itself. Supervisors provide a
lot of training to new employees, so they
need to know our systems and processes inside and out.
Should training be conducted face to face, online, or a
combination of both?
I'd say a combination. There are some topics that don't really
need a classroom experience, but
others where the face-to-face interaction provides as much as
the actual training materials. If it had to
be one or the other, I'd definitely say face to face.
Leland Butler, Shift Supervisor
What suggestions do you have for improvement in regards to
training new supervisors?
Don't think you can cover this stuff once and be done with it. I
went through supervisor training when I
was promoted, but I've gotta admit, I don't remember much of
it. That kind of stuff doesn't always
stick unless you're doing it. Having an opportunity to be in the

3. job and then get training on what you're
actually dealing with is better than sitting in a training room
listening to someone talk about theories
and policies.
What challenges do supervisors in our plants encounter that
training would help them resolve?
Well… like I said, being able to apply the leadership and
supervisory ideas in realistic situations. I'm a
hands-on kind of person and it's always better if I can do
something, so maybe like getting training on
performance reviews or some of the paperwork we're all dealing
with. That would be helpful.
What are the most important abilities for supervisors in our
plants?
Communication and flexibility. Hands down. You need to be
able to shift gears decisively and
communicate with your team.
What knowledge does a new supervisor need?
He or she needs to know what the role of their team is to the
division. How it all fits together. A good
supervisor needs to be able to communicate to the people who
report to him what's going on and why
things are the way they are. So, he's got to be in the loop so he

4. can keep his people in the loop.
Should training be conducted face to face, online, or a
combination of both?
A lot could be self-paced online, but I think the leadership
training would probably be better face to
face. So you can talk to other people about the issues. See how
other people might respond
differently than you did.
Lorraine Hughes, Shift Supervisor
What suggestions do you have for improvement in regards to
training new supervisors?
Hmmm. That's a tough one. I'm not sure.
What challenges do supervisors in our plants encounter that
training would help them resolve?
Creating strong teams. A lot of supervisors… well, a lot who
haven't done well… try to rule their teams
instead of leading them. They are too hierarchical and they end
up with teams that don't have any
initiative.
What are the most important abilities for supervisors in our
plants?
I'd say the ability to communicate and work with a broad range
of employees. When I started, I was

5. the only female supervisor and I knew I had to neutralize the
resistance some of my guys had toward
working for a woman. Being able to keep focused on the goals
and keep your team focused on the
goal is the key skill here.
What knowledge does a new supervisor need?
They need both the technical skills and the people skills. It's a
balance. You need to have both and
you need to be able to be a collaborative problem solver.
Should training be conducted face to face, online, or a
combination of both?
Oh without a doubt, face to face! How can we train team
building if we aren't in the same room?
Daniel Fox, Shift Supervisor
What suggestions do you have for improvement in regards to
training new supervisors?
Less mandatory training on the latest trends in management and
more focus on training that helps
solve the problems supervisors are actually facing. Like how to
do more with less, or how to be fair to
everyone in these days of diversity and protected classes and

6. all.
What challenges do supervisors in our plants encounter that
training would help them resolve?
We're all being asked to do more with less. I don't know if
training can help with that, but if it could,
that would be a good place to start.
What are the most important abilities for supervisors in our
plants?
The ability to be fair. A lot of times, it seems that the squeaky
wheel gets grease… well, if you ask me,
that's bull feathers. The people who just suck it up and go the
extra mile… they shouldn't get
overlooked because someone else is pitching a fit.
What knowledge does a new supervisor need?
What the bottom line is… what does the policy say, how's it
going to be applied, what are the
expectations from the brass. You obviously need to know the
job, but I'm assuming that was covered
in hiring or promoting.
Should training be conducted face to face, online, or a
combination of both?
The more online; the better. That way, a person can do it at his
or her own pace on his or her own

7. schedule. The thing that drives me nuts about training is when
my people have a problem and I can't
deal with it because I'm in some training class.
Sandra Tucker, Shift Supervisor
What suggestions do you have for improvement in regards to
training new supervisors?
Maybe have some follow-up? I feel like we get training when
we're hired, or when we move into a
new job, but if there was some way it could be ongoing without
taking up too much time.
What challenges do supervisors in our plants encounter that
training would help them resolve?
That's a great question! Let's see… conflict management
probably. There's a lot of diversity in all of
our teams: gender, racial, orientation… and knowing how to
keep the people we supervise working as
a well oiled machine is really important and really difficult.
What are the most important abilities for supervisors in our
plants?
To get things done. We're getting the word from above, the
plant manager, the executive leaders, and
it's up to the supervisors to translate that to the line workers and
make it happen.

8. What knowledge does a new supervisor need?
Obviously, a good supervisor needs to know what the jobs are
for every member of the team. I'd go
so far as to say a great supervisor should be able to step in for
any one of the people who report to
him or her. But there's more to it than just the actual job…
you need to know how to get things done.
A good supervisor needs to be able to anticipate problems and
solve them before they happen.
Should training be conducted face to face, online, or a
combination of both?
It's going to depend on what the material is. Some stuff is great
online, some stuff, I like having the
experience of being able to work with other supervisors and
collaborate. I always feel like there's a
bond between people I go to training with… like I know what
this person is like because we went
through something together.
SWU 171 Intro to social work
dr. Hilary Haseley, phd, msw, acue

9. 1
Military Social Work
Nearly all social workers will likely assist service members in
some capacity and context
Multiple health, mental health, and social challenges for service
members
US Department of Veterans Affairs is the largest employer of
MSWs in the United States
Service member: Preferred term instead of soldier; universal
term for those currently serving in the armed forces
Increasing behavioral health care from social workers following
World War II
Programs offered by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
https://www.va.gov/
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
2
2
Military social work
Conscription: forced military service
Or draft
US military has been all-volunteer since 1973
Educational benefits subsidy as large as $60,000, Post 9/11 GI
Bill, for 4 years
More interventions and long-term care for service members
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.

10. 3
Deployment
Deployment: Action of systematically stationing military
persons or forces over an area or moving forces within an area
of military operation
Can be difficult on the service member along with their families
Deployment lengths: usually between 6 and 12 months
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
4
4
Reintegration
Reintegration: Resumption of age, gender, and culturally
appropriate roles in the family, community, and workplace
May be a time of difficulty and personal stress
Support is needed for military service members during
reintegration
https://youtu.be/o9C6-efftuE
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
5

11. 5
Military Culture
Incorporates unity, a sense of purpose and direction, and values
Uniform Code of Military Justice governs military behavior and
morality
Department of Defense (DoD): HQ of all six branches of the
military
https://www.defense.gov/
Hierarchy and bureaucracy are the norm
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
6
6
Military Culture
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
7
15-2 Understand military culture, values, and beliefs.
7
Military Culture
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
8

12. 15-2 Understand military culture, values, and beliefs.
8
Military Culture
Four distinct pillars of military culture
Strict discipline
Loyalty and self-sacrifice
Ceremonies and rituals used to solidify common identities
Emphasis on cohesion
Common reasons for joining
Identification with warrior mentality
Family legacy
Benefits of military life
Escape from difficult situations at home
Exposure to military service during school
Strong predictor of enlistment rates
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
9
9
Military Culture
Veterans: Active duty, discharged, retired, or reserve military
members
Status conferred after receiving a general and honorable
discharge
Benefits from status

13. https://benefits.va.gov/benefits/
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
10
15-2 Understand military culture, values, and beliefs.
Veterans: Active duty, discharged, retired, or reserve military
members
Status conferred after receiving a general and honorable
discharge
Benefits from status
Title 38 definition
10
Military Culture
How War Affects Service Members
Both psychological and physical effects
Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom have
been extended military operations/conflicts
Three factors considered essential for success: Secrecy,
stoicism, denial
Common effects of war are PTSD, shame, survivors’ guilt,
helplessness
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
11
11
Military Culture

14. Veterans’ relationships, careers, education, and physical
independence often suffer from their service
VA hospitals and TRICARE military insurance were designed to
meet these needs
DoD and VA have separate funding and information streams
TRICARE benefits
Health care
Housing
Life insurance
Job training and help
Retirement
Military families also suffer considerable stress from both
separation and reunification
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
12
12
Military Culture
Behavioral Health Problems Affecting Service Members and
Veterans
PTSD and other mental health issues
Wounds from IEDs
Moral injury
Emergent clinical concern examining mental health outcomes
among current and former military personnel
Requires an act of transgression that abruptly and seriously
contradicts an armed service member’s expectation about
behavior either during an event or afterward
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
13

15. 15-3 Identify issues that affect service members, veterans, and
their family members.
PTSD and other mental health issues
Wounds from IEDs
Moral injury
Emergent clinical concern examining mental health outcomes
among current and former military personnel
Requires an act of transgression that abruptly and seriously
contradicts an armed service member’s expectation about
behavior either during an event or afterward
13
Military Culture
Behavioral Health Problems Affecting Service Members and
Veterans
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Ranges in severity from mild to severe; often from blast
exposure
Complicates adjustment to civilian life post-service
Symptoms can include headache, fatigue, sleep issues,
vomiting, seizures, speaking problems, limb weakness, poor
coordination, confusion, and so on
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
One in five veterans qualifies for PTSD diagnosis
Combat PTSD is more chronic and complex than civilian PTSD
Vietnam vets have a greater occurrence of panic disorder,
earlier average onset of alcoholism
May relive traumatic experiences through flashbacks,
nightmares, trigger responses
May avoid crowds, driving, war movies if they’re reminded of
combat

16. Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
14
14
Military Culture
Substance use disorders
Problems in combat settings and after discharge
Prevention efforts have stepped up, as with the Air Force’s
community capacity model
Shared responsibility: one is concerned
Collective competence: one is motivated and will act
Veterans active in process of healing may be less likely to abuse
substances
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
15
Military culture
Suicide
Highest suicide rate occurs among those who have gone to war
Three biggest risk factors: Relationship, legal, and financial
troubles
Veteran suicide as a serious public health issue
Successful prevention efforts have focused on mind–body
framework
Medical, environmental, psychological, nutritional, behavior,
social, physical, spiritual and family fitness
The goal is to enhance resilience through getting fit in these

17. spheres
https://www.va.gov/health-care/health-needs-conditions/mental-
health/suicide-prevention/
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
16
Military Culture
Issues Affecting Wounded Veterans
Most wounded service members survive.
Social workers work to help them adjust to their new
circumstances.
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
17
17
Military Culture
Deployment strains military families
Spouses become lonely and stressed with additional
responsibilities
Especially vulnerable: younger families, families with young
children, families with pregnancy, families where the service
member is deployed to a new and unfamiliar place
Reservists also have this uncertainty, as they may be called into
active service at any time; income for families often decreases
during deployment
Post deployment role negotiation can be a challenge for reunited
families
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.

18. 18
15-3 Identify issues that affect service members, veterans, and
their family members.
Deployment strains military families
Spouses become lonely and stressed with additional
responsibilities
Especially vulnerable: younger families, families with young
children, families with pregnancy, families where the service
member is deployed to a new and unfamiliar place
Aging military veterans are at risk for social exclusion
Reservists also have this uncertainty, as they may be called into
active service at any time; income for families often decreases
during deployment
Post deployment role negotiation can be a challenge for reunited
families
18
Military Culture
Issues Affecting Military Families
Veterans may resist mental health care due to stigma.
Spouses may also have mental health needs, and children may
struggle with (repeated) relocation and separation from a parent
Unemployment may be high and tempt people to reenlist
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
19
15-3 Identify issues that affect service members, veterans, and

19. their family members.
Vets may resist needed mental health care due to stigma
Spouses may also have mental health needs, and children may
struggle with (repeated) relocation and separation from a parent
Unemployment may be high and tempt people to reenlist
19
Veteran and Military Service Organizations
Social Work Assessment and Intervention Skills
Must have knowledge of physical injuries
Systems-ecological approach: An approach contending that
human development is affected by various environmental
systems
Case management, counseling, therapy options, advocacy,
medical work, hospice care
Secondary trauma: A term commonly used to refer to “the stress
resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized of
suffering person”
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
20
20
Veteran and Military Service Organizations
Social Work Assessment and Intervention Skills
Cognitive processing therapy: A 12-session approach to treat
PTSD in people who have been sexually assaulted; it combines
cognitive therapy and exposure therapy
Cognitive information processing: A theory that comprises
multiple theoretical perspectives and attempts to explain human
learning as the development of networked memory structures

20. Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
21
21
Diversity and Military Social Work
Class
Two distinct classes: officers and enlisted—no socialization
between the two
Different privileges are afforded and response to services may
be quite different between enlisted people and officers
Even kids of enlisted and kids of officers may struggle to
socialize comfortably
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
22
22
Diversity and Military Social Work
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Percentage of women has risen.
Serve in over 90% of military roles 12% are officers.
Women often endure harassment and violence.
At risk for military sexual trauma.
Marines are an exception: only 3% female overall
Navy restricts women from serving on submarines

21. Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
23
23
Diversity and Military Social Work
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Transgender people are allowed to serve, but not while being
recognized as the gender with which they identify
2018 DoD policy eliminated special accommodations for service
members who were diagnosed with gender dysphoria
DoD emphasis on gender dysphoria
Gays were prohibited from service until 1993
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue” arose in 1993 under
President Clinton
Repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” in 2010
Concealment of LGBTQ+ status may increase anxiety,
depression, PTSD
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
24
24
Diversity and Military Social Work
Race and Ethnicity

22. African American overrepresentation has decreased.
Latino participation up since 1990’s.
Immigrants make up 5% of forces.
Age
Most active service members are 17–24 years old.
Maximum ages designated by each service branch.
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
25
25
Diversity and Military Social Work
Intersections of Diversity
Sexual harassment can occur to women and men
Forms of sexual harassment
African American men at greater risk for sexual harassment
than White men, particularly enlisted African Americans
Latina women in uniform tend to be invisible in media
depictions of military
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
26
26
Advocacy for Service Members, Veterans, and Their Families
Economic and Social Justice

23. Military needs may trump client needs
Most military social workers must be generalists
Enlistees now have better opportunities for training and careers
then in the days of conscription
Retirement with benefits requires 20 years of military service
(or injury in service); this is a struggle especially for women
who want to have children
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
27
27
Advocacy for Service Members, Veterans, and Their Families
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
28
28
Advocacy for Service Members, Veterans, and Their Families
Supportive Environment
Military living can be very internally supportive
Veterans may struggle to get adequate housing after discharge,
even being at risk for homelessness (especially veterans of
minority races)
Disability from service also impacts later life; VA hospitals’
record of disability treatment has been historically dismal

24. Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
29
29
Advocacy for Service Members, Veterans, and Their Families
Human Rights and Needs
Rape and sexual violence are common for military women
Women in the military are typically from poor households
Military families have immense needs; divorce is a significant
risk, especially for female service members
Families with special-needs members may be aided by the
Army’s “exceptional family member” programs
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
30
30
Editorial Integra (Q) - AU: Only opening quotation was given
for the fourth bullet point in Slide 30, Chapter 15, hence
removed. Please check and update if required.
Advocacy for Service Members, Veterans, and Their Families
Political Access
Dual loyalties military feel to “brothers/sisters” and their own
families
Society may not understand the military experience
Reintegration can be quite difficult
Military members may have stronger voices than civilians in

25. influencing policymakers
https://mooresvilletribune.com/news/local/veterans-not-just-
friends-they-are-family/article_856c474e-40c7-11ec-8142-
5b0b6091e699.html
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
31
31
image1.jpeg
image2.jpeg
image3.jpeg
image4.png
image5.png
image6.jpeg
image7.jpeg
image8.jpeg
image9.jpeg
image10.jpeg
image11.jpeg
image12.png
SWU 171 Intro to Social Work
Dr. Hilary Haseley, PhD, MSW, ACUE
Overview
Chapter 12
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
2

26. Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Criminal justice system: A large network of organizations (e.g.,
courts, police departments, prisons, jails, probation agencies)
dedicated to the enforcement of laws and the administration of
justice
Crime: An act or behavior that is prohibited by criminal law and
punishable by negative sanctions (e.g., probation, fine, jail
term)
Laws: Legislative acts passed at local, state, and federal levels
by corresponding political entities to define and regulate
acceptable and unacceptable behavior and action
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
3
3
Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Criminals: People who have been found guilty and as a result
are classified as having committed a crime
Subject to biases of people who influence the writing, enacting,
and enforcing of laws
Based on assumptions about right and wrong
Challenging and controversial area of practice for many social
workers
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
4

27. Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Types of Crimes:
Misdemeanor: Relatively minor crimes (e.g., traffic violations)
that are punishable by a fine and a small amount of time
Felony: Serious crimes (e.g., murder) that are punishable by
extended imprisonment and sometimes death
Classifications of crime
Violent crimes: Crimes against people that involve the use of
force or threatened force
Robbery: Stealing from another person
Aggravated assault: Attacking another person physically
Rape: Sexual penetration through the use of force
Homicide: Illegally causing the death of another person
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
5
5
Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Classifications of crime
Violent crimes: Crimes against people that involve the use of
force or threatened force
Robbery: Stealing from another person
Aggravated assault: Attacking another person physically
Rape: Sexual penetration through the use of force
Homicide: Illegally causing the death of another person
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
6

28. Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Types of Crimes
Property crimes: Crimes involving the taking of money or
property
Larceny: Stealing of property
Arson: Malicious burning of property
Burglary: Breaking into a house or building to steal
Victimless crimes: Illegal acts that (arguably) do not have a
readily identifiable victim, such as gambling
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
7
on behalf of a corporation and with its support
7
Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Hate crimes: Crimes that involve intimidation and the intent to
hurt people based on race, ethnicity, national origin, religion,
sexual orientation, ability differences, and other forms of
diversity; these include the use of verbal threats, acts of
violence, fear, physical attack, and explosives
https://www.matthewshepard.org/
https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/senate-
bill/1529#:~:text=Hate%20Crimes%20Prevention%20Act%20of
%201998%20-
%20Amends,is%20in%20or%20affects%20interstate%20or%20f
oreign%20commerce.
White-collar crimes: Acts that occur in the course of

29. employment or normal work activities, such as fraud or theft
Corporate criminals: People who commit crimes on behalf of a
corporation and with its support
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
8
Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
The Contextual Nature of Crime
Laws change over time and from place to place (e.g.,
prohibition, same sex marriage, weed)
Crimes are perceived differently depending on the criminal
(e.g., criminal vs. juvenile delinquent, race)
People with resources may be able to avoid convictions and
consequences others cannot
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
9
9
Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
The Correctional System
Probation is given in lieu of imprisonment and carries
requirements like community service, treatment, regular
reporting, and/or drug testing
Parole is early release from prison under certain conditions;
violations may result in reimprisonment
Prison is a last-resort option that is quite expensive;
incarceration costs over $26,000 per year per prisoner

30. Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
10
10
Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Juvenile Justice and Corrections
Juveniles (people under 18) are viewed differently;
Emancipated adults are under 18 but recognized as independent
by the court
Status offenses are crimes due to the individual’s age, meaning
that they would not be criminal offenses for adults (e.g.,
underage drinking)
Juvenile offenses impact not just the juvenile, but their families
and communities
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
11
11
Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Diversion programs: Programs designed to help offenders
address behaviors and problems contributing to an arrest with
the goal of preventing subsequent criminal activity
Juvenile corrections: Intervention, services, and programs for
minors as a result of their involvement in the criminal justice
system and courts
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.

31. 12
Conflicting Attitudes about Those Who Commit Crimes
Attitudes toward Punishment
Conflicting values regarding criminal justice
Need for transgressors to take individual responsibility
Need for society to punish behaviors that violate laws and
norms
Attitudes toward punishment
Intended functions of the correctional system
Social protection: Only temporary protects society, as people
may commit more crimes once released from jail, especially if
they’re lacking support needed to succeed outside of jail
Deterrence: Based on the idea that fear of punishment will
prevent future criminal activity but it’s not clear if this is the
reality
Rehabilitation: There are too few rehabilitation programs so
many people are released from prison without having addressed
the underlying factors associated with their incarceration
Retribution: Based on the belief that penalty or punishment
should match the severity of the crime
Our criminal justice system focuses more on retribution
The United States incarcerates more of its citizens than any
other country
As a result, jails and prisons are overcrowded
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
13
13

32. Conflicting Attitudes about Those Who Commit Crimes
Attitudes Toward Rehabilitation
Recidivism is very high in part because reintegration is difficult
Being labeled as a criminal makes it difficult to find a well-
paying job after release
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
14
14
Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Forensic social work: Application of a social work outlook to
legal issues and litigation
Include evaluations, counseling, mediation, probation/parole
services, correctional services, domestic violence services, and
more
Aims to correct imbalances and injustices within the justice
system and to analyze the social factors that lead to crime
National organization of forensic social work: A nationally
recognized professional organization dedicated to the
advancement of education in forensic social work
https://www.nofsw.org/
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
15
15

33. Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Social Work Values Regarding Criminal Justice
Prevention—Should be the first goal
Justice—Advocating for fair and equitable access to info,
services, resources
Dignity—Treating people with respect and taking into account
their challenges
Best practices and quality services—Legal representation and
rehabilitation services must be available
Restorative justice—Acknowledging guilt and performing
restitution
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
16
16
Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Interactions with the Criminal Justice System
Police
Police officers: Sworn and authorized officers recognized by
local, state, county, or federal authorities to enforce and uphold
laws
Includes city officers, county sheriffs, state highway patrol
officers, and federal enforcement agents
Varying policing approaches
Broken windows: Maintained that smaller problems in
communities of color lead to a breakdown of public order and
the rise of more serious crimes
Community policing: Suggests that police officers must develop
trust and respect in communities being served
May work closely with social workers, especially with child

34. neglect and abuse investigations
Police officers are increasingly being scrutinized for racial bias
and racial profiling
There are additional concerns about police force with disabled
individuals
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
17
17
Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Courts
Judges and magistrates: Attorneys elected or appointed to lead
and rule over court and its processes
Courts don’t have the capacity to hear all cases, which may lead
to plea bargaining, or a negotiation with the prosecution for a
reduced charge or sentence
Attorneys
Prosecutors: An attorney representing a government entity and
arguing that the accused is guilty
Defense attorney represents the accused and argues their
innocence
Corrections officers
Hired to oversee inmates and maintain order
Enforce jail and prison rules among inmates
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
18

35. Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Victim Assistance Programs
Perpetrators and victims (the term survivor is often preferred)
Aiding survivors of crime through the legal process as an
advocate
Restorative justice principle applies here as well
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
19
19
Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Deviant Behavior and Social Status
Criminality of a behavior is based on social norms, which may
shift
Welfare fraud is often more reviled than much more destructive
corporate crimes
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
20
20
Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Mental Health and Criminal Justice
Many people in jail/prison have mental illnesses and their
behavior has been criminalized
Mental health options need to be available in communities to
help reduce crime and recidivism

36. https://www.azdhs.gov/az-state-hospital/index.php
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
21
21
Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Issues Affecting Children and Youth
Exposure and desensitization to violent behavior
Repeated exposure to violence can cause desensitization
This can lead to greater proclivities toward violence as well as
decreased fear about dangerous acts
Exposure to violent media has been a concern of social work as
well
Parental imprisonment
Effects on children include loss, trauma, embarrassment,
frustration, stigma, and more
Children need to be reassured they are not at fault
https://nicic.gov/projects/children-of-incarcerated-parents
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
22
22
Diversity and Criminal Justice

37. Class
Poor people are more likely arrested and imprisoned because
they are more likely to be caught and not to have the resources
to fight conviction
Social workers advocate for quality legal services for all
Policing, the court system, and incarceration take a heavy toll
on economically challenged communities
Different legal system and court experience for people of high
social-economic status
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
23
23
Diversity and Criminal Justice
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Victims of hate crime often feel stigmatized and may be unsure
whether to report
Women are more likely to be victims of crime
They are less likely to report rape in rural areas
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
24
24
Diversity and Criminal Justice
Gender and Sexual Orientation

38. Gender disparities in the criminal justice system
Population of women in prison is increasing, including pregnant
women
Maternal and infant health must be properly addressed in
correctional settings
Human trafficking particularly targets women
Social workers can challenge the patriarchal status quo to give
victims a voice
Social workers can help to advocate for proper treatment of
LGBTQ+ citizens and work to eliminate barriers to their
reporting of crime victimization
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
25
25
Diversity and Criminal Justice
Race
African Americans have higher arrest and incarceration rates
They also see the CJ system quite differently than Whites,
impacting interactions with that system
Skepticism and concern about police is not the same as being
antipolice
Ethnicity
African Americans and Latin Americans are overrepresented in
crime rates
Whites and Asian Americans (“the model minority”) are
underrepresented
Asian American and White criminals are also punished less
severely than other groups

39. Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
26
26
Diversity and Criminal Justice
Age
Crimes peak in teen years and decline rapidly thereafter
Developmental issues influence criminal behavior among the
young
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
27
27
Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Economic and Social Justice
The poor need advocacy for their rights to be respected
Cannot afford quality legal representation, increasing risk of
conviction
Accused people with mental illnesses must be properly assessed
to stand trial
The poor must be treated humanely in correctional facilities
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
28

40. 28
Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Supportive Environment
Healthy living environments help discourage criminal behavior
Crime and gangs go together in low-income neighborhoods
Social workers can engage in prevention activities aimed at
reducing criminal behavior in at-risk areas
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
29
29
Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Human Needs and Rights
Social workers need to change laws.
Social workers need to seek to change/advance laws that benefit
clients and help all people
Advocacy is about what the clients state as their needs, not what
the social worker believes the client’s needs are
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
30

41. 30
Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Political Access
Advocacy for criminals is often unpopular with politicians
Criminals may lose voting rights and feel they have no voice in
the political process
Politicians are loath to approve funding for programs aimed at
helping people convicted of crimes
Gun access is expanding in many states despite concerns about
crime
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
31
31
image5.jpeg
image6.jpeg
image7.png
image8.jpeg
image9.jpeg
image10.jpeg
image11.jpeg
image12.png
image2.png
image3.png