Status of wildlife population & threats to wildlife in uganda by Dr. Simon T. Nampindo , Country Director, WCS Uganda
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Presentations made during the training of State Prosecutors in ODDP in Uganda
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Status of wildlife population & threats to wildlife in uganda by Dr. Simon T. Nampindo , Country Director, WCS Uganda
- 1. Equipping law enforcement officers with knowledge and tools for combating IWT and Countering Wildlife trafficking Simon Takozekibi Nampindo Country Director, WCS Uganda Kabira Country Club, Kampala May 15, 2019
- 2. 1. Brief background to WCS 2. Uganda’s biodiversity value and contribution to national economy 3. Illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and wildlife trafficking 4. Introduction on ecological, economic, social and criminal impacts of IWT and wildlife trafficking 4. IWT and wildlife trafficking relationships with other international crime Presentation outline
- 4. Overall wildlife population trends inside protected areas Species 1960s 1982- 1983 1995-1996 1999- 2003 2004- 2006 2007- 2010 2011 2011-2014 Buffalo 60,000 25,000 18,000 17,800 30,308 21,565 21,639 36,953 Burchell's Zebra 10,000 5,500 3,200 2,800 6,062 11,814 11,888 Elephant 30,000 2,000 1,900 2,400 4,322 4,393 5346 Rothschild’s giraffe 2,500 350 250 240 259 984 880 Hartebeest 25,000 18,000 2,600 3,400 4,439 4,099 4,001 9667 Hippo 26,000 13,000 4,500 5,300 7,542 6,580 5838 Impala 12,000 19,000 6,000 3,000 4,705 33,565 33,565 Topi 15,000 6,000 600 450 1,669 845 2222 Uganda kob 70,000 40,000 30,000 44,000 34,461 54,861 54,080 77,759 Waterbuck 10,000 8,000 3,500 6,000 6,493 12,925 13,128 12,222 Common Eland 4,500 1,500 500 450 309 1,409 1351 Bright's gazelle 1,800 1,400 100 50 57 No Data Roan 700 300 15 7 5 20 No Data Oryx 2,000 200 0 0 0 0 0 No Data Black Rhino 400 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 Derby’s eland 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Data Northern White Rhino 300 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eastern Black Rhino 400 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 Southern White Rhino No Data No Data No Data No Data 8 11 14 22 Overall wildlife population trends inside protected areas Source: UWA, MTWA, 2016
- 6. Illegal Wildlife Trade • Wildlife trade refers to the trade in wild plants or animals which are a) living, dead (whole), • b) or traded as parts, and • c) derivative products
- 7. Ivory Trafficking Uganda consistently registered increased cases of ivory seizures since 2011 By 2013, over 40 ivory seizures were made large seizures in October 2013 of 2.9 tones; 440Kg and 15 rhino horns in December 2013, 697Kgs of ivory 2200 Kg of pangolin scales in January 2015, 1.303 tons seized in Najanankumbi, February 2017 January 2019, 3299kgs of 1vory and 423kgs of pangolin scales seized by Customs. Uganda is mainly used as a conduit/transit for illegal ivory shipment to East Asia
- 11. Importance of addressing wildlife crime Practical reasons Moral and ethical reasons Protection of human rights Scientific and ecological Economical and medical Aesthetic and recreational Rule of law Why is wildlife crime important?
- 13. SPECIES SPECIFIC IMPACTS • Disruption of social groups (e.g. elephant, lion) • Delayed ovulation and reproduction • Sacrifice child bearing • Genetic depression – inbreeding • Loss of spouse (e.g. Grey Crowned Crane) • Psychological trauma
- 14. Sex ration M:F (1: 1.76) Lion density: 2.76/100 km2
- 15. OTTS: Nov 2018 to April 2019 Lions are moving long distances Female: 292.43km2 Ishasha (30-40 km2)
- 16. Broader scale (species, taxon, geographies)
- 17. Criminal impacts
- 18. IWT and Wildlife trafficking has a relationship with other crimes Commercial crime Organized crime
- 19. ECONOMIC IMPACTS Globally, the industry is worth US$23 billion In Uganda, we risk losing US$1.5 billion from tourism
- 20. The nexus with other domains of criminality
- 21. Relationship with commercial crimes relevant commercial offences Forgery Corruption Fraud Tax evasion Money laundering Human and drug trafficking linked to terrorism and armed rebellion
- 22. Impacts of wildlife crime on local livelihoods • Ecological impacts – loss of biodiversity • Loss of incomes and revenue shared with protected areas • Insecurity • Parallel illegal economies • Corruption • Permanent disability and loss of lives • Disruption of families (widowed spouses and orphaned children)
- 23. Questions? the floor is yours THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- NOTES FOR EDUCATOR There is a practical necessity to protect wildlife: Economic and medical importance of wildlife - wildlife that is actually or potentially useful to human beings considered as wildlife resources Scientific and ecological importance of wild species - this refers to the "biological library" of genetic information and the vital ecological services they provide, such as food and their role to maintain a healthy ecosystem Aesthetic and recreational Importance of wildlife - this includes observation, photography, hunting and fishing. In addition to the practical considerations, many people believe that humans have a moral and ethical responsibility to protect the environment and wildlife. Indeed, many people see nature as something they have inherited, and want to leave to their children again. And while there is no ethical objection to the sustainable use of the environment, there is a serious ethical objection to the total depletion of a resource and the detrimental effect it will have on the ecosystem and the social and economic well-being of future generations. From a legal perspective, some countries/jurisdictions have incorporated a human right to have the environment protected into their Constitution. That is an important motivation to protect the environment notably by combating wildlife crime. An example of such an anthropocentric right can be found in s 24 of the South African Constitution: “Everyone has the right – (a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and (b)to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that- (i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) promote conservation; and (iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.” [Educators are encouraged to replace this example with an example from the jurisdiction of the learners present]
- Strategic objectives of plan
- NOTES FOR EDUCATOR This section is divided into three sub-sections. Introduction to the relationship between wildlife crime and other crimes Relationship with commercial crime Relationship with organized crime
- NOTES FOR EDUCATOR This section is divided into three sub-sections. Introduction to the relationship between wildlife crime and other crimes Relationship with commercial crime Relationship with organized crime
- NOTES FOR EDUCATOR Wildlife crime will link to other statutory offences under legislation dealing with protected areas, unlicensed firearms and ammunition, narcotics (exchanging wildlife products for drugs is a known payment method), customs and excise and public health, as well as commercial and organised crime.
- NOTES FOR EDUCATOR Wildlife crime is often linked with commercial crime -this close connection has its origin in the motivation of almost all wildlife crimes, i.e. financial benefit, as was discussed above. Greedy people commit environmental crimes; greedy people also pay bribes, falsify licences, permits or authorisations - be it a hunting licence or an export documentation (referred to as "forgery" or "document fraud" in some jurisdictions) and commit fraud - all in an effort to ensure an income from their illegal activities. The proceeds of illegal trade are usually the subject of some form of money laundering as well as tax evasion. The huge income generated by some role players must be laundered in some way that also does not show up on tax returns. Another unfortunate complication is that these circumstances where large amounts of money can be generated quickly and easily create a breeding ground for corruption. Wherever a wildlife crime was committed, it is good practice to investigate the possibility that some form of commercial crimes was committed as well!