More Related Content Similar to classification article Similar to classification article (20) 2. mqia;ld, j¾.SlrKhl ;sìh hq;= idOl iy .=K ,laIK ms<sn| ú.%yhla
uydpd¾h ví' ta' ùriqßh"
mqia;ld, yd ú{dmk wOHhk wxYh"
le,Ksh úYAjúoHd,h"
le,Ksh"
Y%S ,xldj.
sooria29@yahoo.com
idr ix.%yh
mqia;ld, i|yd ,nd .kakd fmd;am;a mdGlhdf.a m%fhdackh i|yd rdlal .; lsÍu iy
m%;s-rdlal .; lsÍu msKsi mqia;ld, j¾.SlrK l%uhka wjYH fõ' id¾:l mqia;ld,
j¾.SlrK l%uhka u.ska jvd;a m%Yia; j¾. wxl ks¾udKh lr.; yel' id¾:l
j¾.SlrKhla ilia lsÍfï§;a" th wLKavj" ukdj mj;ajdf.k hdfï§;a j¾.SlrK l%uhka
i|yd fhdod.; hq;= iajNdj" ;;aj" .=K ,laIK iy ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= idOl fudkjd ±hs
.fõIKh lsÍu fuu wOHhkfha uQ,sl wruqKhs'
fiiq wruqKq jkafka ta ta idOl yd ;;ajhka fjk fjku úYaf,aIKh
lr oelaùu" ta ta ;;aj" .=K ,laIK" idOlj, wjYH;dj úu¾Ykh lsÍu" ta ta ;;aj" .=K
,laIK iy idOl j¾.SlrK l%uhka i|yd flf,i odhl jkafka ±hs wOHhkh lsÍu" fuu
idOl j¾.SlrK l%uhlg y÷kajd Èh yels m%ñ;s uÜgfï lreKq f,i y÷kd .ekSu iy
tajdhska ,o yels m%fhdackh fudkjd ±hs úuiSuhs'
Key words: Classification Policy, Design of Classification, Library Classifiaction, Analytico –
Synthetic Classification , Facetel Classification
yeÈkaùu
mdGlhdf.a m%fhdackh i|yd mqia;ld, j,g ,nd .kakd fmd;am;a j,g j¾. wxl fh§u
wruqKq fldg Ndú;hg .ekqKq fyhska mqia;ld, j¾.SlrKh kñka ye|skaúh'
mqia;ld, j¾.SlrKhla fmdÿ fyda úfYaI j¾.SlrK jYfhka ´kEu m%fNaohlg
fmdÿj" tajd f.dvke.sfï §" f.dvke.Su ie,iqïlrKfha §" tajd l%udkql+,j Ndú;hg
.ekSfï § iy l%uj;aj kv;a;= lsÍfï § j¾.SlrK ks¾ud;Djrfhl= fyda j¾.SlrK
ixialrK lñgqjla fyda Ndú; lrkq ,nk wdOqkslhdf.a isg m%ùk mqia;ld,fõ§ka úiska
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= uQ,sl idOl fudkjd ±hs fuu ,smsh u.ska wjOdrKh flf¾' ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;= tu idOl tlsfkl my; ú.%y fldg olajd we;'
3. ir,;dj (Simplicity)
j¾.SlrK l%uh f.dvke.Sfï § iy th wLkavj mj;ajdf.k hdfï § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=
m%Odk;u idOlhla jkafka j¾.SlrKfha ir,;djhs' fuys§ úIhhka fm<.eiaùu" m%Odk
j¾. mx;s kï lsÍu iy ixúOdkh" wxlkh" pl% iy pl%j, wka;¾.; lreKq iy úia;r
b;d ir, whqßka ilia l, hq;= fõ' Ndú; lrkq ,nk NdIdj ir, úh hq;=h' j¾.SlrK
l%uh Ndú;hg .kakd ish¨u úoHd¾Ókag" wdOqkslhdf.a isg m%ùkhd olajd iEu wfhl=gu
b;du myiqfjka j¾.SlrK l%uh lshjd f;areï .ekSug" Ndú; lsÍug yelshdj we;s l,
hq;=j we;' äõ oYu j¾.SlrKh f,dalfha m%p,s; ùu i|yd n,mE m%Odk;u lreKla jkafka
tys we;s ir, ieleiauhs' fï wkqj ir,;dj hk idOlh uq¨ uy;a j¾.SlrK moaO;sh mqrdu
we;s iEu wxYhlgu we;=,;a úh hq;=h' WodyrK jYfhka wxlkh iïnkaO hï uQ,O¾uhka
fyda kHdhhka yÿkajd § we;akï tho b;du myiqfjka f;areï .ekSu" ir, Ndú;fhka o
hqla; úh hq;= fõ' úfYaIfhka wxlkfha ir,;dj m%n, jYfhka wdrlaId l, hq;= fõ' úYaj
oYu j¾.SlrKh úoHdkql+, w;ska b;d by< uÜgul ;snqK o tajdfha wxlk moaO;sj, we;s
ixlS¾K;dj ksid j¾.SlrKh Ndú; lrk úfYaIfhka wdOqkslhkag úúO .eg¨ yd
ndOdjkag uqyqK §ug isÿjkq we;'
myiqfjka Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj wju uÜgul mej;Su;a" j¾.SlrK l%uhka w;s ixlS¾K
;;ajhl ;sîu;a" úúO .eg¨ u;= ùug fya;= fõ' j¾.SlrKh f;areï .ekSfï isg m%Odk
jYfhka th Ndú; lsÍu fkdfyd;a mqia;ld, i|yd m%dfhda.sl f,i j¾. wxl ilia lsÍu
i|yd fhdod .ekSfï § úúO ndOd u;=úh yelsh' kHdhdkql+, jYfhka" úoHd;aul jYfhka"
j¾.SlrK l%uh b;d m%Yia; uÜgul ;snqK o" tu j¾.SlrKfhka j¾. wxl f.dvke.Su"
f.dv ke.+ wxl fmd;aj, igyka lsÍu" j¾. wxlh lshjd f;areï .ekSu we;=¿ úúO .eg¨
u;=úh yelsh'
iydhl wkqms<sfj, wdrlaId lsÍu
iydhl wkqms<sfj, (Helpful Sequence) wdrlaId lsÍu hkq úIhhka fm, .eiaùfï §
úIhhka tajdfha {d;s;ajh Wmßu whqßka wdrlaId jk mßÈ Satija, (2001) tl wdikakfha
;eîuhs'
Wm f,aLkh mqrdu iydhl wkqms<sfj, wdrdlaId l, hq;= fõ' rka.kdoka
iydhl wkqms<sfj, wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd rEm igyka wxl 01 ys rgdj yÿkajd § ;sfí'
rEm igyka wxl 01
4. iydhl wkqms<sfj, wkqj {d;s úIhhka Batley, (2005) tl ,Õskau ;efí'
{d;s fkdjk úIhhka tajdg wod, ia:dkj, ;ekam;a flf¾' fï wkqj iydhl wkqms<sfj,
my; i|yka ia:dkj,§ wdrlaId lr.; hq;= fõ'
³ m%Odk j¾. mx;s ,ehsia;=j
³ ta ta úIhhkaj,
³ Wm f,aLkfhys
³ j¾.S lD; iqÑh
³ fmd;a rdlal ;=,
iydhl wkqms<sfj, ì|S hdu" {d;s úIhhka úisr hEu" ;¾ldkql+, nj ì|S hdu iy
j¾.SlrK moaO;sh wjq,a ù hdu u;" mqia;ld,hl .%ka: ixúOdkhg uy;a n,mEula we;s
lrkq we;'
fNaol ,laIK Ndú;h
fNaol ,laIK fkdfyd;a úfNaol (Characteristics of division) hkq iudk foaj,a fjku
tl;= lr rdYSlrKh lr ±laùug;a" thg wiudk foa fjka lr ±laùug;a fhdod .kakd
ks¾Kdhl fkdfyd;a Sayers, (1959) ñkqï o~q fõ' WodyrK f,i fïihla Wv we;s
fmd;am;a iuQyhla tajd tlsfkl fnod fjka lr .ekSu i|yd msg ljrfha we;s j¾Kh
fhdod .; yelsh' fuys§ —j¾Kh˜ hkak fNaol ,laIKhls' fmd;aj, msgljrh we;=¿j
fmd;a ne| we;s whqre i,ld n,d fmd;am;a fnod fjkalr ±laùfï § fmd;am;a —ne÷u˜
fNaolh fõ' tajd úúO úIhhka i,ld fjka lr ±laùfï § fNaol ,laIKh jkafka —úIhhs˜'
tu fmd;au" tajdfha m%ldYs; j¾I wkqj rdYSlrKh lrkaafka kï tys fNaol ,laIKh
jkafka —m%ldYs; j¾Ih˜ hkakhs' tu fmd;am;a ish,a,u tajdfha wka;¾.; lrKq wkqj"
idys;H lD;s" wd§ jYfhka rdYSlrKh lrkafka kï" tys fNaol ,laIKh jkAfka —f,aLk
j¾.h˜ hkakhs' fï wkqj hï úIhhla" j¾.hla" tajd fnod fjka lsÍfï §" iudk oE tl;eka
lsÍfï §" fNaol ,laIK m%fhdackj;a fõ' fï wkqj úfNaol fkdfyd;a fNaol ,laIK .%ka:
j¾.SlrK l%uhlg b;d w;HjYH u fohla njg y÷kajd Èh yelsh' m%Odk j¾. mx;s
,ehsia;=j ilia lsÍu" úIh ixúOdkh" yd Wm f,aLkh ilia lsÍu" úIh yel=¿ï fyj;a
idrdxY (Summaries) ilia lsÍu" wxlkh ilia lsÍu we;=¿ iuia: j¾.SlrKh i|yd u
fuu fNaol ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu yd Ndú;h w;HjYH fõ'
iauD;s iydhl Ndú;h
iauD;s iydhl (Mnemonics) hkq u;l ;nd.ekSug lrk Wmldr kñ' j¾.SlrKfha § j¾.
wxl iy j¾. wxl moAO;s u;l ;nd .ekSfï myiqj i|yd;a" tu wxl taldldÍ wkaoñka
j¾.SlrK l%uh ;=, wod, ;ekays kej; kej; fh§u i|yd Krishan Kumar (1988) wruqKq
fldg iauD;s iydhl Ndú; lrkq ,efí' iauD;s iydhl" wxlk moaO;shg we;=¿ lrkq ,nk
úfYaI .=Khla" úfYaI ,laIKhla f,i ye|skaúh yelsh' iauD;s iydhl jeäfhka Ndú;
lsÍu ;=<" j¾.SlrK l%uh úYsIag j¾.SlrKhla njg m;a fõ' äõ oYu j¾.SlrKh fuu
.=Kh ukdj fhdod f.k we;' WodyrK f,i äõ j¾.SlrKfha fojk idrdxYfhys j¾.
wxl 400 NdIdj iy j¾. wxl 800 iauD;s iydhl l%udkql+,j Ndú; fldg we;s nj
WodyrK f,i Wmqgd ±laúh yelsh' fï wkqj iauD;s iydhl" j¾.SlrK l%uhka i|yd
5. wjYHu tla .=Kdx.hla f,i y÷kajd Èh yelsh' iauD;s iydhl fhdod .ekSu fya;=
fldgf.k" j¾. wxlj, l%udkql+,nj" talñ;sl iajrEmh" Ndú; lsÍfï myiqj yd
;¾ldkql+,nj" kej; kej; Ndú; lsÍfï myiqj" j¾. wxl ixIsma; lr .; yels ùu"
Ndú; lrkakdf.a myiqj we;s lsÍu jeks jdis w;a fõ'
pl%j, .=Kd;aul iy m%udKd;aul ^ixLHd;aul& iajNdjh
j¾.SlrKhl pl% ixLHdj jeäùu hym;a j¾.SlrKhl m%Odk ,laIKhls' pl% u.ska
bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka úIh iajrEmhka h' Wmf,aLk ;=, úIhka we;=,;a lrk w;r
úIhkaj, iajrEm pl%j,g we;=,;a flf¾' my; i|yka ud;Dldfõ úIh iy úIh iajrEm
fudkjd ±hs olajd we;'
úIh iy úIh iajrEm
Encyclopadia of economics and economics growth of Sri Lanka in 1970- 1990
rEm igyk wxl 02
fuhg wu;rj" pl%j, wNHka;rh" .=Kd;aulj jeäÈhqKq l, hq;= fõ' WodyrK f,i
±lajqjfyd;a N+f.da,Sh pl%fhys rgj,a ±laùfï § ta ta rfgys we;s m%dka;" k.rj,a" wd§
jYfhka pl%h we;=,; mq¿,a lsÍu .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okhhs' pl% m%udKh tkï jeämqr pl%
ixLHdjla ±laùu ;=,ska ´kEu úIh iajrEmhla fmkajd Èh yels jkq we;' fo;s;a iy úYaj
oYu j¾.SlrK fuf,i pl% ixLHdj iy pl%j, wNHka;rh Yla;su;aj ilialr we;'
j¾.SlrKhl id¾:lNdjh ;SrKh lsÍfï m%n, idOlhla f,i pl%j, ixj¾Okh ±laúh
yelsh'
j¾.SlrKhl ;sìh hq;= wjYH fldgia fkdfyd;a uQ,sldx. yels;dla ÿrg we;==,;a lsÍu
j¾.SlrK l%uhlg we;=,;a úh hq;= uQ,sldx. .Kkdjla we;' j¾.SlrKh moaO;shla
^System) f,i f.dvkef.kqfha fuu uQ,sldx. ^wjYHldx.& Rowley, and Farrow, (2000)
we;=,;a jqjfyd;a muKs' ta wkqj my; i|yka fldgia ^uQ,sldx.& j¾.SlrK l%uhlg we;=,;a
úh hq;= fõ'
»' yeÈkaùu" j¾.slrK l%ufha b;sydih Wmfoia iy ixúOdk fldgi
»»' pl% fkdfyd;a j.=
»»»' m%Odk j¾. mx;s ,ehsia;=j
»¼' Wm f,aLkh fkdfyd;a wkqiqqÑ
¼' fmdÿ j¾.h
¼»' wxlkh
6. ¼»»' NdIdj iy NdId ixúOdkh
¼»»»' úoHd;aul wxYh
»½' wkql%uKsldj
by; fldgia j,ska NdIdj iy NdId ixúOdkh hkq j¾.SlrK l%uh Ndú; lrkq ,nk iq.u
NdIdj iy iuia; NdId Ndú;hhs' fuu ,smsfha fjk;a ia:dkhl fuu lreK ú.%y lr we;'
úoHd;aul wxYh hkq" j¾.SlrK l%uhlg we;=,;a lrkq ,nk
úúO uQ,O¾u" m%;sm;a;s" kHdh" Wml%u" mámdá" isoaOdka; wjYH mßÈ we;=,;a lsÍu iy tajd
ksjerÈj fhdod .ekSuhs' tajd j¾.SlrKh mqrdu mej;sh yelsh' fuu lreK" úoHdkql+, úh
hq;=h hk ud;Dldj hgf;a úia;r lr we;'
úoHdkql+, úh hq;=h
j¾.SlrK l%uh úoHdkql+, úh hq;= fõ' j¾.SlrK l%uhla úoHdkql+, hkqfjka woyia
lrkqfha" tu j¾.SlrKh fldf;la ÿrg j¾.SlrK uQ,O¾u" j¾.SlrK m%;sm;a;s" úúO
Wml%u" l%ufõo yd l%u Ys,am" kHdhhka" isoAOdka;" j¾.SlrK kS;s" j¾.SlrK m%ñ;s"
j¾.SlrK igyka" ks¾jpk" meyeÈ,s lsÍï" w¾: ksrEmK fhdod f.k ;sfí o" Ranganathan,
(1960) tajdfha m%udKh" .=Kh iy uÜguhs' tajd ta ta wod, ia:dkj, we;=,;a j ;sìh hq;=h'
fo;s;a j¾.SlrKh úoHdkql+, w;ska by< ia:dkhla fyì j¾.SlrK l%uhla njg m;aù
we;af;a fï ksidh'
j¾. wxl ilia lsÍfï § u;=jk .eg¿ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu" b;d
myiqfjka j¾. wxlh ilia lsÍu" ksh; úIh fidhd .ekSu iy ta i|yd WÑ;u j¾. wxlh
ks¾udKh lr .ekSu" jeks wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd j¾.SlrKh úoHdkql+,j ilia l,
hq;= fõ' tneúka u;= i|yka úoHd;aul lreKq j¾.SlrKhlg fhdod .; hq;= fõ'
uqLdY%s; .=Kh (Faceted quality)
ir, úIhla (Simple Subject) wvx.= .%ka:hla j¾. lsÍu b;d myiq fõ' ir, úIhla hkq tla
úIhla wvx.= ;;ajhhs' ixhqla; úIhla (Compound Subject) wvx.= lD;shla hkq tlu úIhl
úIh md¾Yj folla fyda follg jvd jeäfhka we;s ;;ajhls' tjeks lD;shla i|yd o j¾.
wxlh iemhSu myiqfjka l, yelsh' tfy;a ixlS¾K úIhla wvx.= lD;shla i|yd j¾. wxl
iemhSu ÿIalr l%shdjls' ixlS¾K úIhla (Complex Subject) hkq tla úIhla iu. thg
yd;ami fjk;a úIhla fyda úIh lsysmhla fyda fjk;a úIh md¾Yj .Kkdjla iïnkaO
ùuhs' Ranganathan, (1990). fuys§ uqLdY%s; .=Kfhka wkQk j¾.SlrKhla j¾. wxl iemhSu
i|yd fhdod .; hq;= fõ' uqLdY%s; .=Kh Batra, (2004), hkq úIhka .Kkdjla ^úúO úIhhka&
wvx.= fkdfyd;a úúO úIh uqL wvx.= lD;shla i|yd ta ta úIh uqLh meyeÈ,sj u j¾. wxl
;=,ska" ixfla; ;=,ska ±laùfï yelshdjhs' uqLdY%s; .=Kh wvqfjka we;s j¾.SlrKhla u.ska
tla úIhla i|yd muKla j¾. wxlh iemhSug isÿjkq we;' fï wkqj úúO úIh" úúO
me;slv fmkaùfï .=Kh uqLdY%s; .=Kh jk w;r" j¾.SlrKhlg fuu .=Kh we;=,;a l,
hq;=h' uqLdY%s; .=Kh jeä lsÍu ;=, úIh úYaf,aIKh" úúO úIh i|yd kshñ; j¾. wxl
iemhSfï yelshdj" mdGl wjYH;d Wmßu whqßka bgqlr §u" ksh; úIh i|yd j¾. wxl
,nd§fï yelshdj jeks jdis w;a fõ'
úYaf,aIS ‐ ixiaf,aIS .=Kh
7. uqLdY%s; .=Kh yd noaO jQ .=Khla f,i úYaf,aIS‐ ixiaf,aIs .=Kh ye|skaúh yelsh' lsishï
§¾> .%ka: kduhla ^ixlS¾K úIh wvx.=& we;s lD;shl tla tla úIh uqLh fjk fjku
fjkalr .ekSu fkdfyd;a tlsfkl úIh uqLfha wvx.= úIh" m%ñ;s.; úIh mo ^j¾.SlrK
l%uhl wvx.=& Ndú; lrñka úYaf,aIKh lsÍu úIh uqL úYAf,aIKh fõ' tu l%shdj,sh úIh
úYaf,aIKh (Subject Analysis) Hjorland (1997) jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí' ta ta úIh moh
i|yd j¾. wxl fldgia fyda ixfla; weñKSu úIh uqL ixiaf,aIKh jYfhka y÷kajkq
,efí' fuu yelshdj úfYaI .=Khla jk w;r j¾.SlrKhkag ;sìh hq;= w;HjYHu
.=Kdx.hls' fuf,i j¾. wxl fldgia fyda ixfla; fldgia tlsfkl weñKSu úIh uqL
ixiaf,aIKh fkdfyd;a úIh ixiaf,aIKh kñ' (Subject Synthesis) tkï ta ta úIh moh
i|yd j¾. wxl$ wxlh fh§uhs' tkï ksh; j¾. wxlh tl,ia lsÍuhs'
fjkiaùï l<ukdlrK .=Kh (Change management quality)
j¾.SlrK l%uhla ld,h;a iu.u" ta ta mdßißl" wd¾Ól" idudðl" foaYmd,kuh" yd fjk;a
úúO ;;ajhka iy wNsfhda. yuqfõ fkdie,sj tajdg uqyqK foñka o" tu fjkiaùï yd
wkqj¾;kh fjñka o" wjYH;d wkqj j¾.SlrKh ilia lsÍfï yelshdj iy fjkia ùu fuu
lreKg wod, fõ' fuu fjkia ùï l<ukdlrKfha § j¾.SlrK l%uh my; i|yka idOl
ms<sn| ie,ls,a, fhduq l, hq;= fõ'
NdId Ndú;h
j¾.SlrK l%uh i|yd NdIdj b;d iQlaIu whqßka fhdod .; hq;=h' kQ;k jHjydrh fukau
NdIdj wkd.;fha § fjkia jk wdldrh .ek o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ' úIh mo fh§u"
ir, NdId Í;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu" mo md,k rgdjla wkq.ukh lsÍu" .%duH iy jHx.d¾:"
iy fodaI iys; mo fjkqjg jHjydßl" ksjerÈ" fhda.H;u mo Ndú;h" ksjerÈ jdlH rgd
wkq.ukh lsÍu .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' j¾.SlrKh hkq úYajhg fmdÿ jQ fohla neúka
úYajhgu .e,fmk NdId ffY,shla wkq.ukh l, hq;= fõ' flá jdlH rgdjla wkq.ukh
l, hq;= fõ' Wmf,aLk j, §¾> úia;r bÈßm;a lsÍu fkdl, hq;= fõ' ksjerÈ NdId
ixúOdkh ;=< mdGl myiqj we;sùu" j¾.SlrKh Ndú; lrkakkaf.a myiqj" ksjerÈj úIh
yÿkd.; yelsùu" ksjerÈ yd wod, f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj" j¾.SlrKh i|yd
ms<s.ekSula ,eîu" m%ñ;slrKh jeks m%fhdack w;a fõ'
wxlkh id¾:lj yeisrùu
wxlkh id¾:lj bÈßm;a l, hq;= fõ' wod, ;kays ir, wxlkh;a" wod, ;kays ñY%
wxlkh;a ukdj l<ukdlrKh l, hq;= fõ' wxlkh f.dvke.Sfï § my; i|yka .=K yd
;;ajhka wxlkhl ;sîu wjOdrKh flf¾' rKisxy" (2011)
wxlkhl ;sìh hq;= iajNdj yd .=Kdx.
1' ir,;dj (Simplicity)
2' ixIsma;;dj (Brevity)
3' wd.ka;=l i;aldr nj (Hospitability)
8. 4' kuHYS,s;ajh (Elasticity)
5' jHdma; lsÍfï yelshdj (Extendability)
6' iauD;s iyhl .=Kh (Mnemonic value)
7' m%ldYksh;dj (Expressiveness)
8' talSh iajrEmh (Uniqueness)
9' Oqrdkq l%uh ±laùfï yelshdj (Hierarchical ability)
wjYH ;kays fulS .=Kdx." wxlkh i|yd Ndú; l, hq;= fõ'
wxlkh hkq j¾.SlrKfha yoj;hs' fuys§ wxlkh ksjerÈj yeisrùu u.ska j¾.SlrKh
Ndú; lrk whf.a myiqj we;sùu" úoHdkql+,nj ;yjqre ùu" ksh; j¾. wxl ieliSfï
yelshdj we;=¿ iuia; j¾.SlrK moaO;sfhau id¾:l;ajh we;s fõ'
kjH;dj (Modernity)
j¾.SlrK l%uh kjH;dj .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ' fuys§ w¿;ska meñfKk úIhka
wdjrKh lr .ekSfï yelshdfjka hqla; úh hq;= fõ' wkjYH yd Ndú;fhka f;dr úIhka
bj;a lsÍfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;= fõ' NdIdj Ndú;h we;=¿ iEu lreKla i|ydu kjH;dj
n,mdkq ,nhs'
ixialrK yelshdj
j¾.SlrKh l,ska l,g fjkia lsÍfï" ixialrKh lsÍfï yelshdfjka hqla; úh hq;=h' j¾.
wxl j," úIhkaj," úIh moj," NdId Ndú;fha §" kS;s Í;s " we;=¿ j¾.SlrKfha wod,
fldgia fjkia lsÍu fyda kej; ilia lsÍu" w¿;ska yÿkajd §u wd§ lghq;= i|yd"
j¾.SlrK ixialrK m%;sm;a;shla" ld, rduqjla l,skau ilid .; hq;= fõ' äú oYu
j¾.SlrKh iEu j¾I myla fyda y;l ld,hla ;=, Dewey, (1996), kj ixialrKhla bÈßm;a
flf¾'
idOdrK yd wmlaImd;s;ajh
j¾.SlrKh tl rgl" tla NdIdjlg" tla ck j¾.hlg" mlaImd;S fkdù úYaj idOdrK úh
hq;=h' ta ta wd.ï i|yd mlaImd;s;ajh bj;a lr .; hq;=h' mlaImd;s;ajh bj;a lr .kq jia
úúO úoHd;aul l%u Ys,am" ixl,am" Ndú; l, hq;= fõ' äú oYu j¾.SlrKh l%ufhka
widOdrK yd mlaImd;S j¾.SlrK rduqfjka ksoyiaj wmlaImd;S yd idOdrK j¾.SlrKhla
njg m;a fjñka mj;S'
foaYSh" cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r wjYH;d .=Kh
id¾:l j¾.SlrKhla ùug kï Ndú; lrk j¾.SlrK l%uh ta ta rgj, foaYSh;ajh wdrlaId
lsÍfï .=Kfhka hqla; úh hq;= fõ' foaYSh yd m%dfoaYSh wjYH;djkag" Broughton, (2004)
foaYShj ìysù we;s ±kqï moaO;s" yd foaYSh úIhka wdjrKh lsÍfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;= fõ'
cd;sl wjYH;d fuka cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.; jQ;a" ksrjq,a jQ;a j¾.SlrKhla ilialr
9. .ekSug wêIaGdkh l, hq;= fõ' fuys§ úIhhka i|yd" NdIdj i|yd j¾. wxl" ixfla;
hkdÈh fuu wjYH;djhkag wkql+,j ilial, hq;= fõ' we;eï wjia:dj, foaYSh
wjYH;djka wkqj úIh fjkia lsÍu" w¿;a wxl moaO;shla yÿkajd §u" úIh moaO;shla
yÿkajd §ï lsÍfï yelshdfjka hqla; úh hq;= fõ' rgl idudðl" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,kuh"
ixialD;sluh isÿjk úm¾hdi yd fjkialï j,g .e,fmk wkaoñka j¾.SlrKh ilialr
.ekSfï .=Kfhka hqla; úh hq;= fõ' Wod ( fidaúhÜ foaYh foaYmd,k fjkialï yd
N+f.da,Sh fnÿï fjkia ùu ±laúh yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ kï nqoaOO¾uh fyda wdhq¾fõoh i|yd
kj úIh yd wxlk moaO;shla ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj j¾.SlrK m%;sm;a;s ;=,skau ,nd Èh
hq;= fõ' rka.kdokaf.a foaYSh úúO;aj uQ,O¾uh (Principle of Local Variations) fuu
lreK .ek wjOdrKh lr we;' fï fya;=fjka ksjerÈ j¾. ,nd§fï yelshdj" j¾.SlrK
moaO;sfha id¾:l;ajh" i¾jld,Sk nj" wod,;djh" j¾.SlrK l%ufha ixj¾Okh"
mqia;ld,hdêm;Ska we;=¿ mdGl m%cdj i|yd myiqj jeks m%fhdack w;a fõ'
id¾j yd iQlaIu j¾.SlrK .=Kh
j¾.SlrK l%uhka fmdÿ j¾.SlrKhla f,i Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj m%Yia; whqßka ;sìh hq;=
fõ' ta yd iudkj úfYaI j¾.SlrKhla f,i Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdjka yd bvlv mq¿,a l,
hq;=h' úYaj oYu j¾.SlrKh" fuhg hym;a kso¾Ykhla jYfhka fmkajd Èh yelsh'
wOHdmk yd m¾fhaIK .=Kh
úYsIag .Kfha j¾.SlrKhla kï th wOHdmk yd m¾fhaIK .=Kfhka wkQk úh hq;= fõ'
hula bf.k .ekSu fukau m¾fhaIK yd w;ayod ne,Sï lsÍu hï hym;a j¾.SlrKhl
;sfnk ,laIKhls' fuu ,laIKh fo;s;a j¾.SlrKh ;=, ;sfí' fuu .=Kh ;=,ska
j¾.SlrK l%uh ;j;a ÈhqKq lsÍfï wjia:d Wod fõ'
mß.Kl .; mßirhg .e,fmk .=Kh
j¾.SlrK l%uh kQ;k f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhg .e,fmk ta yd noaO ù lghq;=
l, yels j¾.SlrKhla njg m;a l, hq;= fõ' úoaHq;a fyda ixLHdxl (Digital) fyda ud¾..;
(Online) l%u Tiafia j¾.SlrKh Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj" kj uDÿldx. ks¾udKh lsÍfï
yelshdj" iqÑlrKh" wkql%uKsldlrKh" f;dr;=re ixúOdkh yd f;dr;=re iuqoaOrKh
i|yd .e,fmk wkaoñka f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfï § j¾.SlrK l%uh flf,i odhl
lr .; hq;= o hkak .ek fuys wjOdrKh Chan, (1995) l, hq;= fõ' laIKslj" iajhxl%Shj
j¾. wxl ilid .ekSu" ijhxl%Shj j¾. wxl fhdod .ksñka mjd f;dr;=re iuqoaOrKh
lsÍfï yelshdj j¾.SlrK l%uhka ;=, ;sìh hq;= fõ'
iudf,dapkh
j¾.SlrK l%uhla id¾:l jkafka" thska b,lal lr.;a m%Odk;u mrud¾:h yd wfmalaIs;
wruqKq uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd th ilialr we;s l%shdoduh u;h' tkï j¾.SlrKh
ilia lsÍu ie,iqïlrKh" j¾.SlrKhla wx. iïmQ¾K id¾:l j¾.SlrKhla m;alr
.ekSfï§ ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= ks¾Kdhl" .=Kdx." .=K ,laIK" iajNdj" ;;aj" uQ,O¾u"
m%;sm;a;s" l%fudamdhk" Wmdh ud¾." j¾.SlrKhl ;sìh hq;= uQ,sldx. Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu
hkd§ idOl ukdj Ndú;h ;=,h'
10. fuu ,smsh u.ska wjOdrKh lrk ,oafoa j¾.SlrKhl ;sìh hq;=" j¾.SlrK
l%uhla id¾:l j¾.SlrKhla njg m;alr .ekSfï § j¾.SlrK ks¾ud;Djreka" j¾.SlrK
ixialrK lñgq" j¾.SlrK úIh W.kajk" bf.k .kq ,nk úoHd¾Òka" j¾.SlrK l%uh
Ndú; lrk mqia;ld,fõ§ka o we;=¿j" ta ish¨u whg wod, lafIa;%h ms<sn|j ukdj ±kqj;a
lsÍuhs'
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