CSP microproject (join all india polytechnic AICTE telegram group (SONAR system)(1).pptx Sonar system working explanation

1. A MICRO-PROJECT
ON
“Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain
working of SONAR system”

2. Session:- 2022-23
This micro-project work submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of Diploma
in Electronics & telecommunication engg. for subject Environmental studies
Under The Guidance Of
Prof.A.S.Deshmukh
(Lecturer in Electronics & Tele-Communication Engg. Dept.)
By
Kalpak Sinvhagade
(Roll no. 1)

3. Government Polytechnic,Bramhapuri
Dist-Chandrapur
Department Of Electronics Technology
This is to certify that the following students of this institute have carried out this micro-project work on
“Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain working of SONAR system“ under the guidance of
Prof.A.S.Deshmukh sir in the Department of Electronics & telecommunication Engg. during the session
2022-23. This work has been done in the partial fulfilment of the award for in Diploma in Electronics &
telecommunication Engg. from Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.

4. PART - A
(Micro project proposal)
“Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain working of SONAR system”
1. Brief Introduction:
The term SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging. It is a device used for measuring distance
using ultrasonic waves. Sound waves of ultrasound frequencies are sent and received over a distance. By
calculating the time it takes for sound to travel, they calculate the distance from where the sound got
reflected.
2. Aim of the Project:
The microproject aim at :
“Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain working of SONAR system”
3. Intended Course Outcomes:
Maintain various types of RADAR system for the specified application

5. 4.0 Literature Review
The knowledge about the topic was collected by different Sources. Different sites as
well as using web link. Also, I Met the teacher related with this topic, I got good
Information on internet. Also, in class lecture our subject Teacher Prof.A.S.Deshmukh sir
informed us about :- “Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain working of SONAR
system”
5.0 Proposed Methodology
 Initially I select the project topic.
 Then I discussed the given topic with our project guide.
 After the discussion I collect information & picture related to the given topic from internet &
other resources.
 After collection I started working on micro-project proposal Part-A & Part B.
 While working on micro-project I implemented all the collected information & picture related
to the given topic.
 After implementation I completed the micro-project.
 After completion of micro-project I submitted the micro-project to our project guide.

6. Sr.No Name of
Resource/material
Specification Qty Remarks
1. Computer Windows 7, 32bit, Internet,
Google, Microsoft office, etc
1 Ok
2. Microwave and RADAR
Engineering
Author :- Kulkarni, M. 1 Ok
3. Introduction to sonar
system engineering
Dr. Lawrence J. Ziomek 1 Ok
4. Notes Notes on sonar system 1 Ok
6.0 Resource Required (major resources like material,tools,software etc.)

7. 7.0 Action Plan (Sequence & time required for major activities for 8 Weeks)
Sr.No Details of activity Planned Start
date
Planned Finish
date
Name of Responsible
Team Members
1. Discuss about the topic 23 / 11 / 2022 23 / 11 / 2022
Kalpak Sinvhagade
2. Information search from
various resources
24 / 11 / 2022 25 / 11/ 2022
3. Implement Part A 26 / 11 / 2022 28 / 11 / 2022
4. Search information 29 / 11 / 2022 1 / 12 / 2022
5. Study on your microproject 2 / 12 / 2022 3 / 12 / 2022
6. Final Project Report 4 / 12 / 2022 5 / 12 / 2022
7. Submission / 10 / 2022 / 10 / 2022

8. PART - B
(Micro project proposal)
“Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain working of SONAR system”
1. Brief Introduction:
The term SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging. It is a device used for measuring distance
using ultrasonic waves. Sound waves of ultrasound frequencies are sent and received over a distance. By
calculating the time it takes for sound to travel, they calculate the distance from where the sound got
reflected.
2. Aim of the Project:
The microproject aim at :
“Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain working of SONAR system”
3. Intended Course Outcomes:
Maintain various types of RADAR system for the specified application

9. 4.0 Literature Review
The knowledge about the topic was collected by different Sources. Different sites as
well as using web link. Also, I Met the teacher related with this topic, I got good
Information on internet. Also, in class lecture our subject Teacher Prof.A.S.Deshmukh sir
informed us about :- “Prepare PowerPoint presentation to explain working of SONAR
system”
5.0 Proposed Methodology
 Initially I select the project topic.
 Then I discussed the given topic with our project guide.
 After the discussion I collect information & picture related to the given topic from internet &
other resources.
 After collection I started working on micro-project proposal Part-A & Part B.
 While working on micro-project I implemented all the collected information & picture related
to the given topic.
 After implementation I completed the micro-project.
 After completion of micro-project I submitted the micro-project to our project guide.

10. contents
Introduction
History of sonar
Sonar technology
Active sonar
Passive sonar
Performance factor
Application
limitation

11. introduction
Sonar ,which in itself originally an acronym for
Sound Navigation And Ranging.
It is a method of detecting , locating ,and
determining the speed of objects through the use
of reflected sound waves .
A system using transmitted and reflected
underwater sound waves to detect and locate
submerged objects
The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems
vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high
(ultrasonic).

12. history
We know that some animals (dolphins and bats) have use sound as a
medium of communication and objects detection for millions of years

13. But use of the sound by
humans in the water is initially
recorded by Leonardo da
Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted
into the water was said to be
used to detect vessels by
placing an ear to the tube.
Sonar was first patented by
Lewis Richardson and
German physicist Alexander
Behm in 1913.

14. Sonar
Sonar is a device that is used to detect underwater
objects using sound waves.
In this system a sound pulse is generated and sent
underwater through a transmitter.
sound waves are reflected by the underwater object
which are received at receiver.
The time taken by sound wave to come back is
recorded.
And by knowing the speed of sound wave in water the
distance can be easily calculated by formula.
Distance = speed x time

16. Type of sonar
sonar is of two types:
Active sonar
Passive sonar

17. Active sonar
Active sonar uses sound transmitter and
receiver . And there are 3 modes of
operation :
Monostatic mode
Bistatic mode
Multistatic mode

18. Monostatic mode : when the
transmitter and receiver are at
the same place.
Bistatic mode : when the transmitter and receiver
are separated by some distance.
Multistatic mode : When more transmitters (or more
receivers) are used, again spatially separated.

19. Most sonars are used monostatically with the same array
often being used for transmission and reception.
Active sonar creates a pulse of sound, often called a "ping", and
then listens for reflections (echo) of the pulse.
This pulse of sound is generally created electronically using a
sonar projector consisting of a signal generator, power amplifier
and electro-acoustic transducer/array.
To measure the distance to an object, the time from
transmission of a pulse to reception is measured and
converted into a range by knowing the speed of sound.
To measure the bearing, several hydrophones are used, and the
set measures the relative arrival time to each.

20. Block diagram of an active sonar

21. Functional components
Transmitter : The transmitter generates the outgoing pulse. It determines pulse
width,pulse reception frequency, modulation and carrier frequency.
Transducer array : The individual transducers are simple elements with little or no
directionality. They are arranged in an array to improve the directivity index, which
improves the figure-of-merit by noise reduction.
The array of transducers reduces the beamwidth in the horizontal direction,
and is usually circular in order to give more or less complete coverage
Vertical beam of typical transducer array.

22. Beamforming
processor :
The input/output of each transducer is put through a
,beamforming processor which applies time delays or
phase shifts to each of the signals in such a way as
to create a narrow beam in a particular direction.
The width of the beam formed by the beamforming
processor will determine the bearing accuracy of the
system when searching.

23. Duplexer switch : it is a switch that toggles
between transmitter and receiver.
Syncroniser : Provides overall coordination and
timing for the system. Reset the display for each
new pulse in order to make range measurements.
Receiver : Collects the received energy. The
receiver may also demodulate the return if
frequency modulation is used on transmission

24. Display : Puts all of the detection information into a visual
format. There are several types:
A-scan : the signal along a single beam for a portion of the
listening cycle. A target appears as a raised section if it is in the
beam.
PPI(plan position indicator) : A top-down (geographic view). The
sonar system must sequentially search individual beams which
are displayed in their true or relative form. The strength of the
return is represented by the intensity on the display.

25. A –scan display PPI display

26. Passive sonar
Passive sonar listens without transmitting.
Passive sonar has a wide variety of
techniques for identifying the source of a
detected sound.
Passive sonar system have large sonic
database but sonar operator classify signals
by use of computer and use these
databases to identify classes of ships and
action.

27. Block diagram of passive sonar

28. Functional components
Hydrophone array : These are the sensitive elements which detect the
acoustic energy emitted from the target. Again, they are arranged into an array to
improve the beamwidth.
The cylindrical array operates at a fixed vertical angle, usually downward.The
large downward angles are only used for bottom bounce detection

29. Beamforming processor : the
passive system must listen to all
angles at all times. This requires a
very wide beamwidth. The passive
beamforming processor applies a
unique set of time delays/phase
shifts to the signal to create a
particular beam. The difference in
a passive system is that this
process is repeated several times,
each with a different set of time
delays/phase shifts, in order to
listen to many narrow beams
nearly simultaneously.

30. Frequency Analyzer :
The frequency analyzer breaks the signal into separate frequencies. This
is the spectrum of the signal. For processing purposes, the frequencies
are divided into small bands known as frequency bins.
The width of each bin is called the analysis bandwidth.

31. Performance factor
Sound propagation : Sonar operation is affected by
variations in sound speed, particularly in the vertical
plane. Sound travels more slowly in fresh water than in
sea water. The speed is determined by the water's bulk
modulus and mass density. The bulk modulus is
affected by temperature, dissolved impurities (usually
salinity), and pressure.
Speed = 4388 + (11.25 × temperature (in °F)) +
(0.0182 × depth (in feet)) + salinity (in parts-per-
thousand ).

32. Working of the SONAR
SONAR works using ultrasonic waves. A transmitter and receiver are
used in SONAR techniques. The whole device has been loaded into
the ship. Ultrasonic waves or ultrasound are generated by the
transmitter. These waves travel across water. Waves pass through
water and hit objects submerged or on the seabed. These waves are
reflected by objects or the seabed after they strike. As a result, the
receiver collects these waves. The ultrasonic waves are then
converted into electrical signals, which are studied to determine
underwater conditions and obstacles.

33. Representation of the working of SONAR

34. Below defined are the terms related to the working of the
SONAR:
• Emitter & Transmitter: An emitter or transmitter is a device
that produces ultrasonic sound waves and sends them to
different directions of the ship or submarines.
• Receiver: A receiver, sometimes also called a detector is a
device that detects and receives the echo coming from the
transmitted waves coming from different objects and analyses
them to find the distance of the objects and many more such
things.
• Ultrasonic Waves: Ultrasonic waves or ultrasound are those
sound waves that have a frequency greater than 20kHz (or
20,000 Hz).

35. Determination of the depth of sea using SONAR
Let’s consider an example: A ship emits ultrasonic waves in water using the emitter and
receives a wave back after time t, and we know the speed of sound in water is v. If d is
the distance from the object and the ship then the total distance covered by the wave
from emitter to receiver is 2d. Therefore, the speed of the sound in this case is defined
as:
v = Total distance covered by the wave / Time taken
= 2d / t
Simplify for d, as:
d = (v × t) / 2
This is the required expression to determine the distance of the object from the ship.
This method is called the Echo-ranging.

36. Advantages
 It is the only system used to find & identify objects in the
water effectively. It is also used to determine depth of water.
 It is used for various water based activities. This is due to the
fact that sound waves used by SONAR do not attenuate much
in the sea water compare to radar waves and light waves.
 It is very accurate system.
 It is not too expensive.

37. Disadvantages
 The waves emitted by SONAR interfere with whales, dolphines,
seals, turtles, sea lions etc. Hence it threatens marine life.
 SONAR system generates lot of noise which depend on sound
levels generated by SONAR.
 The acoustic waves used in SONAR are affected by sound
velocity variations over depth. This causes refraction of
acoustic energy. Moreover ocean acts as lossy medium for
acoustic waves. This requires use of high level sound waves to
compensate for the losses which results into threat for
humans ( e.g. well divers and military) and sea animals.

38. application
It is used to find the actual depth of the sea.
Sonar systems are used to find lost ships and
submarines.
These are used in ocean surveillance systems.
They are used by navy detect the locations of
enemy submarines.
They are used for under water security.

39. limitation
It has an adverse effects on marine animals like
dolphins and whales ,that also use sound waves for
their navigation.
It leads whales to painful and often fatal
decompression sickness.
The sonar systems generate lot of noise
High intensity sonar sounds can create a small
temporary shift in the hearing threshold of some
fish

40. THANK YOU