The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including classes, objects, data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that describes their properties and behaviors. An object is an instance of a class. Classes contain data members and member functions. Data hiding is achieved through declaring data members as private while member functions can be public or private. The document also discusses constructors, destructors, operator overloading, inheritance and polymorphism.
In this article we will learn classes and objects in C# programming.
Till now in the past two articles we have seen all the labs which was using functional programming. From now in coming all the articles we will do the programming using classes and objects. As this is professional approach of doing the programming. With classes and objects approach, code it reduces code reading complexity and it improves readability and also offers re-usability.
Object Oriented Programming using C++ Part IAjit Nayak
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming using C++. It outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, including fundamentals, simple programs, operators, data types, namespaces, function prototypes, references, default arguments, function overloading, and inline functions. It discusses the motivation for learning OOP and C++. The document also contains examples of simple C++ programs and explanations of concepts like function prototypes, call by value/reference, and overloading. The goal of the course is to understand object-oriented thinking and become familiar with programming in C++.
The document discusses various concepts related to inheritance in C++ including types of inheritance (single, multiple, hierarchical, multilevel, hybrid), defining derived classes, visibility modes (private, public), constructors and destructors in derived classes, virtual base classes, virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract base classes. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C++ such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also covers access specifiers like public, private, and protected. Other topics include friend functions and classes, static and non-static members, constructors, destructors, and inheritance.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. Key concepts are defined, such as classes containing data members and methods. Inheritance allows derived classes to inherit properties of base classes. Polymorphism allows calling the correct overridden method at runtime based on the object type. Virtual functions provide late binding so the correct derived class method is called.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including classes, objects, data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that describes their properties and behaviors. An object is an instance of a class. Classes contain data members and member functions. Data hiding is achieved through declaring data members as private while member functions can be public or private. The document also discusses constructors, destructors, operator overloading, inheritance and polymorphism.
In this article we will learn classes and objects in C# programming.
Till now in the past two articles we have seen all the labs which was using functional programming. From now in coming all the articles we will do the programming using classes and objects. As this is professional approach of doing the programming. With classes and objects approach, code it reduces code reading complexity and it improves readability and also offers re-usability.
Object Oriented Programming using C++ Part IAjit Nayak
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming using C++. It outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, including fundamentals, simple programs, operators, data types, namespaces, function prototypes, references, default arguments, function overloading, and inline functions. It discusses the motivation for learning OOP and C++. The document also contains examples of simple C++ programs and explanations of concepts like function prototypes, call by value/reference, and overloading. The goal of the course is to understand object-oriented thinking and become familiar with programming in C++.
The document discusses various concepts related to inheritance in C++ including types of inheritance (single, multiple, hierarchical, multilevel, hybrid), defining derived classes, visibility modes (private, public), constructors and destructors in derived classes, virtual base classes, virtual functions, pure virtual functions, and abstract base classes. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C++ such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also covers access specifiers like public, private, and protected. Other topics include friend functions and classes, static and non-static members, constructors, destructors, and inheritance.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. Key concepts are defined, such as classes containing data members and methods. Inheritance allows derived classes to inherit properties of base classes. Polymorphism allows calling the correct overridden method at runtime based on the object type. Virtual functions provide late binding so the correct derived class method is called.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
The document discusses key concepts in C++ classes including encapsulation, information hiding, access specifiers, and constructors. It defines a class as a way to combine attributes and behaviors of real-world objects into a single unit. A class uses encapsulation to associate code and data, and information hiding to secure data from direct access. Access specifiers like public, private, and protected determine member visibility. Constructors are special member functions that initialize objects upon instantiation.
Object-oriented programming focuses on data. An object is a basic run-time entity. A class is also known as a user-defined data type. Inheritance provides the idea of reusability. Objects can communicate with each other through message passing. Polymorphism is achieved through operator overloading and function overloading.
This document provides an introduction to object oriented programming concepts in Java for absolute beginners. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, abstraction, inheritance, interfaces, polymorphism, overriding, overloading and encapsulation. It includes examples and exercises to demonstrate each concept. The exercises involve creating classes for vehicles like Ferrari and Audi, making them inherit from an abstract Vehicle class, implementing interfaces, overriding and overloading methods. The goal is to help readers understand and apply OOP concepts in Java.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. It also covers C++ specific topics like functions, arrays, strings, modular programming, and classes and objects in C++. The document is intended to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of OOP using C++.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines what a class is, how classes are declared with public and private members, and how objects are instantiated from classes. It also describes defining member functions inside and outside of classes, and the use of static class members and friend functions.
1. The document discusses separating a class interface from its implementation by defining the class in a header file and defining member functions in a source code file.
2. It shows a Time class defined in the time1.h header file and member functions defined in the time1.cpp source file.
3. A driver program includes the header file, creates a Time object, and calls member functions to demonstrate the separation of interface and implementation.
Classes allow users to bundle data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Data members store data within each object, while member functions implement behaviors. Classes support access specifiers like public and private to control access to members. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory for data members. Member functions can access object data members and are called on objects using dot notation. Friend functions allow non-member functions to access private members of classes.
Static Data Members and Member FunctionsMOHIT AGARWAL
Static data members and static member functions in C++ classes are shared by all objects of that class. Static data members are initialized to zero when the first object is created and shared across all instances, while static member functions can only access other static members and are called using the class name and scope resolution operator. The example program demonstrates a class with a static data member "count" that is incremented and accessed by multiple objects to assign increasing code values, and a static member function "showcount" that prints the shared count value.
Constructors and destructors in Python.
Constructors are special methods that are called automatically when an object is created. They initialize variables and ensure objects are properly initialized. There are two types of constructors: default and parameterized. Default don't take arguments, parameterized do.
Destructors are called when an object is destroyed. Defined using __del__(), they are useful for releasing resources like closing files before a program exits.
The document then provides code examples of classes with constructors, parameterized constructors, and destructors. It also discusses Python's garbage collection and how the collector deletes unneeded objects to free memory space.
Data abstraction and object orientationHoang Nguyen
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides historical context on the development of these concepts over time in languages like Simula67, Smalltalk, C++, Java, and others. Key aspects covered include data abstraction, abstract data types, classes, inheritance hierarchies, visibility rules, constructors and destructors, virtual functions, and multiple inheritance.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and data hiding. It explains key OOP concepts like classes define custom data types with attributes and methods, objects are instances of classes, encapsulation groups related data and code, inheritance creates specialized classes from general classes, polymorphism allows one interface for multiple forms. It also discusses concepts like abstract classes, interfaces, constructors, destructors, operator overloading and access modifiers for data hiding. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to fundamental OOP principles in C++.
Object-oriented programming uses abstraction and encapsulation through abstract data types (ADTs). An ADT defines a data type and its interface independently of its implementation. This allows information hiding and modular program design. Common languages like C++, Java, and Ruby support ADTs through classes or modules, which package data with methods, support inheritance and polymorphism, and provide visibility control through private/public access specifiers. Parameterized ADTs allow a data type to work with different element types. Namespaces and packages provide separate scopes to avoid naming conflicts.
This document outlines the course content for a Programming in C++ course, including 12 topics that will be covered: 1) principles of object oriented programming, 2) beginning with C++, 3) tokens, expressions, and control structures, 4) functions in C++, 5) classes and objects, 6) constructors and destructors, 7) operator overloading and type conversions, 8) inheritance, 9) pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 10) managing console I/O operations, 11) working with files, and 12) templates and exception handling. Students will write programs based on the curriculum and six reference books are provided.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C++ including objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, constructors, destructors, and exception handling. It defines each concept and provides examples of how it is implemented in C++ code. For instance, it explains that a class is a user-defined data type that holds its own data members and member functions, and provides an example class declaration. It also discusses polymorphism and provides examples demonstrating method overloading and overriding.
C++ classes allow programmers to encapsulate data and functions into user-defined types called classes. A class defines the data attributes and functions that operate on those attributes. Classes support object-oriented programming by allowing objects to be created from a class which store and manipulate data private to the class through public member functions.
The document discusses the implementation of object-oriented programming concepts in C++ using classes. It defines what a class is, how to declare objects of a class, access members of a class using dot operators, and define member functions inside and outside the class. It also covers topics like static members, inline functions, constant member functions, nested classes, and passing objects as function arguments.
oops(object oriented programing ) is introduced in c++ to enhance the 'c' programming. oops concept includes many important concepts like class,objects,abstraction,encapsulation,inheritance etc.
it describes the main concepts of object oriented programming
For more posts : http://comsciguide.blogspot.com/
For full playlist of Interview puzzles videos : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPfI4zt4ExamGJwndkvg0SFc
24 standard interview puzzles: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPefIF4nscYOobim1iRBJTjw
Aptitude training playlist link : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPfumKHa02HWjCfPvGQiPZiG
for C and C++ questions, that are asked in the interviews, go through the posts in the link : http://comsciguide.blogspot.com/
for more videos, my youtube channel : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvMy2V7gYW7VR2WgyvLj3-A
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts in C++ including classes, objects, data members, member functions, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, access specifiers, and constructors. It provides examples of defining a class with private, public, and protected data members and member functions. Constructors such as the default, parameterized, and copy constructor are demonstrated. Inheritance concepts such as the base class, derived class, types of inheritance and visibility modes are explained.
The document discusses key concepts in C++ classes including encapsulation, information hiding, access specifiers, and constructors. It defines a class as a way to combine attributes and behaviors of real-world objects into a single unit. A class uses encapsulation to associate code and data, and information hiding to secure data from direct access. Access specifiers like public, private, and protected determine member visibility. Constructors are special member functions that initialize objects upon instantiation.
Object-oriented programming focuses on data. An object is a basic run-time entity. A class is also known as a user-defined data type. Inheritance provides the idea of reusability. Objects can communicate with each other through message passing. Polymorphism is achieved through operator overloading and function overloading.
This document provides an introduction to object oriented programming concepts in Java for absolute beginners. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, abstraction, inheritance, interfaces, polymorphism, overriding, overloading and encapsulation. It includes examples and exercises to demonstrate each concept. The exercises involve creating classes for vehicles like Ferrari and Audi, making them inherit from an abstract Vehicle class, implementing interfaces, overriding and overloading methods. The goal is to help readers understand and apply OOP concepts in Java.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. It also covers C++ specific topics like functions, arrays, strings, modular programming, and classes and objects in C++. The document is intended to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of OOP using C++.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines what a class is, how classes are declared with public and private members, and how objects are instantiated from classes. It also describes defining member functions inside and outside of classes, and the use of static class members and friend functions.
1. The document discusses separating a class interface from its implementation by defining the class in a header file and defining member functions in a source code file.
2. It shows a Time class defined in the time1.h header file and member functions defined in the time1.cpp source file.
3. A driver program includes the header file, creates a Time object, and calls member functions to demonstrate the separation of interface and implementation.
Classes allow users to bundle data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Data members store data within each object, while member functions implement behaviors. Classes support access specifiers like public and private to control access to members. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory for data members. Member functions can access object data members and are called on objects using dot notation. Friend functions allow non-member functions to access private members of classes.
Static Data Members and Member FunctionsMOHIT AGARWAL
Static data members and static member functions in C++ classes are shared by all objects of that class. Static data members are initialized to zero when the first object is created and shared across all instances, while static member functions can only access other static members and are called using the class name and scope resolution operator. The example program demonstrates a class with a static data member "count" that is incremented and accessed by multiple objects to assign increasing code values, and a static member function "showcount" that prints the shared count value.
Constructors and destructors in Python.
Constructors are special methods that are called automatically when an object is created. They initialize variables and ensure objects are properly initialized. There are two types of constructors: default and parameterized. Default don't take arguments, parameterized do.
Destructors are called when an object is destroyed. Defined using __del__(), they are useful for releasing resources like closing files before a program exits.
The document then provides code examples of classes with constructors, parameterized constructors, and destructors. It also discusses Python's garbage collection and how the collector deletes unneeded objects to free memory space.
Data abstraction and object orientationHoang Nguyen
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides historical context on the development of these concepts over time in languages like Simula67, Smalltalk, C++, Java, and others. Key aspects covered include data abstraction, abstract data types, classes, inheritance hierarchies, visibility rules, constructors and destructors, virtual functions, and multiple inheritance.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and data hiding. It explains key OOP concepts like classes define custom data types with attributes and methods, objects are instances of classes, encapsulation groups related data and code, inheritance creates specialized classes from general classes, polymorphism allows one interface for multiple forms. It also discusses concepts like abstract classes, interfaces, constructors, destructors, operator overloading and access modifiers for data hiding. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to fundamental OOP principles in C++.
Object-oriented programming uses abstraction and encapsulation through abstract data types (ADTs). An ADT defines a data type and its interface independently of its implementation. This allows information hiding and modular program design. Common languages like C++, Java, and Ruby support ADTs through classes or modules, which package data with methods, support inheritance and polymorphism, and provide visibility control through private/public access specifiers. Parameterized ADTs allow a data type to work with different element types. Namespaces and packages provide separate scopes to avoid naming conflicts.
This document outlines the course content for a Programming in C++ course, including 12 topics that will be covered: 1) principles of object oriented programming, 2) beginning with C++, 3) tokens, expressions, and control structures, 4) functions in C++, 5) classes and objects, 6) constructors and destructors, 7) operator overloading and type conversions, 8) inheritance, 9) pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 10) managing console I/O operations, 11) working with files, and 12) templates and exception handling. Students will write programs based on the curriculum and six reference books are provided.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C++ including objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, constructors, destructors, and exception handling. It defines each concept and provides examples of how it is implemented in C++ code. For instance, it explains that a class is a user-defined data type that holds its own data members and member functions, and provides an example class declaration. It also discusses polymorphism and provides examples demonstrating method overloading and overriding.
C++ classes allow programmers to encapsulate data and functions into user-defined types called classes. A class defines the data attributes and functions that operate on those attributes. Classes support object-oriented programming by allowing objects to be created from a class which store and manipulate data private to the class through public member functions.
The document discusses the implementation of object-oriented programming concepts in C++ using classes. It defines what a class is, how to declare objects of a class, access members of a class using dot operators, and define member functions inside and outside the class. It also covers topics like static members, inline functions, constant member functions, nested classes, and passing objects as function arguments.
oops(object oriented programing ) is introduced in c++ to enhance the 'c' programming. oops concept includes many important concepts like class,objects,abstraction,encapsulation,inheritance etc.
it describes the main concepts of object oriented programming
For more posts : http://comsciguide.blogspot.com/
For full playlist of Interview puzzles videos : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPfI4zt4ExamGJwndkvg0SFc
24 standard interview puzzles: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPefIF4nscYOobim1iRBJTjw
Aptitude training playlist link : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3v9ipJOEEPfumKHa02HWjCfPvGQiPZiG
for C and C++ questions, that are asked in the interviews, go through the posts in the link : http://comsciguide.blogspot.com/
for more videos, my youtube channel : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvMy2V7gYW7VR2WgyvLj3-A
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts in C++ including classes, objects, data members, member functions, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, access specifiers, and constructors. It provides examples of defining a class with private, public, and protected data members and member functions. Constructors such as the default, parameterized, and copy constructor are demonstrated. Inheritance concepts such as the base class, derived class, types of inheritance and visibility modes are explained.
The document introduces object-oriented programming (OOP) and some of its fundamental concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides an example class definition for an "item" class with private data members and public member functions to demonstrate how to define classes, create objects, and access class members in C++. The document includes a complete C++ program that uses the item class to illustrate these OOP concepts in action.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C++. It defines key OOP concepts like class, object, inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, polymorphism, and overloading. It provides examples to illustrate class and object, inheritance with different types, encapsulation by hiding data, and function overloading. The document was prepared by a trainee as part of a mentoring program and provides contact information for the training organization.
The document discusses the benefits of object-oriented programming (OOP). It states that OOP offers several benefits to programmers and users, including greater productivity, higher quality software, and lower maintenance costs. It then lists 25 specific advantages of OOP such as code reusability through inheritance, modularity through pre-defined classes, data hiding for security, and easier mapping of real-world problems to code.
This document discusses key concepts of object-oriented design and programming. It defines object-oriented design as planning a system of interacting objects to solve software problems. It describes object-oriented programming as representing concepts as objects that have data fields and methods. The document outlines some key pillars of object-oriented programming including inheritance, which allows code reuse; encapsulation, which protects data; and access modifiers like public, private, and protected, which control object accessibility.
Creating sub zero dashboard plugin for apex with googleRoel Hartman
Presentation about how to create a Google Visualization PlugIn for Oracle Application Express. Presentation given at ODTUG 2010, APEXPosed 2010 and UKOUG 2010.
1. The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding.
2. It then provides details on the history and features of Java, including how Java code is compiled and run on the Java Virtual Machine.
3. Core object-oriented features of Java like classes, objects, constructors, and method overloading are explained.
This document discusses various concepts related to classes and objects in C++, including member functions, data members, constructors, destructors, friend functions, and nested classes. It provides examples of defining member functions inside and outside the class, different access specifiers for data members, examples of friend functions and classes, returning objects from functions, arrays of objects, and nested classes. It also discusses constructors in more detail, including overloaded constructors, copy constructors, dynamic initialization of objects, constructors for primitive types, and constructors with default arguments.
The document discusses various object-oriented programming concepts in C++ like classes, objects, member functions, data members, constructors, destructors, friend functions, and namespaces. It provides examples of defining classes with data members and member functions, declaring objects of a class, and using constructors and destructors. It also explains concepts like overloaded constructors, copy constructors, nested classes, dynamic initialization of objects, and friend functions.
The document discusses various C# concepts related to classes and objects including constructors, inheritance, interfaces, properties, and auto-implemented properties. It provides examples of how to define classes with different types of constructors, use inheritance and overriding to extend classes, implement interfaces, and define public properties and auto-implemented properties to encapsulate data in a class.
The document contains questions and answers about various C++ concepts:
1. It defines inheritance as a process where new classes are created from existing classes, called base or parent classes. The derived or child class inherits from the base class.
2. Pure virtual functions are virtual functions declared with no definition using the "=0" syntax.
3. Data hiding is achieved in C++ using private and protected access specifiers to restrict access to class members and maintain data integrity.
4. Stream classes provide input/output functionality, with iostream serving as the base for istream for input and ostream for output.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C#, including classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It defines key terms like class and object, and explains how C# supports OOP principles such as defining classes with methods and properties, extending classes through inheritance, hiding implementation through encapsulation, and allowing polymorphic behavior through function overloading and overriding. Abstract classes and sealed modifiers are also covered. The document is intended to help explain basic OOP concepts in C# to readers.
This document summarizes a mentee's progress in their typing skills and learning of object-oriented programming concepts over 10 weeks. It shows that the mentee's typing speed improved from 18WPM to 23WPM but did not reach the weekly target of 25WPM. It then explains key OOP concepts like classes, objects, constructors, abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts. The document was prepared by trainees of Baabtra as part of their mentoring program.
This chapter discusses inheritance and composition in C++. Inheritance allows new classes to inherit properties from base classes using an "is-a" relationship. Composition allows classes to contain objects of other classes using a "has-a" relationship. The chapter covers key concepts like overriding base class functions, constructors and destructors, multiple inheritance, and the three pillars of object-oriented design: encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also provides guidance on identifying classes, objects, and operations from problem descriptions.
C++ [ principles of object oriented programming ]Rome468
C++ is an enhanced version of C that adds support for object-oriented programming. It includes everything in C and allows for defining classes and objects. Classes allow grouping of related data and functions, and objects are instances of classes. Key concepts of OOP supported in C++ include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Encapsulation binds data and functions together in a class and allows hiding implementation details. Inheritance allows defining new classes based on existing classes to reuse their functionality. Polymorphism enables different classes to have similarly named functions that demonstrate different behavior.
C++ classes and objects are the central feature that supports object-oriented programming in C++. A class defines a blueprint for a data type, and classes can inherit members from base classes, allowing code reuse. Polymorphism means a function call will cause different code to execute depending on the object type. Abstraction and encapsulation bind data and functions together and hide implementation details. C++ supports exception handling, dynamic memory allocation using new/delete, and file input/output streams.
This document discusses object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism in C++. It provides examples of how each concept is implemented in C++. It explains that classes are user-defined data types that contain data fields and methods. Objects are instances of classes. Inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes from other classes. Encapsulation binds data to the methods that operate on it. Abstraction hides unnecessary details and displays only essential information. Polymorphism allows one message to have multiple implementations.
- A class is the most important feature of C++ that supports object-oriented programming (OOP). It allows a program to be designed using classes which are a collection of data and functions.
- When an object of a class is declared, memory is allocated for that object's data members. However, defining a class alone does not allocate memory - it only specifies the data members and member functions.
- Member functions can access and manipulate the class's data members. They are called through an object using the dot operator. Constructors are special member functions that initialize an object's data members when it is created.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”Taste
Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
2. 26-07-2018 08:24:49 PM
vishnuvishnushaji5@gmail.com [2/38]
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming
Divided Into In POP, program is divided into small parts
called functions.
In OOP, program is divided into parts called
objects.
Importance In POP, Importance is not given to data but
to functions as well as sequence of actions
to be done.
In OOP, Importance is given to the data
rather than procedures or functions because
it works as a real world.
Approach POP follows Top Down approach. OOP follows Bottom Up approach.
Access Specifiers POP does not have any access specifier. OOP has access specifiers named Public,
Private, Protected, etc.
Data Moving In POP, Data can move freely from
function to function in the system.
In OOP, objects can move and communicate
with each other through member functions.
Expansion To add new data and function in POP is
not so easy.
OOP provides an easy way to add new data
and function.
3. 26-07-2018 08:24:49 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Contd…
Overloading In POP, Overloading is not possible. In OOP, overloading is possible in the form of
Function Overloading and Operator
Overloading.
Examples Example of POP are : C, VB, FORTRAN,
Pascal.
Example of OOP are : C++, JAVA, VB.NET,
C#.NET
Data Access In POP, Most function uses Global data for
sharing that can be accessed freely from
function to function in the system.
In OOP, data can not move easily from
function to function,it can be kept public or
private so we can control the access of data.
Data Hiding POP does not have any proper way for
hiding data so it is less secure.
OOP provides Data Hiding so provides more
security.
4. 26-07-2018 08:24:49 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGTAMMING
OBJECTS CLASSES
DATA
ABSTRACTION
DATA
ENCAPSULATION
INHERITANCE POLIYMORPHISM
DYNAMIC
BINDING
MESSAGE
PASSING
5. 26-07-2018 08:24:49 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
cout<<“Hello World!”;
return 0;
}
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf(“Hello World!”);
return 0;
}
6. 26-07-2018 08:24:49 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
MEMMORY ALLOCATION
STATIC DYNAMIC
is allocated at the start of your
program
the global variables or global
available arrays
is allocated at runtime
malloc(), calloc(), new
8. 26-07-2018 08:24:49 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
new
C++ uses new operator to allocate memory dynamically at run time.
Syntax
pointer_variable = new data_type;
Example
int *p;
p = new int;
int *q = new int;
10. 26-07-2018 08:24:49 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
CLASSES AND OBJECTS
CLASS OBJECT
It is a user defined data type
which holds its own data members
and member functions
which can be accessed and used by
creating an instance of that class
A class is like a blueprint for an
object.
is an instance of a Class.
When a class is defined, no memory is
allocated but when it is instantiated
(i.e. an object is created) memory is
allocated.
12. 26-07-2018 08:24:50 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
DECLARING OBJECTS
When a class is defined, only the specification for the object is
defined; no memory or storage is allocated. To use the data and
access functions defined in the class, you need to create objects.
ClassName ObjectName;
13. 26-07-2018 08:24:50 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
ACCESSING DATA MEMBERS AND MEMBER FUNCTIONS
ACCESSING DATA MEMBERS
The data members and member functions of class can be accessed using the dot(‘.’)
operator with the object. For example if the name of object is obj and you want to access
the member function with the name printName() then you will have to write
obj.printName() .
The public data members are also accessed in the same way given however the private data members
are not allowed to be accessed directly by the object. Accessing a data member depends solely on the
access control of that data member.
14. 26-07-2018 08:24:50 PM
vishnuvishnushaji5@gmail.com [15/38]
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
// C++ program to demonstrate
// accessing of data members
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class Geeks
{
// Access specifier
public:
// Data Members
string name;
// Member Functions()
void printname()
{
cout << “Name is: " << name;
}
};
int main() {
// Declare an object of class
geeks
Geeks obj1;
// accessing data member
obj1.name = "Abhi";
// accessing member function
obj1.printname();
return 0;
}
15. 26-07-2018 08:24:50 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
The capability of a class to derive properties
and characteristics from another class is
called Inheritance. Inheritance is one of the
most important feature of Object Oriented
Programming.
INHERITANCE IN C++
Sub Class :
The class that inherits properties from
another class is called Sub class or
Derived Class.
Super Class :
The class whose properties are inherited
by sub class is called Base Class or Super
class.
18. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Implementing inheritance in C++
For creating a sub-class which is inherited from the base class we have to follow the below
syntax.
class subclass_name : access_mode base_class_name
{
//body of subclass
};
subclass_name is the name of the sub class, access_mode is the mode in which you
want to inherit this sub class for example: public, private etc. and base_class_name is
the name of the base class from which you want to inherit the sub class.
19. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
// C++ program to demonstrate
implementation
// of Inheritance
#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
//Base class
class Parent
{
public:
int id_p;
};
// Sub class inheriting from Base
Class(Parent)
class Child : public Parent
{
public:
int id_c;
};
//main function
int main()
{
Child obj1;
// An object of class child has
all data members
// and member functions of class
parent
obj1.id_c = 7;
obj1.id_p = 91;
cout << "Child id is "
<< obj1.id_c << endl;
cout << "Parent id is "
<< obj1.id_p << endl;
return 0;
}
20. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Modes of Inheritance
Public mode:
If we derive a sub class from a public
base class. Then the public member
of the base class will become public
in the derived class and protected
members of the base class will
become protected in derived class.
Private members of the base class
will never get inherited in sub class.
Protected mode:
If we derive a sub class from a
Protected base class. Then both
public member and protected
members of the base class will
become protected in derived class.
Private members of the base class
will never get inherited in sub class.
Private mode:
If we derive a sub class from a
Private base class. Then both public
member and protected members of
the base class will become Private in
derived class. Private members of
the base class will never get
inherited in sub class.
21. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
The below table summarizes the above three modes and shows the access specifier of the members of base
class in the sub class when derived in public, protected and private modes:
22. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
TYPES OF INHERITANCE IN C++
Single Inheritance Multiple Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance Hierarchical Inheritance
Hybrid (Virtual) Inheritance
23. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Single Inheritance
In single inheritance, a class is allowed to inherit from only one class. i.e.
one sub class is inherited by one base class only.
24. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Multiple Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance is a feature of C++ where a class can inherit from more
than one classes. i.e one sub class is inherited from more than one base
classes.
26. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Hierarchical Inheritance
In this type of inheritance, more than one sub class is inherited from a
single base class. i.e. more than one derived class is created from a single
base class.
27. 26-07-2018 08:24:52 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Hybrid (Virtual) Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance is implemented by combining more than one type of
inheritance. For example: Combining Hierarchical inheritance and Multiple
Inheritance.
28. 26-07-2018 08:24:53 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
DYNAMIC BINDING
• THE COMPILER MATCHES THE FUNCTION CALL WITH THE CORRECT
FUNCTION DEFINITION AT RUNTIME. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS LATE BINDING
OR RUNTIME BINDING.
• IN LATE BINDING, THE COMPILER IDENTIFIES THE TYPE OF OBJECT AT
RUNTIME AND THEN MATCHES THE FUNCTION CALL WITH THE CORRECT
FUNCTION DEFINITION.
• THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY DECLARING A VIRTUAL FUNCTION.
29. 26-07-2018 08:24:53 PM
vishnuvishnushaji5@gmail.com [32/38]
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animals
{
public:
void sound()
{
cout << "This is parent class" <<
endl;
}
};
class Dogs : public Animals
{
public:
void sound()
{
cout << "Dogs bark" << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Animals *a;
Dogs d;
a= &d;
a -> sound(); // early binding
return 0;
}
30. 26-07-2018 08:24:53 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
FRIEND CLASS
A friend class can access private and protected members of other class in which it is
declared as friend. It is sometimes useful to allow a particular class to access private
members of other class. For example a LinkedList class may be allowed to access private
members of Node.
FRIEND FUNCTION
Like friend class, a friend function can be given special grant to access private and
protected members. A friend function can be:
a) A method of another class
b) A global function
31. 26-07-2018 08:24:53 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
class Node
{
private:
int key;
Node *next;
/* Other members of Node Class */
friend class LinkedList; // Now class
LinkedList can
// access
private members of Node
}
class Node
{
private:
int key;
Node *next;
/* Other members of Node Class */
friend int LinkedList::search(); // Only
search() of linkedList
// can
access internal members
};
FRIEND CLASS FRIEND FUNCTION
32. 26-07-2018 08:24:53 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
ENCAPSULATION IN C++
Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up of data and information under a single unit
(Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data and the functions that manipulates
them.)
Consider a real life example of encapsulation, in a company there
are different sections like the accounts section, finance section,
sales section etc. The finance section handles all the financial
transactions and keep records of all the data related to finance.
Similarly the sales section handles all the sales related activities
and keep records of all the sales. Now there may arise a situation
when for some reason an official from finance section needs all the
data about sales in a particular month. In this case, he is not
allowed to directly access the data of sales section. He will first
have to contact some other officer in the sales section and then
request him to give the particular data. This is what encapsulation
is. Here the data of sales section and the employees that can
manipulate them are wrapped under a single name “sales section”.
34. 26-07-2018 08:24:53 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
TEMPLATES IN C++
Template is simple and yet very powerful tool in C++.
The simple idea is to pass data type as a parameter so that we don’t need to write same
code for different data types.
For example a software company may need sort() for different data types. Rather than
writing and maintaining the multiple codes, we can write one sort() and pass data type as a
parameter.
C++ adds two new keywords to support templates: ‘template’
CLASS TEMPLATES
FUNCTION TEMPLATES
35. 26-07-2018 08:24:53 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
How templates work?
Templates are expended at compiler time.
This is like macros. The difference is, compiler
does type checking before template
expansion. The idea is simple, source code
contains only function/class, but compiled
code may contain multiple copies of same
function/class.
36. 26-07-2018 08:24:54 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
C++ Exception Handling
An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program.
A C++ exception is a response to an exceptional circumstance that arises while a
program is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another.
C++ exception handling is built upon three keywords: try, catch, and throw.
37. 26-07-2018 08:24:54 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
throw − A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using
a throw keyword.
catch − A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a
program where you want to handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the
catching of an exception.
try − A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be
activated. It's followed by one or more catch blocks.
38. 26-07-2018 08:24:54 PM
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++
REFERENCE
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page