Agriculture CAD lab manual for sixth semester engineering.

1. R.V.S. EDUCATIONAL TRUSTS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
DINDIGUL – 624005
RECORD NOTE BOOK
R.V.S. EDUCATIONAL TRUST’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, DINDIGUL - 624005
R.V.S. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL - 624005
(Affiliated to Anna University - Chennai)
VI SEMESTER
B.E. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
AL6611 - CAD FOR AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

2. R.V.S EDUCATIONAL TRUST’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
DINDIGUL - 624 005.
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Registration
No:
Head of the Department Staff In-Charge
Submitted for the University practical examination held on…………………at R.V.S
Educational Trust’s Group of Institutions, Dindigul – 624005
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Date: …………… Date: ……………
Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by
……………………………………………….……… of …………. - semester B.E.
Agricultural Engineering / Batch during the academic year …………………………. in
the CAD for Agricultural Engineering laboratory.

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
AL6611 – CAD/CAM LABORATORY
Ex.No DATE NAME OF EXPERIMENTS MARKS SIGNATURE
1
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ENGINEERING
DRAWING
2
STUDY OF WELDING SYMBOLS,
LIMITS, FITS AND TOLERANCE
3
STUDY OF DRAFTING SOFTWARE
(AutoCAD)
4
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF
UNDERGROUND PIPELING SYSTEM
5
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF CHECK
DAMS
6
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF MOULD
BOARD PLOUGH
7
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF DISC
PLOUGH
8
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF BIOGAS
PLANT
9
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF
WINNOWERS
10 INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELLING

4. 1
Ex. No: 1 Date:
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING
AIM
To study the code of practice for Engineering Drawing.
i) STANDARD CODES
Sl.no IS –code Description
1 IS:9609-1983 Lettering on Technical Drawing
2 IS:10711-1983 Size of Drawing Sheets
3 IS:10713 -1983 Scales for use on Technical Drawing
4 IS:10714-1983 General Principles of Presentation
5 IS:10715-1983 Presentation of Threaded Parts on Technical Drawing
6 IS:10716-1983 Rules for Presentation of Springs
7 IS:10717-1983 Conventional Representation of Gears on Technical
Drawing
8 IS:11663-1986 Conventional Representation of Common Features
9 IS:11664-1986 Folding of Drawing Prints
10 IS:11665-1986 Technical Drawings- Title blocks
11 IS:11669-1986 General Principles of Dimension on Technical Drawing
12 IS:11670-1986 Abbreviations for use in Technical Drawing.
ii) ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Term Abbreviations Term Abbreviations
Across Corners A/C Long LG
Across Flats A/F Machine/Machinery M/C
Alteration ALT Manufacturing MFG
Approved APPD Material MATL
Approximate APPROX Maximum Max.
Arrangement ARRGT Mechanical MECH
Assembly ASSY Minimum Min
Auxiliary AUX Miscellaneous MISC
Bearing BRG Modification MOD
Cast iron CI Nominal NOM
Centers CRS North N
Centre Line CL Number NO.
Centre of gravity CG Opposite OPP
Centre to Centre C/C Outside Diameter OD
Chamfered CHMED Pitch Circle
Diameter
PCD
Checked CHKD Quantity QTY

5. 2
Cheese Head CH HD Radius RAD
Continued COND Reference REF
Constant CONST Required REQD
Counter Bore C’BORE Right hand RH
Counter Sunk CSK Round RD
Counter Sunk Head CSK HD Screw SCR
Cylinder/Cylindrical CYL Serial Number SL NO.
Diameter DIA Sheet SH
Dimension DIM Sketch SK
Drawing DRG South S
East E Specification SPEC
Excreta Etc. Spot Face SF
External EXT Standard STD
Figure FIG Symmetrical SYM
General GEN Temperature TEMP
Ground level GL Thick THK
Hexagon/Hexagonal HEX Thread THD
Horizontal HORZ Through THRU
Hydraulic HYD Tolerance TOL
Head HD Typical TYP
Indian Standard IS Undercut U/C
Inspection/ed INSP Weight WT
Inside diameter ID West W
Insulation INSUL With reference
to/With respect to
WRT
Internal INT
Left Hand LH
RESULT
Thus the code of practice for Engineering Drawing was studied

6. 3
Ex. No: 2 Date:
STUDY OF WELDING SYMBOLS, LIMITS, FITS AND TOLERANCE
AIM
To study the welding symbols.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Welding is a process of fastening the metal parts together permanently by the
application of heat (fusion welds) or pressure (pressure or forge welding) or both
(resistance welding). Both ferrous (steel, cast, iron) and nonferrous metals (like brass
copper and alloy) can be jointed by welding.
The welding is cheaper, stronger, easier and faster than riveting.
The various types of welding process are
a. Gas welding
b. Arc welding
i. Metal Arc Welding (MAW)
ii. Gas metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
iii. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
iv. Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG)
v. Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG)
c. Forge Welding
d. Resistance Welding
e. Thermit Welding
f. High Energy Welding
The welded joints are broadly classified into
a. Butt joint b. Lap joint c. Corner or Fillet joint
d. Tee joint e. Edge joint

7. 4
1.1 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF WELD
The standard welding symbol is given below.
1.1.1. Arrow Line and Reference Line
The position of the arrow line with respect to the weld is of no special
significance. The side of the joint on which the arrow line is drawn is called “arrow side”.
The side of the joint remote to the arrow line is called “other side”.
The reference line has significance on the weld side. If the weld symbol is placed
BELOW the reference line, the welding should be done in the “ARROW SIDE”. If the
weld symbol is placed ABOVE the reference line, the welding should be done in the
“OTHER SIDE”. If the weld symbol is placed both ABOVE and BELOW the reference
line, the welding should be done in both the “ARROW AND OTHER SIDES”.
1.1.2. Basic weld symbol
The basic symbols recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for
specifies
Arrow connection reference
line to arrow side of
joint
Basic Weld Symbol
Field weld symbol
Weld all round symbol
L - P
S
Arrow
Side
Both
Size of Weld
Sides
Side
Other
Reference Line
Length of weld
Unwelded Length
Finish Symbol
Contour Symbol
F

8. 5
1.1.3. Size of weld
The size of the weld is height of the isosceles triangle in the case of filet welds.
In other cases, the size will be the minimum distance from the surface of the part of
the bottom of penetration.
1.1.4. Finish and contour symbol
The contour symbols are
a. Flat (flush)
b. Convex
c. Concave
Finishing welds other than cleaning shall be indicated by finish
Symbols.
Chipping – C Grinding – G Machining – M
1.1.5. Welded and unwelded length
Length of weld means it is the length to be welded once; after that a pitch equal
to unwelded length is not welded and this process is continued for the whole length of
the side.
1.1.6. Weld all round
If the weld should be made all round the joint, a circle should be placed at the
point connecting the arrow and the reference line.
1.1.7. Site weld
When some of the welds (the welded structures) are required to be made on
site during erection. They should be designated by a filled in circle at the point
connecting the arrow and the reference line.
2.1 LIMITS FITS & TOLERANCE
It is not possible to work to an exact size nor is it possible to measure to an
exact size. Therefore dimensions are given limits of size. Providing the dimensions of
a part lie within the limits of size set by the designer, and then the part will function
correctly. Similarly the dimensions of gauges and measuring equipment are given
limits of size. As a general rule, the limits of size allocated to gauges and measuring

9. 6
instruments are approximately 10 times more accurate than the dimensions they are
intended to check (gauges) or measure (measuring instruments).
The upper and lower sizes of a dimension are called the limits and the difference
in size between the limits is called the tolerance. The terms associated with limits and
fits can be summarized as follows:
● Nominal size: This is the dimension by which a feature is identified for convenience.
For example, a slot whose actual width is 25.15 mm would be known as the 25-mm
wide slot.
● Basic size: This is the exact functional size from which the limits are derived by
application of the necessary allowance and tolerances. The basic size and the nominal
size are often the same.
● Actual size: The measured size corrected to what it would be at 20°C.
● Limits: These are the high and low values of size between which the size of a
component feature may lie. For example, if the lower limit of a hole is 25.05 mm and
the upper limit of the same hole is 25.15 mm, then a hole which is 25.1 mm diameter
is within limits and is acceptable. Examples are shown in Fig.7.1
● Tolerance: This is the difference between the limits of size. That is, the upper limit
minus the lower limit. Tolerances may be bilateral or unilateral as shown in Fig. 7.1
● Deviation: This is the difference between the basic size and the limits. The deviation
may be symmetrical, in which case the limits are equally spaced above and below the
basic size (e.g. 50.00 _ 0.15 mm). Alternatively, the deviation may be asymmetrical, in
which case the deviation may be greater on one side of the basic size than on the other
(e.g. 50.00 _ 0.25 or _0.05).

10. 7
● Mean size: This size lies halfway between the upper and lower limits of size, and
must not be confused with either the nominal size nor the basic size. It is only the same
as the basic size when the deviation is symmetrical.
● Minimum clearance (Allowance): This is the clearance between a shaft and a hole
under maximum metal conditions. That is, the largest shaft in the smallest hole that the
limits will allow. It is the tightest fit between shaft and hole that will function correctly.
With a clearance fit the allowance is positive. With an interference fit the allowance is
negative. These types of fit are discussed in the next section.
2.2 CLASSES OF FIT
Figure 7.2(a) shows the classes of fit that may be obtained between mating
components. In the hole basis system the hole size is kept constant and the shaft size
is varied to give the required class of fit. In an interference fit the shaft is always slightly
larger than the hole. In a clearance fit the shaft is always slightly smaller than the hole.
A transition fit occurs when the tolerances are so arranged that under maximum metal
conditions (largest shaft: smallest hole) an interference fit is obtained, and that under
minimum metal conditions (largest hole: smallest shaft) a clearance fit is obtained. The
hole basis system is the most widely used since most holes are produced by using

11. 8
standard tools such as drills and reamers. It is then easier to vary the size of the shaft
by turning or grinding to give the required class of fit. In a shaft basis system the shaft
size is kept constant and the hole size is varied to give the required class of fit. Again,
the classes of fit are interference fit transition fit and clearance fit. Figure 7.2(b) shows
the terminology relating to limits and fits.
RESULT
Thus the welding symbols and techniques was studied

12. 9
Ex. No: 3 Date:
STUDY OF DRAFTING SOFTWARE (AutoCAD)
Aim: To study AutoCAD Software.
Commands:
Sl
No
Command Description
1. OPEN Opens an existing drawing file
2. ARC Creates an arc
3. ARRAY Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern
4. BHATCH Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch
pattern
5. BLOCK Creates a block definition from objects you select
6. BREAK Erases parts of objects or splits an object in two
7. CHAMFER Bevels the edges of objects
8. CHANGE Changes the properties of existing objects
9. CIRCLE Creates a circle
10. COLOR Defines color for new objects
11. COPY Duplicates objects
12. DIVIDE Places evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the
length or perimeter of an
13. DONUT Draws filled circles and rings
14. ELLIPSE Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc
15. ERASE Removes objects from a drawing
16. HATCH Fills a specified boundary with a pattern
17. HATCHEDIT Modifies an existing hatch object
18. EXTEND Extends an object to meet another object
19. INSERT Places a named block or drawing into the current
drawing
20. LAYER Manages layers and layer properties
21. LINE Creates straight line segments

13. 10
22. LINETYPE Creates, loads, and sets line types
23. OFFSET Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel
curves
24. FILLET Rounds and fillets the edges of objects
25. MIRROR Creates a mirror image copy of objects
26. MOVE Displaces objects a specified distance in a specified
direction
27. MSLIDE Creates a slide file of the current view port in model
space, or of all view ports in paper space
28. LTSCALE Sets the line type scale factor
29. PAN Moves the drawing display in the current view port
30. OOPS Restores erased objects
31. PLINE Creates two-dimensional polylines
32. POINT Creates a point object
33. POLYGON Creates an equilateral closed polyline
34. PROPERTIES Controls properties of existing objects
35. ORTHO Constrains cursor movement
36. OSNAP Sets object snap modes
37. REDRAW Refreshes the display in the current view port
38. REGEN Regenerates the drawing and refreshes the current
view port
39. ROTATE ROTATE
40. SCALE Enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in the X,
Y, and Z directions
41. SCRIPT Executes a sequence of commands from a script
42. SKETCH Creates a series of freehand line segments
43. SPLINE Creates a quadratic or cubic spine (NURBS) curve
44. TEXT Displays text on screen as it is entered
45. UNDO Reverses the effect of commands
46. ZOOM Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in
the current view port
47. AREA Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of
defined areas
48. LTSCALE Sets the line type scale factor
49. BACKGROUND Sets up the background for your scene
50. BASE Sets the insertion base point for the current drawing

14. 11
51. BLIPMODE Controls the display of marker blips
52. BLOCKICON Generates preview images for blocks created with
Release 14 or earlier
53. CHPROP Changes the color, layer, line type, scale factor, line
weight, thickness, and plot style of an object
54. CLOSE Closes the current drawing
55. DBLIST Lists database information for each object in the
drawing
56. DDEDIT Edits text and attribute definitions
57. DDPTYPE Specifies the display mode and size of point objects
58. DELAY Provides a timed pause within a script
59. DIM AND DIM Accesses Dimensioning mode
60. DIMALIGNED Creates an aligned linear dimension
61. DIMANGULAR Creates an angular dimension
62. DIMBASELINE Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from
the baseline of the previous dimension or a selected
dimension
63. DIMCENTER Creates the center mark or the centerlines of circles
and arcs
64. DIMCONTINUE Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from
the second extension line of the previous dimension or
a selected dimension
65. DIMDIAMETER Creates diameter dimensions for circles and arcs
66. DIMEDIT Edits dimensions
67. DIMLINEAR Creates linear dimensions
68. DIMORDINATE Creates ordinate point dimensions
69. DIMOVERRIDE Overrides dimension system variables
70. DIMRADIUS Creates radial dimensions for circles and arcs
71. DIMSTYLE Creates and modifies dimension styles
72. DIMTEDIT Moves and rotates dimension text
73. DIST Measures the distance and angle between two points
74. DWGPROPS Sets and displays the properties of the current drawing
75. FILL Controls the filling of multi-lines, traces, solids, all
hatches, and wide polylines
76. FILTER Creates reusable filters to select objects based on
properties

15. 12
RESULT
Thus the commands of AutoCAD was studied
77. GRID Displays a dot grid in the current view port
78. ID Displays the coordinate values of a location
79. LIST Displays database information for selected objects
80. MASSPROP Calculates and displays the mass properties of regions or
solids
81. MENU Loads a menu file
82. MENULOAD Loads partial menu files
83. MENUUNLOAD Unloads partial menu files
84. OPTIONS Customizes the AutoCAD settings
85. PLAN Displays the plan view of a user coordinate system
86. PLOT Plots a drawing to a plotting device or file
87. SHADEMODE Shades the objects in the current view port
88. SNAP Restricts cursor movement to specified intervals
89. SPELL Checks spelling in a drawing
90. VLISP Displays the Visual LISP interactive development
environment (IDE)

16. 13
Ex. No: 4 Date:
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF UNDERGROUND PIPELING SYSTEM
Aim: To Study the pipeline system which buried under the ground.
The design of underground pipe line system requires information on land
topography, location of water source and water discharge. Pump stands must be of high
elevation to allow sufficient operating head for the pipeline. However, stands higher than
necessary may permits high heads of water to build up, leading to excessive line
pressures. The working pressures in the pipeline are kept within one-fourth the internal
bursting pressures of the pipe. When it is necessary to design pipelines with higher heads,
reinforced concrete pressure pipes are used. The sizes of the outlets are selected to suit
the flow required at diversion points. The PVC and HDPE are also used for water
distribution at low and moderate pressure. The components of the systems such as
pipeline size and height of Pump stands and control stands must be designed so as to
obtain a balanced water distribution and provide trouble free operation.
The underground pipeline may fail due to i) lack of inspection or maintenance, ii) improper
construction, iii) improper design and iv) wrong manufacturing processes and poor quality
materials used.
The underground pipelines operate without trouble when it is properly designed
and correctly installed. Inadequate procedures in design and installation and unforeseen
situations give rise to the following troubles.
 Development of longitudinal cracks in the pipe, usually at the top or both at top and
bottom
 Telescoping of sections
 Pushing of the pipe into the stands
 Development of circumferential cracks

17. 14
 Surging or intermittent flow of water
Leak Testing and Repair
All buried low pressure irrigation pipelines should be tested for leaks before the trench is
filled. The pipeline should be filled with water and slowly brought up to operating pressure
with all turnouts closed. Any length of pipe section or joints showing leakage should be
replaced and the line retested. The water should remain in pipelines throughout the
backfilling of trenches, because the internal pressure helps to prevent pipe deformation
from soil loading and equipment crossings. Underground pipelines should be inspected
for leakage at least once a year. Leaks may be spotted from wet soil areas above the line
that are otherwise unexplained. Small leaks in concrete pipeline can be repaired by
carefully cleaning the pipe exterior surrounding the leak, then applying a patch of cement
mortar grout. For larger leaks, one or more pipe sections may have to be replaced.
Longevity of concrete pipelines can be increased by capping all opening during cold
winter months to prevent air circulation. Small leaks in plastic pipe, except at the joints,
can sometimes be repaired by pressing a gasket-like material tightly against the pipe wall
around the leak and clamping it with a saddle. Where water is supplied from a canal to
portable surface pipe, sediment often accumulates in the pipe. This sediment should be
flushed out before the pipe is moved. Otherwise, the pipe will be too heavy to be moved
by hand and may be damaged if it is moved mechanically. Buried plastic pipelines can be
expected to have a usable life of about 15 years, if well maintained. The annual cost of
maintenance can be estimated as approximately 1% of the installation cost.
Result
Thus the pipeline system which buried under the ground.

18. 15
Underground piping system

19. 16
Ex. No: 5 Date:
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF CHECK DAMS
Aim: To Study the design aspects of check dams
A check dam is a small, sometimes temporary, dam constructed across a swale, drainage
ditch, or waterway to counteract erosion by reducing water flow velocity. Check dams
themselves are not a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating
all the way back to the second century A.D. Check dams are typically, though not always,
implemented as a system of several check dams situated at regular intervals across the
area of interest.
Grade control mechanism
Check dams have traditionally been implemented in two main environments: across
channel bottoms and on hilly slopes. Check dams are used primarily to control water
velocity, conserve soil, and improve land. They are used when other flow-control
practices, such as lining the channel or creating bios wales is impractical
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Site
Before installing a check dam, careful inspection of the site must be undertaken. The
drainage area should be ten acres or less. The waterway should be on a slope of no more
than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of 2 ft. Check dams are often
used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should never be placed in live
streams unless approved by appropriate local, state and/or federal authorities.
Materials
Check dams are made of a variety of materials. Because they are typically used as
temporary structures, they are often made of cheap and accessible materials such as

20. 17
rocks, gravel, logs, hay bales, and sandbags. Of these, logs and rock check dams are
usually permanent or semi-permanent; and the sandbag check dam is implemented
primarily for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with
rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually implemented only in small, open
channels that drain 10 acres (0.04 km2) or less; and usually do not exceed 2 ft (0.61 m)
high.[14] Woven-wire can be used to construct check dams in order to hold fine material
in a gully. They are typically utilized in environments where the gully has a moderate slope
(less than 10%), small drainage area, and in regions where flood flows do not typically
carry large rocks or boulders. In nearly all instances, erosion control blankets, which are
biodegradable open-weave blankets, are used in conjunction with check dams. These
blankets help enforce vegetation growth on the slopes, shorelines and ditch bottoms.
Size
A check dam should not be more than 2 ft (0.61 m) to 3 ft (0.91 m) high. and the center
of the dam should be at least 6 in (0.15 m) lower than its edges. They may kill grass
linings in channels if water stays high or sediment load is great. This criteria induces a
weir effect, resulting in increased water surface level upstream for some, if not all flow
conditions.
Spacing
In order to effectively slow down water velocity to counter the effects of erosion and
protect the channel between dams in a larger system, the spacing must be designed
properly. The check dams should be spaced such that the toe of the upstream check dam
is equal to the elevation of the downstream check dam's crest. By doing so, the water can
pond between check dams and thus slow the flow's velocity down substantially as the
water progresses downslope.
Result
Thus the design aspects of check dams was studied

21. 18
Check Dam

22. 19
Ex. No: 6 Date:
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF MOULD BOARD PLOUGH
Aim: To Study the design aspects of mould board plough
Mould Board Plough is the most important plough for primary tillage in canal irrigated or
heavy rain areas where too much weeds grow. The objective for ploughing with a Mould
Board is to completely invert and pulverize the soil, up-root all weeds, trash and crop
residues and bury them under the soil. The shape of mould Board is designed to cut down
the soil and invert it to right side, completely burying the undesired growth which is
subsequently turned into manure after decomposition.
Benefits:
 it can handle the toughest ploughing job with outstanding penetration
performance.
 It is designed to work in all types of soil for basic functins such as soil breaking.
soil raising and soil turning.
 it can be used in stony & rooted soils,
Features:
 the under-frame and unit-to-unit clearance are adequate to copy with trashy
condition.
 Adding an extra furrow or repositioning units to allow for extra clearance is quick
and easy.
 The plough has special wear-resistant steel bottoms with bar points for toughest
ploughing jobs.
 Bar point bottoms ensure longer life as they can be extended or reversed and re-
used fill the last possible length.
Result
Thus the mould plough design and that was modelled.

23. 20
Mould plough

24. 21
Ex. No: 7 Date:
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF DISC PLOUGH
Aim: To Study the design aspects of disc plough
Disc Plough used for deep ploughing in root-infested, sticky, stony, and hard soils. Mixes
remains of crops and weeds throughout the depth of ploughing, hence it is ideal for rain-
fed areas for checking soil erosion by water and wind. Spring loaded floating rear furrow
wheel control the side draft to ensure straight work and ease of handling by smaller
tractor. Other features include Re-greasable Taper Roller Bearing in disc hubs, Disc angle
adjustable to vary the penetration with varying soil conditions, Cat I and II linkage and the
Disc Scrapers are also adjustable to ensure that the Discs remain clean in all conditions.
Benefits :
 The disc plough is designed to work in all types of soil for basic functions such as
soil breaking, soil raising, soil turning and soil mixing.
 it is used open the new fields and to process the stony areas.
 it can be used easily at rocky and rooted areas.
 it is especially useful in hard and dey trashy land conditions and in soils where
souring is a major problem.
Features:
 in conformity with the soil conditions it is being produced with 2-3 and 4 bottoms
version with an option for extra kit for converting it to extra-bottom plough
 it is directly mounted to tractors.
 extea heavy-duty pipe frame has high trash clearance allowing the plough to
operate under heavy crop residue.
Result
Thus the design aspects of disc plough was studied

25. 22
Disc Plough

26. 23
Ex. No: 8 Date:
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF BIOGAS PLANT
Aim: To Study the design aspects of Biogas plant
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown
of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials
such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste
or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very
small carbon footprint. Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic
organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of
biodegradable materials.
Biogas is primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small
amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane,
hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This
energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose,
such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into
electricity and heat.
Biogas can be compressed, the same way natural gas is compressed to CNG, and
used to power motor vehicles. In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the
potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel. It qualifies for renewable energy subsidies
in some parts of the world. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards,
when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because
its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide.
Organic material grows, is converted and used and then regrows in a continually
repeating cycle. From a carbon perspective, as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from
the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource as is released when the material
is ultimately converted to energy.
Result
Thus the biogas plant design aspects was studied

27. 24
Biogas plant

28. 25
Ex. No: 9 Date:
DESIGN AND DRAWING OF WINNOWERS
Aim: To Study the design aspects of Winnowers
Winnowing is an agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for separating
grain from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain.
Threshing, the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw, is the step in the
chaff-removal process that comes before winnowing.
In its simplest form it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind
blows away the lighter chaff, while the heavier grains fall back down for recovery.
Techniques included using a winnowing fan (a shaped basket shaken to raise the chaff)
or using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel) on a pile of harvested grain.
The rotary winnowing fan was exported to Europe, brought there by Dutch sailors
between 1700 and 1720. Apparently they had obtained them from the Dutch settlement
of Batavia in Java, Dutch East Indies. The Swedes imported some from south China at
about the same time and Jesuits had taken several to France from China by 1720. Until
the beginning of the 18th century, no rotary winnowing fans existed in the West.
In 1737 Andrew Rodger, a farmer on the estate of Cavers in Roxburghshire,
developed a winnowing machine for corn, called a 'Fanner'. These were successful and
the family sold them throughout Scotland for many years. Some Scottish Presbyterian
ministers saw the fanners as sins against God, for wind was a thing specially made by
him and an artificial wind was a daring and impious attempt to usurp what belonged to
God alone. As the Industrial Revolution, the winnowing process was mechanized by the
invention of additional winnowing machines, such as fanning mills.
Result
Thus the design aspects of winnowers and other recent technologies were studied

29. 26
Winnower

30. 27
Ex. No: 10 Date:
INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELLING
Aim: Introduction & demonstration on 3D modeling softwares like Pro/E, Creo, Solid
works, Solid Edge etc.
Computer aided design or CAD has very broad meaning and can be defined as
the use of computers in creation, modification, analysis and optimization of a design. CAE
(Computer Aided Engineering) is referred to computers in engineering analysis like
stress/strain, heat transfer, flow analysis. CAD/CAE is said to have more potential to
radically increase productivity than any development since electricity. CAD/CAE builds
quality form concept to final product. Instead of bringing in quality control during the final
inspection it helps to develop a process in which quality is there through the life cycle of
the product. CAD/CAE can eliminate the need for prototypes. But it required prototypes
can be used to confirm rather predict performance and other characteristics. CAD/CAE is
employed in numerous industries like manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, casting,
mould making, plastic, electronics and other general-purpose industries. CAD/CAE
systems can be broadly divided into low end, mid end and high-end systems. Low-end
systems are those systems which do only 2D modelling and with only little 3D modelling
capabilities. According to industry static’s 70-80% of all mechanical designers still uses
2D CAD applications. This may be mainly due to the high cost of high-end systems and
a lack of expertise. Mid-end systems are actually similar high-end systems with all their
design capabilities with the difference that they are offered at much lower prices. 3D sold
modelling on the PC is burgeoning because of many reasons like affordable and powerful
hardware, strong sound software that offers windows case of use shortened design and
production cycles and smooth integration with downstream application. More and more
designers and engineers are shifting to mid end system. High-end CAD/CAE software’s
are for the complete modeling, analysis and manufacturing of products. High-end systems
can be visualized as the brain of concurrent engineering. The design and development of

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products, which took years in the past to complete, is now made in days with the help of
high-end CAD/CAE systems and concurrent engineering.
Model is a Representation of an object, a system, or an idea in some form other
than that of the entity itself. Modeling is the process of producing a model; a model is a
representation of the construction and working of some system of interest. A model is
similar to but simpler than the system it represents. One purpose of a model is to enable
the analyst to predict the effect of changes to the system. On the one hand, a model
should be a close approximation to the real system and incorporate most of its salient
features. On the other hand, it should not be so complex that it is impossible to understand
and experiment with it. A good model is a judicious tradeoff between realism and
simplicity. Simulation practitioners recommend increasing the complexity of a model
iteratively. An important issue in modeling is model validity. Model validation techniques
include simulating the model under known input conditions and comparing model output
with system output. Generally, a model intended for a simulation study is a mathematical
model developed with the help of simulation software.
Software for modeling:
 Solid works
 Creo
 CATIA
 Unigraphics, etc
Creo Elements/Pro (formerly Pro/ENGINEER), PTC's parametric, integrated 3D
CAD/CAM/CAE solution, is used by discrete manufacturers for mechanical engineering,
design and manufacturing. Created by Dr. Samuel P. Geisberg in the mid-1980s,
Pro/ENGINEER was the industry's first successful rule-based constraint (sometimes
called "parametric" or "variational") 3D CAD modeling system. The parametric modeling
approach uses parameters, dimensions, features, and relationships to capture intended
product behavior and create a recipe which enables design automation and the
optimization of design and product development processes.
Result
Thus the 3D modelling softwares were studied