2. Mr. Ejakait 2
It can be defined as an ingrained, enduring
pattern of behaving and relating to self, others,
and the environment; personality includes
perceptions, attitudes, and emotions
These behaviors and characteristics are
consistent across a broad range of situations
and do not change easily
A person is usually not consciously aware of his
personality
3. Mr. Ejakait 3
These are personality styles that are rigid and
maladaptive, causing significant personal
distress and impair social functioning.
These are diagnosed when personality traits
become inflexible and maladaptive and
significantly interfere with how a person
functions in society or cause the person
emotional distress.
4. Mr. Ejakait 4
Genetic Factors
Due to inherited traits
Temperamental Factors
Due to emotional climate at home
Biological Factors
Due to imbalance in hormones and neurotransmitters
Psychoanalytic Factors
Due to fixation at certain psychosexual stage of
development
5. Mr. Ejakait 5
Cluster A: Individuals whose behavior
appears odd or eccentric (paranoid,
schizoid, and schizotypal personality
disorders)
Cluster B: Individuals who appear dramatic,
emotional, or erratic (antisocial,
borderline, histrionic, narcissistic)
Cluster C: Individuals who appear anxious
or fearful (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-
compulsive)
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Symptoms / Characteristics
Mistrust and suspicion of others
Guarded or hypervigilant and generally appear
alert to any impending danger
Restricted affect
Mood is labile, quickly changing from quietly
suspicious to angry or hostile
Responses become sarcastic for no apparent
reason
Uses the defense mechanism of projection,
which is blaming other people, institutions or
events for their own difficulties
7. Mr. Ejakait 7
Symptoms / Characteristics
Detached from social relationships
Report no leisure or pleasurable activities because
they rarely experience enjoyment
Have a pervasive lack of desire for involvement
with others in all aspects of life
They do not have or desire friends, rarely date or
marry and have little or no sexual contact
Involve themselves more with things than people
8. Mr. Ejakait 8
Symptoms / Characteristics
Has social and interpersonal deficits marked by
acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for
close relationships
Has cognitive or perceptual distortions
Possesses eccentric behavior
9. Mr. Ejakait 9
Symptoms / Characteristics
Violation of the rights of others
Lack of remorse for behavior
Shallow emotions
Lying
Rationalization of own behavior
Poor judgment
Impulsivity
Irritability and aggressiveness
Lack of insight
10. Mr. Ejakait 10
Symptoms / Characteristics
Fear of abandonment, real or perceived
Unstable and intense relationships
Unstable self-image
Impulsivity or recklessness
Recurrent self-mutilating behavior or suicidal threats or
gestures
Chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom
Labile mood
11. Mr. Ejakait 11
Symptoms / Characteristics
With a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and
attention-seeking
Clients are overly concerned with impressing others
with their appearance
Dress and flirtatious behavior are not limited to social
situations or relationships but also occur in
occupational and professional settings
Clients are extroverts
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Symptoms / Characteristics
Clients experience rapid shifts in mood and
emotions and may be laughing uproaringly one
moment and sobbing the next.
Thus their display of emotion may seem phony or
forced on observers
Clients are uncomfortable when they are not the
center of attention and go to great lengths to gain
that status
Clients embarrass family members or friends by
their flamboyant hugging, kissing of someone
newly introduced, by sobbing over minor incidents
13. Mr. Ejakait 13
Symptoms / Characteristics
Has a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or
behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy
for others
They believe that they are superior, special and they
demand special attention
They display an arrogant or haughty attitude
They view their problems as the fault of others
Underlying self-esteem is almost always fragile and
vulnerable
They are hypersensitive to criticism and need
constant attention, admiration
14. Mr. Ejakait 14
Symptoms / Characteristics
Has a pervasive pattern of social discomfort and
low self-esteem and hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation
They fear rejection, criticism, shame or
disapproval
They remain aloof in their relationships and feel
inferior to others
15. Mr. Ejakait 15
Symptoms / Characteristics
Has a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care
of which leads to submissive and clinging behavior
and fears of separation
Has incessant demands for attention from others,
lacks self-confidence, needs excessive reassurance
and advice
They are pre-occupied with excessive fears of being
left alone to care for themselves
They perceive themselves as unable to function
outside a relationship with someone who can tell
them what to do
16. Mr. Ejakait 16
Symptoms / Characteristics
Has a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with
perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control and
orderliness at the expense of flexibility, openness and
efficiency
They are formal, serious and answer questions with
precision and much detail
Clients check and recheck the details of any project
or activity
They have problems with judgment and decision-
making – specifically actually reaching a decision
17. Mr. Ejakait 17
Symptoms / Characteristics
They have low self-esteem and are always harsh,
critical, and judgmental of themselves; they believe
they “could have done better” regardless of how well
the job has been done
They have difficulty in relationships, few friends, and
little social life
They cannot tolerate lack of control
They have difficulty working collaboratively,
preferring to “do it myself” so it is done correctly
18. Mr. Ejakait 18
Talking to colleagues about feelings of frustration
will help you to deal with your emotional responses
so you can be more effective with clients
Clear, frequent communication with other health
care providers can help to diminish the client’s
manipulation
Do not take undue flattery or harsh criticism
personally; it is a result of the client’s personality
disorder
Set realistic goals and remember that behavior
changes in clients with personality disorders take a
long time. Progress can be very slow
Editor's Notes
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Text Revision of the American Psychiatric Association, in 2000, has made the following classification of personality disorders:
Cluster A: Individuals whose behavior appears odd or eccentric (paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders)
Cluster B: Individuals who appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic)
Cluster C: Individuals who appear anxious or fearful (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive)
Detached from social relationships
They display a constricted affect and little, if any emotion; aloof and indifferent, appearing emotionally cold, uncaring,or unfeeling
Report no leisure or pleasurable activities because they rarely experience enjoyment
Have a pervasive lack of desire for involvement with others in all aspects of life
They do not have or desire friends, rarely date or marry and have little or no sexual contact
Involve themselves more with things than people
75 % 0f prison inmates.
Symptoms / Characteristics
Irritability
Polarized thinking about self and others (“splitting”)
Impaired judgment
Lack of insight
Transient psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations demanding self-harm
Ego of personality.
The siwezi type.
The nitado? Personality.
Moralistic, misers, inability to discard worn out clothes.