anatomy

1. SternumSternum
Difference between male and female?Difference between male and female?

2. shorter and thinner in femaleshorter and thinner in female

3. ManubriumManubrium
Has a superior margin called what?Has a superior margin called what?

4. Jugular notchJugular notch

5. ManubriumManubrium
Has another notch called what?Has another notch called what?

6. clavivular notchclavivular notch
for articulation with the claviclefor articulation with the clavicle

7. ManubriumManubrium
Articulates with what bones?Articulates with what bones?

8. - clavicle- clavicle
- 1st rib- 1st rib
- 2nd rib (upper half)- 2nd rib (upper half)
- body of sternum- body of sternum

10. SternumSternum
Body articulates with what costalBody articulates with what costal
cartilages?cartilages?

11. 2nd – 7th2nd – 7th

13. Sternal angle (ofSternal angle (of
Louis)Louis)
It is the level where what happens?It is the level where what happens?

14. -- transverseplane through intervertebraltransverseplane through intervertebral
diskdisk T4/T5T4/T5
-- 2nd rib2nd rib articulate with sternumarticulate with sternum
-- aortic archaortic arch begins and endsbegins and ends
-- tracheatrachea bifurcates at carinabifurcates at carina
-- inferior border of the superiorinferior border of the superior
mediastinum is demarcatedmediastinum is demarcated

15. Xiphoid processXiphoid process
Difference between birth and adult?Difference between birth and adult?

16. Is a flat, cartilaginous process at birthIs a flat, cartilaginous process at birth
that ossifies slowly from the centralthat ossifies slowly from the central
core and unites with the body of thecore and unites with the body of the
sternum aftersternum after middle agemiddle age..

17. Xiphisternal jointXiphisternal joint
What level?What level?

18. 9th thoracic vertebra9th thoracic vertebra

19. RibsRibs
Structure of typical rib?Structure of typical rib?

20. - head- head
- neck- neck
- tubercle- tubercle
- body (shaft)- body (shaft)

22. RibsRibs
Head articulates with what?Head articulates with what?

23. - vertebral bodies- vertebral bodies
- intervertebral disks- intervertebral disks
- suprajacent vertebral bodies- suprajacent vertebral bodies

24. RibsRibs
Tubercle articulates with what?Tubercle articulates with what?

25. transverse processtransverse process

26. With the exceptionWith the exception
of ribsof ribs
1111 andand 1212

27. RibsRibs
Which are true, false and floating ribs?Which are true, false and floating ribs?

28. TrueTrue
1-71-7
FalseFalse
8-128-12
FloatingFloating
11-1211-12

29. RibsRibs
First rib has what?First rib has what?

30. scalene tuberclescalene tubercle forfor
insertions of anterior scalene m.insertions of anterior scalene m.
two groovestwo grooves forfor
subclavian artery and veinsubclavian artery and vein

32. ArticulationsArticulations
Sternoclavicular joint – what type ofSternoclavicular joint – what type of
joint?joint?

33. saddle-typesaddle-type of synovial jointof synovial joint
(with movements of a ball-and-socket(with movements of a ball-and-socket
joint)joint)

35. ArticulationsArticulations
Sternocostal joint – what type of joint?Sternocostal joint – what type of joint?

36. SynchondrosesSynchondroses in which the sternumin which the sternum
articulates with the first seven costalarticulates with the first seven costal
cartilages.cartilages.

37. ArticulationsArticulations
Costochondral joint – what type ofCostochondral joint – what type of
joint?joint?

38. SynchondrosesSynchondroses in which the ribsin which the ribs
articulate with their respective costalarticulate with their respective costal
cartilage.cartilage.

39. Muscles of theMuscles of the
thoracic wallthoracic wall
External intercostal, internal intercostal,External intercostal, internal intercostal,
innermost intercostal, transversus thoracisinnermost intercostal, transversus thoracis
and subcostalis – what nerve?and subcostalis – what nerve?

40. intercostal nerveintercostal nerve

41. Muscles of theMuscles of the
thoracic wallthoracic wall
Levator costarum. What nerve?Levator costarum. What nerve?

42. Dorsal primary rami of C8-T11Dorsal primary rami of C8-T11

44. Lymph nodesLymph nodes
Where can you find sternal orWhere can you find sternal or
parasternal nodes?parasternal nodes?

45. Along internal thoracic arteryAlong internal thoracic artery

47. Lymph nodesLymph nodes
Where can you find phrenic nodes?Where can you find phrenic nodes?

48. Thoracic surface of the diaphragmThoracic surface of the diaphragm

49. Superior mediastinumSuperior mediastinum
Boundries?Boundries?

50. superiorlysuperiorly
oblique plane of first riboblique plane of first rib
inferiorlyinferiorly
sternal anglesternal angle
laterallylaterally
pleural cavitiespleural cavities
anteriorlyanteriorly
manubrium of sternummanubrium of sternum
posteriorlyposteriorly
vertebral columnvertebral column

51. Superior mediastinumSuperior mediastinum
Contains?Contains?

52. SVCSVC
brachiocephalic veinsbrachiocephalic veins
arch of aortaarch of aorta
thoracic ductthoracic duct
tracheatrachea
esophagusesophagus
vagus nerve (CN X)vagus nerve (CN X)
left recurrent laryngeal nerveleft recurrent laryngeal nerve
phrenic nervephrenic nerve
thymusthymus

53. Anterior mediastinumAnterior mediastinum
Boundries?Boundries?

54. anterioranterior
sternum (body and xiphoid process)sternum (body and xiphoid process)
transverse thoracic musclestransverse thoracic muscles
posteriorposterior
pericardiumpericardium
laterallylaterally
pleural cavitiespleural cavities
superiorsuperior
inferior border of superior mediastiuminferior border of superior mediastium
inferiorinferior
diaphragmdiaphragm

55. Anterior mediastinumAnterior mediastinum
Contains?Contains?

56. - remnants of thymus- remnants of thymus
- lymph nodes- lymph nodes
- connective tissue- connective tissue

57. Middle mediastinumMiddle mediastinum
Borders?Borders?

58. anterioranterior
posterior border of anterior mediastinumposterior border of anterior mediastinum
posteriorposterior
anterior border of posterior mediastinumanterior border of posterior mediastinum
laterallylaterally
pleural cavitiespleural cavities
superiorsuperior
inferior border of superior mediastiuminferior border of superior mediastium
inferiorinferior
diaphragmdiaphragm

59. Middle mediastinumMiddle mediastinum
Contains?Contains?

60. - heart- heart
- pericardium- pericardium
- phrenic nerve- phrenic nerve
- roots of the great vessels- roots of the great vessels
- arch of azygos vein- arch of azygos vein
- main bronchi- main bronchi

61. Posterior mediastinumPosterior mediastinum
Where?Where?

62. anterioranterior
posterior border of middle mediastinumposterior border of middle mediastinum
posteriorposterior
vertebral columnvertebral column
laterallylaterally
pleural cavitiespleural cavities
superiorsuperior
inferior border of superior mediastiuminferior border of superior mediastium
inferiorinferior
diaphragmdiaphragm

63. Posterior mediastinumPosterior mediastinum
Contains?Contains?

64. - esophagus- esophagus
- thoracic aorta- thoracic aorta
- azygos and hemiazygos veins- azygos and hemiazygos veins
- thoracic duct- thoracic duct
- vagus nerve (CN X)- vagus nerve (CN X)
- sympaphtetic trunk- sympaphtetic trunk
- splanchnic nerves- splanchnic nerves

66. HeartHeart
Name the pericardia!Name the pericardia!

67. - fibrous pericardium- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium- serous pericardium
•• parietal layerparietal layer
•• visceral layervisceral layer

68. HeartHeart
Between what layer is the pericardialBetween what layer is the pericardial
cavity located?cavity located?

69. betweenbetween
parietal & visceralparietal & visceral layerlayer
of serous pericadiumof serous pericadium

70. HeartHeart
Another name for epicardium?Another name for epicardium?

71. visceralvisceral layerlayer ofof
serous pericadiumserous pericadium

72. HeartHeart
Borders ofBorders of transversetransverse pericardialpericardial
sinus?sinus?

73. anteriorly:anteriorly:
- aorta- aorta
- pulmonary trunk- pulmonary trunk
posteriorlyposteriorly
- SVC- SVC

74. HeartHeart
Borders ofBorders of obliqueoblique pericardial sinus?pericardial sinus?

75. anteriorly:anteriorly:
left atriumleft atrium
superiorly:superiorly:
left atriumleft atrium
laterally:laterally:
pulmonary veinspulmonary veins

77. HeartHeart
Heart skeleton consists of what?Heart skeleton consists of what?

78. →→ fibrous rings of orifices:fibrous rings of orifices:
- pulmonary- pulmonary
- aortic- aortic
- left and right atrioventricular- left and right atrioventricular
→→ fibrous trigones (left and right)fibrous trigones (left and right)
→→ interventricular septuminterventricular septum

80. HeartHeart
Name linings of the heart-wall!Name linings of the heart-wall!

81. endocardiumendocardium → inner lining→ inner lining
myocardiummyocardium → intermediate layer→ intermediate layer
epicardiumepicardium → outer lining→ outer lining

82. HeartHeart
Name the septi of the heart!Name the septi of the heart!

83. - interatrial- interatrial
- interventricular- interventricular
→→ membranous partmembranous part
→→ muscular partmuscular part
- atrioventricular- atrioventricular
→→ membranous partmembranous part

84. interatrialinteratrial

85. interventricularinterventricular

86. atrioventricularatrioventricular

87. HeartHeart
Name the conducting system of theName the conducting system of the
heart!heart!

88. - sinuatrial node (AV node)- sinuatrial node (AV node)
- atrioventricular node (SA node)- atrioventricular node (SA node)
- atrioventriuclar bundle (of His)- atrioventriuclar bundle (of His)
- right bundle- right bundle
- left bundle- left bundle
- subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers)- subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers)

90. HeartHeart
Embryologic division of right atrium?Embryologic division of right atrium?

91. - atrium proper- atrium proper
- venous sinus- venous sinus

92. HeartHeart
Relation to crista terminalis?Relation to crista terminalis?

93. - atrium proper- atrium proper
→→ anteriorlyanteriorly
- venous sinus- venous sinus
→→ posteriorlyposteriorly

94. HeartHeart
What kind of muscles in the walls ofWhat kind of muscles in the walls of
atrium proper and venous sinus?atrium proper and venous sinus?

95. - atrium proper- atrium proper
→→ roughrough (pectinate m.)(pectinate m.)
- venous sinus- venous sinus
→→ smoothsmooth

97. HeartHeart
Blood supply of coronary arteries?Blood supply of coronary arteries?
(types in %)(types in %)

98. 70% balanced type70% balanced type

99. 15% left coronary dominance15% left coronary dominance

100. 15% right coronary dominance15% right coronary dominance

101. HeartHeart
First and second heart sounds formedFirst and second heart sounds formed
by closures of what structures?by closures of what structures?

102. - First sound (- First sound (”lub”)”lub”)
→→ tricuspid valvestricuspid valves
→→ mitral valvesmitral valves
- Second sound (- Second sound (”dub”)”dub”)
→→ aortic valvesaortic valves
→→ pulmonary valvespulmonary valves

103. HeartHeart
Name cusps of mitral valve!Name cusps of mitral valve!

104. - anterior cusp- anterior cusp
- posterior cusp- posterior cusp

105. HeartHeart
Name cusps of tricuspid valve!Name cusps of tricuspid valve!

106. - anterior cusp- anterior cusp
- posterior cusp- posterior cusp
- septal cusp- septal cusp

107. HeartHeart
Name cusps of pulmonary valve!Name cusps of pulmonary valve!

108. - anterior semilunar cusp- anterior semilunar cusp
- right semilunar cusp- right semilunar cusp
- left semilunar cusp- left semilunar cusp

109. HeartHeart
Name cusps of aortic valve!Name cusps of aortic valve!

110. - right semilunar cusp- right semilunar cusp
- left semilunar cusp- left semilunar cusp
- posterior semilunar cuspposterior semilunar cusp

112. HeartHeart
What vessels can you find in anteriorWhat vessels can you find in anterior
interventricular sulcus?interventricular sulcus?

113. -- anterior interventricular branch ofanterior interventricular branch of
left coronary a.left coronary a.
-- great cardiac v.great cardiac v.

115. HeartHeart
What vessels can you find in posteriorWhat vessels can you find in posterior
interventricular sulcus?interventricular sulcus?

116. -- posterior interventricular branch ofposterior interventricular branch of
right coronary a.right coronary a.
-- middle cardiac v.middle cardiac v.

118. HeartHeart
Which artery accompanies posterior veinWhich artery accompanies posterior vein
of left ventricle?of left ventricle?

119. posterior left ventricular branch ofposterior left ventricular branch of
→→ circumflex branch of leftcircumflex branch of left
coronary a.coronary a.

120. HeartHeart
What arteries accompanies oblique veinWhat arteries accompanies oblique vein
of the left atrium (Marshallof the left atrium (Marshall’s vein)?’s vein)?

121. No arteries.No arteries.

122. HeartHeart
What structure can you find in coronaryWhat structure can you find in coronary
sulcus?sulcus?

123. coronary sinuscoronary sinus

124. HeartHeart
Which vein is the largest vein drainingWhich vein is the largest vein draining
the heart?the heart?

125. coronary sinuscoronary sinus

126. HeartHeart
What veins drain into the right atrium?What veins drain into the right atrium?

127. - coronary sinus- coronary sinus
- anterior cardiac vein- anterior cardiac vein
- smallest cardiac veins- smallest cardiac veins

128. It might sound strangeIt might sound strange
butbut NOTNOT
IVC & SVCIVC & SVC

129. HeartHeart
What veins drain into the coronaryWhat veins drain into the coronary
sinus?sinus?

130. - great cardiac vein- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac veins- small cardiac veins
- oblique vein of the left atrium- oblique vein of the left atrium
- posterior vein of the left ventricle- posterior vein of the left ventricle

133. TracheaTrachea
Consists of?Consists of?

134. -- 16 to 20 incomplete hyaline16 to 20 incomplete hyaline
cartilaginous ringscartilaginous rings
-- annular ligamentsannular ligaments
-- posteriorposterior membranous wallmembranous wall

136. TracheaTrachea
Begins where?Begins where?

137. Cricoid cartilage (C6)Cricoid cartilage (C6)

139. TracheaTrachea
Has a structure in the last tracheal cartilageHas a structure in the last tracheal cartilage
which forms a keel-like ridge separating thewhich forms a keel-like ridge separating the
openings of the right and left main bronchi.openings of the right and left main bronchi.
What is it called?What is it called?

140. carinacarina

141. BronchiBronchi
Difference between right and left mainDifference between right and left main
bronchus?bronchus?

142. Right is:Right is:
- shorter- shorter
- wider- wider
- more vertical- more vertical

143. BronchiBronchi
Difference between right and left mainDifference between right and left main
bronchus concerning lobar bronchi?bronchus concerning lobar bronchi?

144. right divides into:right divides into:
- superior- superior
- middle- middle
- inferior- inferior
left divides into:left divides into:
- upper- upper
- lower- lower

146. PleuraPleura
Divided into what?Divided into what?

147. - parietal- parietal
- visceral- visceral

148. Divided into:Divided into:
- costal- costal
- diaphragmatic- diaphragmatic
- mediastinal- mediastinal
- cervical- cervical

150. PleuraPleura
Parietal pleura is reinforced by whatParietal pleura is reinforced by what
structure?structure?

151. SibsonSibson’s fascia’s fascia

153. Innervation of pleuraInnervation of pleura
Innervation of visceral and parietalInnervation of visceral and parietal
pleura?pleura?

154. visceralvisceral
pulmonary plexuspulmonary plexus
parietalparietal
costalcostal
intercostal n.intercostal n.
mediastinalmediastinal
phrenic n.phrenic n.
diaphragmaticdiaphragmatic
phrenicphrenic
lower intercostal n.lower intercostal n.

155. PleuraPleura
Parietal pleura forms what ligament?Parietal pleura forms what ligament?

156. pulmonary ligamentpulmonary ligament
which extends along thewhich extends along the
mediastinal surface of each lungmediastinal surface of each lung
from the hilum to the base.from the hilum to the base.

158. Pleural cavityPleural cavity
Name the pleural cavities!Name the pleural cavities!

159. - costodiaphragmatic recess- costodiaphragmatic recess
- costomediastinal recess- costomediastinal recess

161. BreastBreast
Location?Location?

162. - between- between 2nd2nd andand 6th6th ribrib
- superficial to- superficial to
pectoralis majorpectoralis major
serratus anteriorserratus anterior

163. BreastBreast
Lymph drainage from what quadrantsLymph drainage from what quadrants
and what nodes?and what nodes?

164. 75% AXILLARY NODES
*DIRECT ROUTE
from lateral quadrants
pectoral nodes ( • )
*INDIRECT ROUTE
from upper quadrants
interpectoral nodes ( • )
from lower quadrants
paramammary nodes ( • )
25% OTHER NODES
from medial quadrants
parasternal nodes
inferior phrenic nodes

165. pectoral (direct)
interpectoral (indirect)
paramammary (indirect)
parasternal
inferior phrenic

167. BreastBreast
Lymph drainage in % from whatLymph drainage in % from what
quadrants?quadrants?

168. 60% 15%60% 15%
10%10%
10% 5%10% 5%

169. LungsLungs
Name impression of right lung!Name impression of right lung!

170. - right atrium- right atrium
- SVC- SVC
- IVC- IVC
- azygos vein- azygos vein
- esophagus- esophagus

171. LungsLungs
Name impression of left lung!Name impression of left lung!

172. - left atrium & left ventricle- left atrium & left ventricle
- aortic arch- aortic arch
- thoracic aorta- thoracic aorta
- left subclavian a.- left subclavian a.

173. LungsLungs
Ends where – what lines and ribs?Ends where – what lines and ribs?

174. scapular linescapular line
10 th rib10 th rib

176. ??? line??? line
8 th rib8 th rib

177. Can also be:Can also be:
left lungleft lung
7th rib7th rib
right lungright lung
9th rib9th rib

179. midclavicular linemidclavicular line
6 th rib6 th rib

181. parasternal lineparasternal line
right lungright lung
6 th rib6 th rib
left lungleft lung
4th rib4th rib

183. Pulmonary hilumPulmonary hilum
Anterior – posterior?Anterior – posterior?

184. - superior pulmonary v.- superior pulmonary v.
- pulmonary a.- pulmonary a.
- principal bronchus- principal bronchus

185. Pulmonary hilumPulmonary hilum
Superior – inferior?Superior – inferior?

186. LeftLeft
- superior lobar bronchus- superior lobar bronchus
- pulmonary a.- pulmonary a.
- principal bronchus- principal bronchus
- inferior pulmonary v.- inferior pulmonary v.
RightRight
- pulmonary a.- pulmonary a.
- principal bronchus- principal bronchus
- inferior pulmonary v.- inferior pulmonary v.

188. Horizontal fissureHorizontal fissure
Follows approximately and ends withFollows approximately and ends with
what rib?what rib?

189. Right 4th ribRight 4th rib

190. Oblique fissureOblique fissure
Begins and end with what ribs?Begins and end with what ribs?

191. left oblique fissurebegins withleft oblique fissurebegins with
leftleft 3rd rib3rd rib
right oblique fissure begins withright oblique fissure begins with
rightright 4th rib4th rib
they both end withthey both end with
left and rightleft and right 6th rib6th rib

192. Segments of the lungSegments of the lung
Horizontal fissure – what segments?Horizontal fissure – what segments?

193. Right lung:Right lung:
2 - 62 - 6

194. Segments of the lungSegments of the lung
Oblique fissure right and left lung –Oblique fissure right and left lung –
what segments?what segments?

195. rightright
2–8 but2–8 but NOTNOT 33
leftleft
1-8 but1-8 but NOTNOT 33

196. Segments of the lungSegments of the lung
Cardiac impression – what segments?Cardiac impression – what segments?

197. right lung 5right lung 5
left lung 3-8 but not 6left lung 3-8 but not 6

198. Segments of the lungSegments of the lung
Groove for aorta – what segments?Groove for aorta – what segments?

199. left lung 1, 2, 6, 10left lung 1, 2, 6, 10

200. Segments of the lungSegments of the lung
Groove for azygos vein – whatGroove for azygos vein – what
segments?segments?

201. right lung 1, 2,right lung 1, 2, 33, 6,10, 6,10

202. Segments of the lungSegments of the lung
Groove for brachiocephalic vein –Groove for brachiocephalic vein –
what segments?what segments?

203. right lung 1, 3right lung 1, 3

204. Segments of the lungSegments of the lung
Groove for SVC – what segments?Groove for SVC – what segments?

205. right lung 1, 5right lung 1, 5

206. Vessels of the lungVessels of the lung
NameName ”public vessels”!”public vessels”!

207. PulmonaryPulmonary a.a. ++ v.v.

208. Vessels of the lungVessels of the lung
NameName ”private vessels”!”private vessels”!

209. BronchialBronchial a.a. ++ v.v.

210. Bronchial vesselsBronchial vessels
Origin of right and left bronchialOrigin of right and left bronchial
arteries?arteries?

211. leftleft
direct from thoracic aortadirect from thoracic aorta
rightright
3rd right posterior3rd right posterior
intercostal arteryintercostal artery

212. EsophagusEsophagus
Name the three constrictions!Name the three constrictions!

213. -- C6C6 (where it begins)(where it begins)
- crossing- crossing left main bronchusleft main bronchus
-- T10T10 (piercing diaphragm)(piercing diaphragm)

214. EsophagusEsophagus
Receives blood from what arteries?Receives blood from what arteries?

215. - inferior thyroid- inferior thyroid
- bronchial- bronchial
- esophageal- esophageal

216. Lymph drainageLymph drainage
Pathway of left lung!Pathway of left lung!

217. All lobes:All lobes:
- pulmonary nodes- pulmonary nodes
- bronchopulmonary nodes- bronchopulmonary nodes
- inferior tracheobronchial nodes- inferior tracheobronchial nodes
- right superior tracheobronchial nodes- right superior tracheobronchial nodes
- right paratracheal nodes- right paratracheal nodes
- right bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk- right bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk
- right brachiocephalic veinright brachiocephalic vein
- right lymphatic trunk- right lymphatic trunk

218. Lymph drainageLymph drainage
Pathway of right lung!Pathway of right lung!

219. Superior lobe:Superior lobe:
- pulmonary nodes- pulmonary nodes
- bronchopulmonary nodes- bronchopulmonary nodes
- inferior tracheobronchial nodes- inferior tracheobronchial nodes
- left superior tracheobronchial nodes- left superior tracheobronchial nodes
- left paratracheal nodes- left paratracheal nodes
- left bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk- left bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk
- left brachiocephalic vein- left brachiocephalic vein
- thoracic duct- thoracic duct

220. Inferior lobe:Inferior lobe:
- pulmonary nodes- pulmonary nodes
- bronchopulmonary nodes- bronchopulmonary nodes
- inferior tracheobronchial nodes- inferior tracheobronchial nodes
-- rightright superior tracheobronchial nodessuperior tracheobronchial nodes
-- rightright paratracheal nodesparatracheal nodes
-- rightright bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunkbronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk
-- rightright brachiocephalic veinbrachiocephalic vein
-- rightright lymphatic ductlymphatic duct

222. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
Consists of?Consists of?

223. - azygos vein- azygos vein
- hemiazygos vein- hemiazygos vein
- Accessory hemiazygos vein- Accessory hemiazygos vein
- posterior intercostal veins- posterior intercostal veins

224. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
Azygos vein is formed by union ofAzygos vein is formed by union of
what structures?what structures?

225. - right subcostal v.- right subcostal v.
- right ascending lumbar v.- right ascending lumbar v.

226. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
Hemiazygos vein is formed by unionHemiazygos vein is formed by union
of what structures?of what structures?

227. - left subcostal v.- left subcostal v.
- left ascending lumbar v.- left ascending lumbar v.

228. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
Accessory hemiazygos vein is formedAccessory hemiazygos vein is formed
by union of what structures?by union of what structures?

229. - 5th-8th posterior intercostal v.- 5th-8th posterior intercostal v.

230. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
First posterior intercostal vein (rightFirst posterior intercostal vein (right
and left) drain into what?and left) drain into what?

231. brachiocephalic veinsbrachiocephalic veins

232. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
Left 2th, 3rd and 4th posteriorLeft 2th, 3rd and 4th posterior
intercostal veins drain into what?intercostal veins drain into what?

233. left superior intercostal veinleft superior intercostal vein
→→ brachiocephalic veinbrachiocephalic vein

234. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
Right 2th, 3rd and 4th posteriorRight 2th, 3rd and 4th posterior
intercostal veins drain into what?intercostal veins drain into what?

235. right superior intercostal veinright superior intercostal vein
→→ azygos veinazygos vein

236. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
Right 5th-11th posterior intercostalRight 5th-11th posterior intercostal
veins drain into what?veins drain into what?

237. azygos veinazygos vein

238. Azygos venous systemAzygos venous system
left 5th-11th posterior intercostal veinsleft 5th-11th posterior intercostal veins
drain into what?drain into what?

239. 5-8 →5-8 →
accessory hemiazygos veinaccessory hemiazygos vein
9-11 →9-11 →
hemiazygos veinhemiazygos vein

240. They both drain intoThey both drain into
azygos veinazygos vein..

242. RespirationRespiration
Divided into what?Divided into what?

243. inspiration and expirationinspiration and expiration

244. RespirationRespiration
Muscles of inspiration – name them!Muscles of inspiration – name them!

245. - diaphragm- diaphragm
- external, internal, innermost intercostal- external, internal, innermost intercostal
- sternocleidomastoid- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenus- scalenus
- pectoralis major + minor- pectoralis major + minor
- levator costarum + scapulae- levator costarum + scapulae
- serratus anterior + posterior superior- serratus anterior + posterior superior

246. RespirationRespiration
Forced inspiration involves what?Forced inspiration involves what?

247. - contraction of the intercostal muscles- contraction of the intercostal muscles
- elevation of the ribs- elevation of the ribs

248. RespirationRespiration
Forced inspiration results in what?Forced inspiration results in what?

249. Rsults in increasedRsults in increased transverse andtransverse and
anteroposterior diametersanteroposterior diameters of the thoracicof the thoracic
cavity.cavity.
The abdominal volume is decreased with anThe abdominal volume is decreased with an
increased abdominal pressure.increased abdominal pressure.

250. ExspirationExspiration
Expiration involves what muscles?Expiration involves what muscles?

251. - muscles of the anterior abdominal wall- muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
- internal intercostal muscles- internal intercostal muscles
- serratus posterior inferior- serratus posterior inferior

252. Internal thoracic arteryInternal thoracic artery
Divides where into what?Divides where into what?

253. Divides into:Divides into:
- musculophrenic a.- musculophrenic a.
- superior epigastric a.- superior epigastric a.
At theAt the 6th6th intercostal spaceintercostal space

254. Intercostal arteriesIntercostal arteries
What structures give rise to anteriorWhat structures give rise to anterior
intercostal areteries?intercostal areteries?

255. 1st-6th intercostal space1st-6th intercostal space
- internal thoracic a.- internal thoracic a.
7th-9th intercostal space7th-9th intercostal space
- musculophranic a.- musculophranic a.

257. Intercostal arteriesIntercostal arteries
What structures give rise to posteriorWhat structures give rise to posterior
intercostal arteries?intercostal arteries?

258. 1-21-2
- supreme intercostal a.- supreme intercostal a.
(branch from costocervical trunk)(branch from costocervical trunk)
3-113-11
- thoracic aorta- thoracic aorta

260. ClinicalClinical
What is pneumothorax?What is pneumothorax?

261. Presence of air in the pleural cavityPresence of air in the pleural cavity

262. ClinicalClinical
What is emphysema?What is emphysema?

263. accumulation of air inaccumulation of air in
terminal bronchiolesterminal bronchioles andand alveolar sacsalveolar sacs

264. ClinicalClinical
What is pneumonia?What is pneumonia?

265. Is anIs an inflammation of the pleurainflammation of the pleura alsoalso
known as pneumonitisknown as pneumonitis

266. ClinicalClinical
What is thoracentesis orWhat is thoracentesis or
pleurascentisis?pleurascentisis?

267. Pleural tapPleural tap is a surgical punture of theis a surgical punture of the
thoracic wall into the pleural cavity forthoracic wall into the pleural cavity for
aspiration of fluid.aspiration of fluid.

268. ClinicalClinical
What are hydrothorax, hemothorax,What are hydrothorax, hemothorax,
chylothorax and pyothorax?chylothorax and pyothorax?

269. Accumulations of fluidsAccumulations of fluids in the pleuralin the pleural
cavitycavity..

270. hydrothoraxhydrothorax
waterwater
hemothoraxhemothorax
bloodblood
chylothorachylothora
lymphlymph
pyothoraxpyothorax
puspus

271. ClinicalClinical
Lesion of phrenic nerve may not produceLesion of phrenic nerve may not produce
complete paralysis of the corresponding halfcomplete paralysis of the corresponding half
of the diaphragm. Why not?of the diaphragm. Why not?

272. Because ofBecause of accessory phrenic nerveaccessory phrenic nerve (C5)(C5)
that usually joins the phrenic nerve.that usually joins the phrenic nerve.