Oncogenes promote unregulated cell growth and proliferation, giving cells self-sufficiency in growth signals. Oncogenes were originally proto-oncogenes that encode normal growth-promoting proteins but become mutated or abnormal. This causes them to encode oncoproteins that constitutively activate growth signaling pathways and result in autonomous cell growth. The hallmarks of cancer include eight fundamental changes in cell physiology driven by oncogenes and oncoproteins, such as evading growth suppression, enabling replicative immortality, and inducing angiogenesis. Specific oncogenes are associated with certain tumor types depending on the mutation that activates the proto-oncogene, such as point mutations, translocations, or amplifications.

1. Oncogenes and Cancer

2. Learning outcomes
• Hallmarks of cancer
• 8 fundamental changes
• Protooncogenes , oncogenes & Oncoproteins
• Role of Oncogenes in cancer

3. Hallmarks of Cancer
All Cancers display 8 fundamental
changes

4. 1. Self sufficiency
in the growth
Signals
4. Limitless
Replicative
Potential
6. The Ability to
invade and
Metastasize
5. Sustained
Angiogenesis
3.Evasion of
Apoptosis
2. Insensitivity to
antigrowth/
growth inhibitory
signals
7. Reprogramming
Energy Metabolism
9. Genomic
Instability
8. Evasion of
Immune System
HALLMARKS OF CANCER10.Tumor promoting
inflammation

5. SELF SUFFICIENCY IN GROWTH
SIGNALS

6. Oncogenes
They promote unregulated proliferation/Autonomous cell growth
(Self sufficiency in growth signals)
The unmutated counterparts of Oncogenes are “proto oncogenes”

7. Protooncogenes
Proteins
Growth
Factors
Normal Growth
No need of
Growth Factors
Malignant Growth
Oncogenes
Oncoproteins
Oncoproteins have similar functions as that of normal but it makes the cells “self sufficient”
Point mutations and deletions
Chromosomal translocation
Gene amplification

8. Oncoproteins and their role in Cancer

9. How normal cell respond to growth factor ?

10. Inactive RAS Active RAS
GDP GTP
Growth Factor
Growth Factor
Receptor
Binding
Protein
Farnesyl
Cell Membrane
RAF/MAP
Kinase
PI3
Kinase
Nucleus
Transcription
Cell Cycle
Progression
1
2
3
4
5

11. Oncogenes Associated Tumors
Point mutation
Amplification
Point Mutation
Translocation
Translocation
Amplification
Amplification
Translocation
Overexpression
Overexpression
Overexpression
Overexpression

12. Summary
• Hallmarks of cancer
• 8 fundamental changes
• Protooncogenes ,oncogenes & Oncoproteins
• Role of Oncogenes in cancer

13. http://ilovepathology.com/
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