6. Classification of Surface Active agent
Cationic
A positive charge head
cationic agent --N(CH3)3
+.
Anionic
Anion functional group --OSO3
Zwitterionic
It has both anionic and cationic agent --N+(CH3)2CH2COO
Non-ionic
There is no charge geoup --(OCH2CH2)nOH
10. Soap
Hard soap
Na- salt
Moderately soluble in water
Example- Aleppo soap, Castile
soap, and Marseille soap
Soft soap
Potassium salt
First dissolve in water
Example- Shampoo and Liquid
hand wash
11. Soap
Insoluble soap
Ca/Mg-salt
Use as lubricants and dries in paint industry
CH2 COOR
CH COOR + Ca(OH)2/Mg(OH)2
CH2 COOR
CH2 OH
CH OH
CH2 OH
+ (RCOO) Mg/Ca
Fat/Oil
(Ca or Mg hydroxide)
Insoluble soap
Glycerol
15. RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING SOAP
Rosin
Glyceride
Caustic soda
Sodium chloride or
common salt
Binding material
Fillers
Clo-ring material
Perfume
Super fatting agent
Disinfectants
Germicide
16. Fat or oil
Blend Tank
Hot water
Hydrolyzer
Flash Tank
Heat
exchanger
High
vaccum
still
Bottom
for
recovery
Crude
Glyceride
Condenser
Distillate
for
receiver
Mixer
neutralizer
Soap storage
Soap Bar
finishing
Soap flask
powder etc
Hot pressure
pump
Heat
exchanger
Flask Tank
Freezer
cutter
stamper
H2O
Catalyst
ZnO
Steam
steam
steam
Fig: Manufacture of soap by continuous process
Air
NaOH