Septicemia and toxemia with pictures Septicemia is an infection that occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and spread ETIOLOGY: caused by infection with bacteria, viruses or fungi. Septicemia is a serious infection in the blood and lymphatic system. Signs and symptoms of septicemia can include fever, chills, dehydration, shock, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, fatigue, edema in the head, neck, and throat, hypersalivation and death Lesions: In animals, hemorrhagic septicemia can cause lesions in the respiratory tract, lymph nodes, and other organs septicemia can cause damage to multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver Diagnosis: clinical signs, blood tests, and other laboratory tests to identify the underlying infection Treatment Oxygen therapy Fluid therapy Sometimes emergency surgery Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be based on culture and sensitivity results to identify effective antibiotics like Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin Lesions: In animals, hemorrhagic septicemia can cause lesions in the respiratory tract, lymph nodes, and other organs septicemia can cause damage to multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver Diagnosis: clinical signs, blood tests, and other laboratory tests to identify the underlying infection Treatment Oxygen therapy Fluid therapy Sometimes emergency surgery Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be based on culture and sensitivity results to identify effective antibiotics like Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin Read more Bacterial causes of septicemia Chemical causes of toxaemia

1. SEPTICEMIA AND
TOXEMIA
Prepared By: Urusha
Ghimire

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• Septicemia is an infection that occurs when bacteria enter the
bloodstream and spread
• ETIOLOGY: caused by infection with bacteria, viruses or fungi.
• Septicemia is a serious infection in the blood and lymphatic
system.
• Signs and symptoms of septicemia can include fever, chills,
dehydration, shock, shortness of breath, coughing up blood,
fatigue, edema in the head, neck, and throat, hypersalivation
and death
INTRODUCTION

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PATHOGENESIS
Exposure Infection Endotoxin/ Exotoxin
release
Cellular
Response
Endothelial cell
Damage
Organ failure and
death

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Lesions: In animals, hemorrhagic septicemia can cause lesions in the
respiratory tract, lymph nodes, and other organs
• septicemia can cause damage to multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys,
and liver
Diagnosis: clinical signs, blood tests, and other laboratory tests to identify
the underlying infection
Treatment
•Oxygen therapy
•Fluid therapy
•Sometimes emergency surgery
• Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be based on culture and sensitivity
results to identify effective antibiotics like Ampicillin, Cefazolin,
Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin

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Pasturella multocida ( hemorrhagic
septicemia)

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Septicemia in broiler:
• accumulation of
fibrin and exudate in
the femoral head,
and necrosis
processes seen

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E. coli septicemia in broiler carcasses
Multifocal generalized
necrotizing hepatitis in
one of the carcasses

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Celomic cavity. Fibrin strands can be seen over the
hepatic surface and the serous membranes of the celomic
cavity (fibrinous serositis).
Multifocal generalized necrotizing hepatitis in one of
the carcasses.

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Enterococcus septicemia
Broiler carcass with
necrotizing hepatitis
lesions.

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Septicemia due to Streptococcus
dysgalactiae in vampire bats
At necropsy, severe brain
congestion of a vampire bat is
seen.

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Viral hemorrhagic septicemia
Caused by Rhabdovirus
Histopathologic lesions include necrosis of
liver, spleen and kidney, with frequent hemorrhage

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Toxemia
• Toxemia is defined as a condition caused by the presence of toxins in
the bloodstream.
Etiology
• Different causes of toxemia are exposure to chemical pollutants or
toxins, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.
• It is caused by different factors like environmental toxins like lead or
mercury, chemical toxins like carbon monoxide or benzene, and
medication toxins like barbiturates or steroids.
• The most common toxins are from bacteria (sepsis), viruses
(influenza), and poisonous plants (venom).
• Septicemia is a severe form of toxemia caused by an infection.

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1.Botulism:
•Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum
that produces a neurotoxin called botulinum
toxin
•Symptoms of botulism include nausea,
lethargy, unsteadiness, dysphagia, respiratory
failure, sluggish pupils, distended abdomen,
and constipation

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2.Tetanus:
•Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani,
that produces a neurotoxin called
tetanospasmin
Symptoms of tetanus include muscle
stiffness, spasms, and rigidity,
particularly in the jaw and neck muscles,
difficulty swallowing, fever, sweating, and
rapid heart rate

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3.Diphtheria:
•Diphtheria is caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, that
produces an exotoxin called diphtheria
toxin
•Symptoms of diphtheria include sore
throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and
the formation of a grayish-white
membrane in the throat or nose that
can obstruct breathing

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The internal mucosa of the larynx was lined with a 5mm thick layer of yellow tightly adherent caseous
material. Surrounding tissues were hyperaemic and some ingesta was lodged anterior to the diphtheritic
ring within the larynx.

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4.Gas gangrene:
•Gas gangrene is caused by
Clostridium perfringens, that
produces several toxins, including
alpha-toxin, theta-toxin, and kappa-
toxin
•Symptoms of gas gangrene include
severe pain, swelling, and
discoloration of the affected area,
fever, rapid heart rate, and low
blood pressure

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Microscopically, focal necrosis (arrow), gas bubbles (stars), extensive edema and rod-shaped bacterial clusters
in the subcutaneous fascial tissue.

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LEAD Toxicity
GIT Symptoms :-
Anorexia, colic, dullness and
transient constipation
frequently followed by diarrhea
CNS symptoms :-
In cattle there is depression,
weakness and ataxia can
progress to more severe clinical
signs of muscle tremors head
pressing ,blindness, jaw
champing, muscle tremor and
convulsion.

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Hematological symptoms:-
Blood capillaries are congested with enlarged
and increased endothelial cells.

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Treatment
• Thiamine
• Corticosteroids and osmotic diuretics may
reduce cerebral oedema in cattle and horses.
• Diazepam and barbiturates may be used to
control muscle tremor and convulsion.
• IV fluids for dehydration
Diagnosis
Large nucleated RBC’s;
basophilic stippling
Blood lead conc >35
μg/ml

26. ARSENIC POISOININGS
Acute poisoning :-
Effects GI tract and cardiovascular system.
 watery diarrhoea(rice water diarrhoea),
sometimes tinged with blood, is characteristic,
as are severe colic, dehydration, weakness,
severe fall of B.P., hypovolemic shock. Profuse
depression, weak pulse, and cardiovascular
collapse.
Chronic Poisoning:-
Chronic cases are rare and are characterized by
poor appetite, Wasting
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27. Inflammation and
reddening of GI
mucosa.
Adipose
degeneration of
liver kidney, lung
and other organs.
In case of
cutaneous
exposure the skin
may exhibit
necrosis and be
dry and leathery.
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Brown Plague in Kidney Intestine filled with Blood
ULCERS

28. o Treatment
BAL (British anti-lewisite ) @ 3 mg/kg, IM, every 4 hr for the first 2
days, every 6 hr for the third day, and 12 holy f for the next 10 days
or until recovery.
IV fluids
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29. ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES
oClinical sign
oMuscarinic signs:
Profuse salivation (watery drooling), bronchial secretions and
constriction, diarrhoea, frequent urination and miosis.
oNicotinic signs: Muscular tremors,
convulsions, paralysis of respiratory muscles and dyspnoea.
oCNS signs: Restlessness, ataxia, depression of respiratory and
vasomotor centres, paralysis, coma and death due to respiration failure
followed by cardiovascular failure.
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30. TREATMENT
oAtropine SO4:
Cattle and sheep: 0.5-1 mg/kg 1/3 iv
Over dosage of atropine to be avoided.
oIf ingestion: Emetics, purgatives, activated charcoal (3-6 g/kg as slurry in
oIf dermal: wash with soap and cool water.
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31. COPPER
Acute Toxicity:- Severe gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
anorexia, dehydration, and shock.
Feces may appear deep green in color due to the presence of the Cu-
chlorophyl compound.
o Chronic Toxicity:-
oSigns in affected animals include generalized icterus, hemoglobinuria,
hemoglobinemia, depression, lethargy, weakness, recumbency, anorexia,
thirst, dyspnea, pale mucous membranes
 Several days or weeks before the hemolytic crisis, liver enzymes,
including ALT and AST, are usually increased.
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33. P.M FINDING
Pale yellow liver
Enlarged pulpy spleen
Bluish black kidney (Gun metal kidney)
Gall bladder is distended with thick greenish-brown bile.
o Treatment
Ammonium or sodium molybdate (50–500 mg) and sodium thiosulfate
(250– 1000 mg) should be used daily as a drench for up to 3 weeks.
Molybdenum and zinc can be supplemented
Fluid Therapy
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34. MERCURY
o Inorganic mercury:-
Acute – mainly the effect GIT & Kidney
GIT – The symptoms are metallic taste in mouth, abdominal pain,
diarrhoea with blood in the faeces leading to dehydration.
Kidney – Oligoura followed by anuria, albuminuria, and uraemia.
 Chronic – kidney damage is the main symptom.
organic mercury
nervous disturbances; nerve pain, blindness, excitation, abnormal
behaviour & chewing, incoordination and convulsion. Neurological signs
may be irreversible once they develop.
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35. Treatment:-
 BAL (British anti-
lewisite )
Gastric lavage for
removal of poison from
the GIT.
 Administration of
proteinous liquid to
protect the GIT
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36. CARBAMATES
Muscarinic signs:
Profuse salivation (watery drooling), bronchial secretions and
constriction, diarrhoea, frequent urination and miosis.
Nicotinic signs:
Muscular tremors, convulsions, paralysis of respiratory muscles and
dyspnoea.
CNS signs:
Restlessness, ataxia, depression of respiratory and vasomotor centres,
paralysis, coma and death due to respiration failure followed by
cardiovascular failure.
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37. Diagnosis:
oHistory, circumstantial evidence,
o Clinical signs,
Treatment:
oAtropine sulphate only
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Diffuse
subendocardial
hemorrhages
Gastric congension

38. PLANT TOXICITY
oName: Sorghum vulgare (Jowar).
oToxicity:Cytotoxic anoxia.
oClinical signs:Generally peracute.
oTreatment: Sodium nitrite 20mg/kg slow i.v. as 1% solution and sodium
thiosulphate. 500mg/kg
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39. NAME: LATHYRUS SATIVUS(GRASS PEA).
oClinical signs:Lamness, staggering
gait,muscular weakness, dyspnoea,
Roaring and neurological disorders.
oTreatment: Supportive and
symptomatic
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40. OURECUS INCANA
(OAK).
Toxic Principles:Tannins, Gallic and
Pyrogallic acids, phenols.
o Clinical signs:Severe constipation, dry
pelleted faeces, polydypsia and
neurological disorders.
o Treatment: GI demulcents, liq.
Paraffin, Mild mucilaginous laxatives.
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41. PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (BRACKEN FERN).
oToxicity &Clinical signs: Signs of
Vit B1 deficiency.
o Treatment: Vit B1 supplementation
in non-ruminants.
o Blood transfusion in ruminants.
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42. DATURA STRAMONIUM
(MADAR)
ATROPA BELLADONNA
Toxic Principles: Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Hyoscine.
oAnimals affected: Carnivores are more sensitive
than herbivores.
oClinical signs:Dryness of mouth & mucous
membranes, thirst, anorexia, mydriasis, visual
disturbances, depression, tachycardia.
oTreatment: Parasympathomimetic agents
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43. STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA
o Toxic Principles: Strychnine
o Toxicity: (Lethal dose, mg/kg)Cattle & Horse - 0.5,
Dog- 0.75, Pig - 1, cat - 2, Rat -3, Fowl -5.
o Clinical signs: Muscle tremors, twitchings,
hyperirritability, Convulsions.
o Treatment: Symptomatic (Muscle relaxants,
tranquilizers)- Diazepam (Glycine agonist).
o Supportive treatment.
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44. THANK YOU