Snakebite has known as a neglected public health issue, especially in the rural areas of the developing countries. Snakebite can cause severe injury and death without proper first aid procedures within few hours.
8. RISK FACTORS
Characteristics Details
Age 10 – 40 years old
Gender 2:1 male to female ratio
Target Farmers, plantation
workers, herders, and
fishermen
Time of Bite Diurnal: Viper and Copra
Nocturnal: Krait
Site of Bite 60%-80% on foot, legs or
ankles. Head and trunk
(while sleeping)
Transmission Time
Reprinted from PMC, 201510
9. Physical observation
(bite marks)
Misidentify snake
species Ineffective
antivenom
Blood clotting test
ELISA test
DIAGNOSIS
Puncture of snake bites
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons,189512
12. TREATMENT
First Aid
Traditional First Aid
• Keep the victim calm.
• Call for emergency
• Remove jewelry and tight
clothing
• Position the victim, so the bite
is at or below the victim’s
heart level
• Clean the bite, don’t flush it
with water
• Cover the bite with dry, clean
dressing
Reprinted from PMC, 201013
14. Wear boots and long pants
Stay way from tall grass or brush
Avoid sleeping on the floor
Avoid climbing on rocks where snakes
may be hiding
Inform about venomous snake and health
risks
Using flashlight/ torch during night time
PREVENTION
15. 1. Eightonine. World Distribution of Snakes. Wikimedia Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/File:World_distribution_of_snakes.svg . Published July 24 th, 2009.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
2. Kamalnv . Indian Cobra. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Indiancobra.jpg . Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
3. Aloaiza. Pelamis Platurus Costa Rica. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Pelamis_Platurus_Costa_Rica.JPG . Published February
17th, 2008. Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
4. Gupt.sumeet. Russell’s Viper in Pune Zoo. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Russells_viper_in_pune_zoo.jpg . Published April, 2013.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
5. Mokele. Ophiophagus hannah skull. Wikimedia Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/File:Ophiophagus_hannah_skull.jpg . Published February 17 th, 2008.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
6. Mokele. Crotalus skull. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Crotalus_skull.jpg . Published February 17 th, 2008.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
7. Mokele. Heterodon nasicus skull. Wikimedia Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/File:Heterodon_nasicus_skull.jpg . Published February 17 th, 2008.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
8. Biomajor. Snake fangs and venom. Biology -forums.com . http://biology -
forums.com /index.php?action =gallery;sa =view;id=5309. Published 2012. Accessed August 10 th,
2016.
9. Eightofnine. Number of snake envenoming. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Number_of_snake_envenomings.svg . Published June
24th, 2009. Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
10.Toxicol Int. Body mapping pf the distribution of snake bite sites. PMC.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc/articles/PMC4721181/figure/F3/. Published January 2015.
REFERENCES
Editor's Notes
Welcome! In this module on snakebite, we will first learn about the distribution, classification and anatomy of venomous snake. We will then discuss about the epidemiology of snake bite and how this neglected disease present themselves clinically. Finally, looking at the diagnostic methods and treatments for snakebite will help us understand preventive measures.
Snakebite has know as a neglected public health issue, especially in the rural areas of the developing countries. However, there is an estimate of 5.4 million snakebites and 2.5 million envenoming. Snakebite can cause severe injury and death without proper first aid procedures within few hours. According to WHO, there are more than 3000 species of snakes in the world. 600 species are venomous. This is the map of the distribution of venomous snake in the world. Most venomous snake
Venomous snakes are divided into 5 main snake families, which are Viperidae, Elapidae, Hydrophidae, Colubridae, and Atractaspididae.
References:
Eightonine. World Distribution of Snakes. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_distribution_of_snakes.svg. Published July 24th, 2009. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Kamalnv. Indian Cobra. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indiancobra.jpg. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Aloaiza. Pelamis Platurus Costa Rica. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pelamis_Platurus_Costa_Rica.JPG. Published February 17th, 2008. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Gupt.sumeet. Russell’s Viper in Pune Zoo. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Russells_viper_in_pune_zoo.jpg. Published April, 2013. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Mokele. Ophiophagus hannah skull. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ophiophagus_hannah_skull.jpg. Published February 17th, 2008. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Mokele. Crotalus skull. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crotalus_skull.jpg. Published February 17th, 2008. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Mokele. Heterodon nasicus skull. Wikimedia Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heterodon_nasicus_skull.jpg. Published February 17th, 2008. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Biomajor. Snake fangs and venom. Biology-forums.com. http://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=5309. Published 2012. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Eightofnine. Number of snake envenoming. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Number_of_snake_envenomings.svg. Published June 24th, 2009. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Toxicol Int. Body mapping pf the distribution of snake bite sites. PMC. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721181/figure/F3/. Published January 2015. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
Mikael Haggstrom. Snake bite symptoms. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Snake_bite_symptoms.png. Published March 25th, 2009. Published August 10th, 2016.
Punctures or bites of snakes. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V46_D085_Punctures_or_bites_of_snakes.jpg. Published 1895. Accessed August 10th, 2016.
PLoS Neglect Tropical Díease. PMC. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811174/figure/pntd-0000603-g003/. Published January 2010. Accessed August 10th, 2016.