Snakebite has known as a neglected public health issue, especially in the rural areas of the developing countries. Snakebite can cause severe injury and death without proper first aid procedures within few hours.

1. SNAKE BITES

2.  Distribution & Classification of Venomous Snake
 Anatomy of Venomous Snake
 Epidemiology of Snakebite
 Clinical Manifestation of Snakebite
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Prevention
OBJECTIVES

3. DISTRIBUTION OF VENOMOUS SNAKE
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20091

4.  Viperidae
 Russell’s viper
 Saw-scaled viper (Echis
carinatus)
 Elapidae
 Naja Naja Cobra
 Common Krait
 Hydrophidae (Sea
snake)
 Colubridae
 Atractaspididae
CLASSIFICATION OF VENOMOUS SNAKE
Cobra
Russell's viper
Sea Snake
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons2 Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons,
20083
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20134

5. ANATOMY OF VENOMOUS SNAKE
Proteroglypha
Solenoglypha
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20085
Opisthoglypha
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20086
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20087
Reprinted from Biology Forums, 20129

6. ANATOMY
Venom Composition
Venom Enzyme
Venom polypeptide
toxins (neurotoxins)
Zinc
metalloproteinase
haemorrhagins
Procoagula
nt enzyme
Phospholipas
e A2
(lecithinasae)
Acetylcholine
sterase
Hyaluronida
se
Non-toxic
protein

7. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SNAKEBITE
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20099

8. RISK FACTORS
Characteristics Details
Age 10 – 40 years old
Gender 2:1 male to female ratio
Target Farmers, plantation
workers, herders, and
fishermen
Time of Bite Diurnal: Viper and Copra
Nocturnal: Krait
Site of Bite 60%-80% on foot, legs or
ankles. Head and trunk
(while sleeping)
Transmission Time
Reprinted from PMC, 201510

9.  Physical observation
(bite marks)
 Misidentify snake
species  Ineffective
antivenom
 Blood clotting test
 ELISA test
DIAGNOSIS
Puncture of snake bites
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons,189512

10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF
SNAKEBITE
Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons,

11.  Paralysis
 Necrosis
 Hemostatic Abnormalities
 Renal Failure
 Fatal
COMPLICATIONS

12. TREATMENT
First Aid
Traditional First Aid
• Keep the victim calm.
• Call for emergency
• Remove jewelry and tight
clothing
• Position the victim, so the bite
is at or below the victim’s
heart level
• Clean the bite, don’t flush it
with water
• Cover the bite with dry, clean
dressing
Reprinted from PMC, 201013

13. Antivenom
 Albert Calmette (1890s)
 Monovalent
 Polyvalent
 Adverse effects:
 Anaphylactoid (10-180 mins)
 Pyrogenic reactions (1-2
hours)
 Late serum sickness (4-24
days)
TREATMENT
Venom
Extraction
Venom
Injection in
Animal
Immunization
Blood
collection
Antivenom

14. Wear boots and long pants
Stay way from tall grass or brush
Avoid sleeping on the floor
Avoid climbing on rocks where snakes
may be hiding
Inform about venomous snake and health
risks
Using flashlight/ torch during night time
PREVENTION

15. 1. Eightonine. World Distribution of Snakes. Wikimedia Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/File:World_distribution_of_snakes.svg . Published July 24 th, 2009.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
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https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Indiancobra.jpg . Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
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https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Pelamis_Platurus_Costa_Rica.JPG . Published February
17th, 2008. Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
4. Gupt.sumeet. Russell’s Viper in Pune Zoo. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Russells_viper_in_pune_zoo.jpg . Published April, 2013.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
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https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/File:Ophiophagus_hannah_skull.jpg . Published February 17 th, 2008.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
6. Mokele. Crotalus skull. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Crotalus_skull.jpg . Published February 17 th, 2008.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
7. Mokele. Heterodon nasicus skull. Wikimedia Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/File:Heterodon_nasicus_skull.jpg . Published February 17 th, 2008.
Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
8. Biomajor. Snake fangs and venom. Biology -forums.com . http://biology -
forums.com /index.php?action =gallery;sa =view;id=5309. Published 2012. Accessed August 10 th,
2016.
9. Eightofnine. Number of snake envenoming. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Number_of_snake_envenomings.svg . Published June
24th, 2009. Accessed August 10 th, 2016.
10.Toxicol Int. Body mapping pf the distribution of snake bite sites. PMC.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc/articles/PMC4721181/figure/F3/. Published January 2015.
REFERENCES