Thomas chinnappan geologist keeranur, pudukkottai, tamilnadu, india.

1. BY:
THOMAS CHINNAPPAN . A ,
M.SC.APPLIED GEOLOGY,
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY,
SALEM.

2. Clay

3. Kaolinite
 Crystal system- triclinic .
 Cleavage - perfect basal.
 H-2.
 Sp. gr. - 2.6.
 Lustre - dull earthy.
 Colour-white, sometimes brown or gray.
 Streak - white.
 Habit - clay like masses.

4. Origin
 Clay minerals most commonly form by
prolonged chemical weathering of silicate
bearing rocks.
 They can also form locally from
hydrothermal activity....

5. Mode of occurrence
This clay minerals are formed in
Weathering areas.
The clay minerals are formed in in-situ
condition that deposit is called
“Residual deposits”.

6. Distribution of India
The resources are spread over in a
number of states of which Kerala holds
about 25%.
followed by West Bengal and Rajasthan
(16% each) and Odisha and Karnataka
(10% each).

7. Uses
They are used in many industrial
application such as paper, paint,
petroleum, ceramic, cement etc…

8. Kyanite

9. Kyanite
 Crystal System - triclinic.
 Cleavage - perfect.
 Hard ness – 4.5-7
 Sp. gr. -3.55 -3.66.
 Lustre - vitreous to pearly.
 Colour - usually blue to white, also gray or
green.
 Habit - crystals usually flat.

10. Origin
The origin of kyanite is metamorphic
origin.
They are formed from high pressure
and temperature.
They mostly occur in medium grade
regional metamorphism

11. Mode of occurrence
Kyanite occurs in metamorphic
aluminium-rich rocks .
It occurs in gneisses and schists .

12. Distribution of India
 India has the largest deposits of kyanite in
the world. All the three grades of kyanite are
found here.
 Kyanite grades depend on aluminium
content. Greater the aluminium content,
greater the quality.
 Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Karnataka
produce practically the whole of kyanite of
India.

13. Jharkhand
 Jharkhand is the largest producer of
kyanite .
 Ores with high degree of purity with
percentages of aluminium silicate
reaching 95 to 97 are found in the
Singhbhum district.

14. Maharashtra
Maharashtra [second highest producer
of kyanite] produced 14.5 per cent of
the total kyanite in 2002-03.
 Most of the reserves are in Bhandara
district.

15. Karnataka
 Karnataka is the third largest producer
[5.6 per cent in 2002-03].
 Commercially, workable deposits occur
in Hassan district.

16. Uses
It is primarily used in metallurgical,
ceramic, refractory, glass, cement
industries due to its ability to stand
high temperatures.
It is also used in making sparking plugs
in automobiles.

17. Sillimanite

18. Sillimanite
 Crystal System-orthorhombic.
 Cleavage - perfect .
 H- 6-7.
 Sp. gr.-3.23.
 Lustre- vitreous.
 Colour - brown, pale green or white.
 Habit - long slender crystals, often in parallel
groups.

19. Origin
 The origin of sillimanite is metamorphic
origin.
 They are formed from high pressure and
high temperature.
 They mostly occur in high-grade regional
metamorphism

20. Occurrence and uses
The occurrence and uses
of sillimanite are almost
the same as those of
kyanite.

21. Distribution of India
The main concentration of
Sillimanite is found in Tamil Nadu,
Orissa, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and
West Bengal.

22. Orissa is the largest producer of
sillimanite in India. Ganjam district is
an important sillimanite producing
district.
Kerala is the second largest producing
state. The beach sands of Kerala
contain 5 to 6 per cent of sillimanite.

23. THANK YOU