water quality and morphometric characteristics of Lake water

1. Morphometry and Water Quality of Selected
Lakes at Ramaroshan Wetland Area,
Western Part of Nepal.
1
Presenter: Tarka Bahadur Chalaune
M.Sc 4th Semester
Roll No: 894
Date: 7/20/2021
Supervisor: Prof. Chhatra Mani
Sharma, PhD

2. 2
Outline of Presentation
 Introduction
 Rationale
 Objectives
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Recommendations
 References

3. Introduction
3
 Lakes are important features as they support and regulate the service of soil
formation, groundwater recharge, biodiversity and tourism (MEA, 2005).
 Both natural and anthropogenic factors are responsible for deterioration of water
quality (Simeonov et al., 2003; Zhu et al., 2008) and influencing morphometry of
lakes (Arthur & Sageman, 1994).
 The morphometry of lake determines future supply of water for various ecosystem
functioning (Shiklomano & Rodda, 2003).
 The lake morphometry is also important in determining the type of vegetation, water
clarity, even types of birds and other wildlife (Stefandis & Papastergiadou, 2012).
 The different studies showed that Himalayan freshwater lakes are under threat of
eutrophication, toxic heavy metals, sedimentation and siltation, etc. (Sharma et al.,
2005; Ravikumar et al., 2013).

4.  According to Department of Forestry (2017), out of 7 lakes, 4 lakes are in
good condition whereas remaining three are degrading in Ramaroshan.
 No study has been published yet regarding the morphometry and water
quality in these lakes, so this study may act as baseline as.
 The present study will not only be important from the scientific point of
view but also management of lake and future development of high-
altitude lake ecosystems from the ecological and economic point of view.
4
Rationale

5. Objectives
5
 The general objective of the present study is to investigate the
morphometry and water quality of selected lakes in
Ramaroshan watershed.
Specific objectives
 To assess the physicochemical parameters of lake waters
 To investigate the morphometry of lakes

6. Materials and Methods
6
Figure 1: Study area map of Ramaroshan Lake
Study area
 Ramaroshan area is
 renowned for 12 lakes and
18 grassland
 42 km away from
headquarter of Achham
district, Mangalsen.
 Altitude = 1401 to 3794 m
asl
 Annual rainfall= 1790.8 mm
(DHM, 2020)
 Coordinates 29°13′55.95″N
latitude and 81°28′9.67″E
longitude.

7. Materials and Methods
Water quality data collection and analysis techniques
 Water samples were collected during winter (Jan 2020) following the standard
procedure as described in Sharma et al. (2012).
 The analysis procedure were followed from APHA (2005).
7
On site parameters Methods
pH, Temperature, TDS (Total dissolved
solids), EC (Electrical conductivity)
Multiprobe meter
(HANNA)
DO (Dissolved oxygen) DO meter
Major anions
Bicarbonate (HCO3
-), Carbonate (CO3
-),
Chloride (Cl-)
Titration
Major cations
Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+) Titration
Figure 2 : Onsite measurement
Table 1: Methods for on-site parameters testing

8. 8
Laboratory analysis (CDES) Device
Major anions
Phosphate (PO4
3-), Sulphate (SO4
2-),
Nitrate (NO3
-)
Spectrophotometer
Major cations
Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Flamephotometer
Ammonia (NH4
+) Spectrophotometer
Materials and Methods
Data analysis
Ionic relationship with the
water quality parameters
 Piper plot (Piper, 1944)
 Water Quality Index (WQI)
(Amadi & Akobundu, 2011)
Multivariate statistical
analysis
 Principal Component
Analysis (PCA)
 Cluster analysis (CA)
Table 2: Methods of parameters testing in laboratory
Figure 3: Lab analysis

9. 9
Materials and Methods
Name of the
Lakes
Number of
samples
(size of lakes)
Method Device
• Jingale
• Batula
• Mathillo
Dhaune
149
42
26
Line transect method
(i.e N shape)
• An echo-sounder (depth
measuring gauge; plastimo
echotest II)
• GPS point (Garmin Venture SC).
Morphometry data collection and analysis techniques
Figure 4: Data collection for bathymetry
 ArcGIS and surfer tools used to analyze
digital depth sounder data and GPS points for
calculating volume, area and prepared
bathymetry map of lakes .
Table 3: Data collection method for the bathymetry
Study of surface area change of lakes
Satellite image of year 1990, 2005 and 2020 from
Landsat 5, 7 and 8 was used, respectively.

10. Results
Jingale Lake
 The bathymetry map showed that
Maximum depth of lake 44 m, with
area 20.92 ha and volume 2692769m3
 The lake has a narrow end and wider
at the middle part but the entire lake
can’t be observed in a single view
from a point
Batula Lake
 The figure showed that maximum
depth of lake 15 m with area 4.68 ha
and volume 375399.1m3
 The outlet of Jingale Lake is the main
inlet for Batula Lake
10
Results of Bathymetry Survey
Figure 5: Bathymetry map of Jingale lake
Figure 6: Bathymetry map of Batula Lake

11. 11
Results
Figure 7: Bathymetry map of Mathilo Dhaune
Mathilo Dhaune
 The bathymetry map showed that
Maximum depth of lake 9.5 m, with
area 2.37 ha and volume 140515.9
m3
 In the lake littoral zone was devoid of
vegetation around 15 m periphery
and covered by boulders rocks

12. Temporal change of Lake area from
RLCA
12
Results
Lakes
Year A.D Change in
area (ha)
1990 2005 2020
Jingale 19.98 20.29 20.92 0.94
Batula 3.62 3.7 4.68 1.06
Mathilo
Dhaune 2.17 2.51 2.52 0.4
Jingale Lake
Batula Lake
Mathilo Dhaune
Lake
Table 4: Temporal area change of lakes
Figure 8: Outline map of lakes showing change in
area
 The ordering of the three lakes' increments
was Batula Lake > Jingale Lake > Mathillo
Dhaune, respectively.

13. 13
Parameter Max Min Stdv Mean
NDWQS,
(2063) WHO (2011)
pH 7.57 6.26 0.31 6.86 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
EC 193 25 36.71 77.41 1500 1500
TDS 100 12 19.02 40.02 1000 1000
Temp 15 3.8 2.84 8.52
DO 9.72 7.4 0.69 8.36
K+ 3.6 0.08 0.77 1.34 10*
Na+ 6.1 5.1 0.23 5.6 200
Turbidity 14 0.1 2.07 0.85
NO3
- 0.07 0.04 0.008 0.04 50 10
PO4
2- 0.24 0.1 0.027 0.158 1
NH4
+ 0.29 0.064 0.065 0.12
SO4
2- 3.36 0.05 0.62 1.04 250 250
Cl- 21.3 2.83 3.91 11.83 250 250
TH 110 16 19.03 44.11 500 500
MgH 36 4 6.38 14
CaH 86 8 16.91 29.69
Ca2+ 34.4 34.4 3.2 6.76 200 75*
Mg2+ 8.784 0.97 1.55 3.41 30*
Total Alk 145 10 23.98 43.58 120
Free CO2 6.6 2.2 1.61 3.32
Table 5: Summary of physicochemical parameters
Note: Units of all the variables are mg/L, except pH, WT (℃), and EC (µS/cm)
CaH= Calcium Hardness, MgH= Magnesium Hardness
 Mean concentration of
parameters was under the
guidelines of WHO and
NDWQS
 Mean concentration of
major ions shows the
order as: Ca2+>Na+>
Mg2+> K+> NH4
+ for
cations and
 HCO3
->Cl->SO4
2->PO4
2-
>NO3
- for anions
General physicochemical parameters of lake waters
Results

14. 14
 PC1, PC2 and PC3 shows high % of the total
variance i.e 30.52 %, 15.79% and 11.87%
showing controlling factors.
 Strong loading of EC, TDS, TH, CaH, and Ca2+
with moderate loading of HCO3
- is seen in PC1
 Similarly, PC2 showed strong loading of PO4
2-
and NO3
- followed by PC3 such as MgH and
Mg2+
Principal Component Analysis Table 6: Summary of PCA showing component matrix
Figure 10: PCA plot showing component
Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH -0.29 -0.20 -0.40 0.39 -0.32 -0.45
EC 0.92 0.15 -0.20 0.08 0.13 -0.04
TDS 0.92 0.15 -0.21 0.08 0.13 -0.04
Tempr -0.29 0.04 0.08 -0.02 0.82 0.18
DO 0.13 -0.18 -0.04 0.49 0.17 0.51
K+ 0.30 0.13 -0.16 -0.60 -0.36 0.11
Na+ -0.21 -0.41 0.12 -0.50 0.35 -0.29
Turbidity -0.32 0.20 -0.08 0.33 -0.30 0.56
NO3
- -0.15 0.85 0.38 0.08 0.01 0.00
PO4
2- -0.13 0.82 0.46 0.05 0.15 -0.11
NH3 -0.27 0.71 0.39 0.01 -0.22 -0.25
SO4
2- 0.27 -0.48 0.31 0.40 0.01 -0.30
Cl- 0.16 -0.24 0.30 -0.46 -0.23 0.44
TH 0.97 0.04 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.01
MgH 0.38 -0.42 0.77 0.10 -0.12 -0.01
CaH 0.93 0.23 -0.12 0.00 0.06 -0.01
Ca2+ 0.93 0.24 -0.11 -0.01 0.07 0.00
Mg2+ 0.41 -0.41 0.77 0.08 -0.11 0.00
total Alk 0.70 0.10 -0.17 -0.05 -0.08 -0.09
Eigen value 5.80 3.00 2.26 1.53 1.33 1.26
% of
Variance 30.52 15.79 11.87 8.03 7.03 6.65
Cumulative
% 30.52 46.31 58.18 66.21 73.23 79.89
Results

15. Piper plot
15
Results
 Most of the samples from
class 4 are mixed of Ca-
Mg-Cl type and from class
1 are mixed of Ca- HCO3
type.
 Ca and Mg are the
dominant cations.
 HCO3 is dominant anion.
Figure 11: Piper plot showing water type of RLCA

16. Cluster analysis
16
Results
 43 samples are grouped
into distinct 3 clusters.
 Cluster 1 is composed
of 62.79% of total
samples, similarly
cluster 2 &3 composed
32.56 % and 4.66%
 concentration of
parameters in samples,
clusters can be ordered
as Cluster 2< Cluster 1<
Cluster 3
 Cluster 2 is least
polluted than other
clusters.
1 2 3
Figure 12: Hierarchical cluster analysis of RLCA

17. 17
Water Quality Index
Results
WQI
value Rating of water quality Grading
0-25 Excellent A
26-50 Good B
51-75 Poor C
76-100 Very poor D
Above
100
Unsuitable for drinking
purpose E
 Mean WQI for lakes = 27
 Out of 9 lakes, 3 lakes had grade A
water quality value 25
 Lama Daha lake was slightly more
polluted than other lakes
Figure 13: Chart showing WQI for studied lakes of
RLCA
Table 7: Categories of WQI (Broan et
al.,1972)

18. Comparative major ions analysis
Table 8 : Comparison among different major ions concentration of RLCA and previous
studies from mid-hill and high altitude lakes in Nepal.
18
 In comparison, of major ions with other lakes, Na+ is found to be higher RLCA than
other lakes.
Lakes Na+ Mg2+ K+ Ca2+ Cl- SO4
2- HCO3
- Reference
Ramaroshan
lakes 5.6 ± 0.23
3.41 ±
1.55
1.34 ±
0.77 6.76 ± 3.2
11.83 ±
3.91
1.04 ±
0.62
43.58 ±
23.98 Present study
Rara Lake
0.35 ±
0.19
5.89 ±
3.65
0.80 ±
0.51
9.17 ±
2.67
0.10 ±
0.05
0.14 ±
0.09 54.02 ± 23.5 (Gurung et al. 2018)
Gokyo Lakes 0.9 ± 0.22 0.4 ± 0.03 0.6 ± 0.06
5.13 ±
0.91 0.2 ± 0.05
4.3 ±
1.15 17 ± 2.24
(Lacoul & Freedman,
2007)
Pach Pokhari
0.31 ±
0.24 0.2 ± 0.11
0.22 ±
012 1 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 1.39 4.2 ± 1.3 13.9 ± 13 (Raut et al. 2015)
Gosaikunda
Lake 0.5 ± 5.44 1.30 ± 0.7 0.3 ± 0.07 3.5 ± 2.05 20.50 ± 14
3.94 ±
2.4 17.5 ± 3.3 (Raut et al. 2012)
Langtang
Valley 1.9 ± 1.3 1.64 ± 1.3 2.08 ± 1.5
10.77 ±
5.53 8.24 ± 2.3 5 ± 5.31 36.63 ± 15.2 (Tuladhar et al. 2015)
Results

19. Bathymetry of Lakes
 Jingale Lake is the deepest lake at RLCA among the three lakes followed by
Batula lakes and Mathillo Dhaune Lakes.
 The deeper lakes are suitable because they have a higher percentage of large-
bodied animals, longer-lived species, and more predators (Goetz et al., 2014).
Temporal change of lake area from RLCA
 Lake area increment is likely due to the artificial check wall in the periphery
area of the Jingale and Batula Lake, Similarly in case of Mathillo Dhaune
there were no outlets, and receives massive inlet from Batula Lake.
 Similar findings were also reported in Rupa Lake Pokhara Where surface area
increased during 1988 -2013, however, Phewa and Begnas Lakes were
shrinking at the same time (Thakuri et al., 2021).
19
Discussion

20. Physicochemical parameters
 The range of water quality parameters observed within the guidelines provided
by NDWQS (2063) and WHO (2011)). Similar findings were also reported in
nearby high altitude Rara Lake & Gokyo (Gurung et al., 2018; Sharma et al.,
2011), but, slightly less concentration was observed in Phewa Lake (Khadak
&Ramanathan, 2020)
PCA
 PCA1, PCA2 & PCA 3 explained having strong loading factors shows they are
contributed by natural sources from the carbonate weathering and lithology of
the study area (Amadi, 2011). Similarly, rest of the PCAs refer the contribution
from the organic matter in the water.
20
Discussion

21. Piper Plot
 58% of samples belong to Ca-Mg-Cl mixed type whereas 41% to Ca-HCO3
type. The results suggested that the carbonate weathering in the RLCA. Similar
finding also reported in nearly located Rara Lake (Gurung et al., 2018)
 The class 1 and 4 indicates dominance of earth alkaline metal such as Ca+Mg
>Na+K & acidic anions metal such as SO4+Cl > Na+K which could be related
to the geology
Cluster analysis
 The cluster 1 and 3 included slightly polluted sites than cluster 2, might be due
to high human disturbance, high wildlife recreational activities, presence of
algal blooms and anthropic activities
 This sampling site clusters together due to the higher concentration of the EC,
TDS, SO4
2- and TH.
21
Discussion

22. Water Quality Index
 The WQI of Lama Daha Lake was more polluted than others due to high
concentration of sulphate, TDS and nitrate.
 The agricultural runoff and domestic grazing around Lama Daha Lake may
be reason for the increase in these ions.
Comparative major ions analysis
 High concentration of Na+ in studied area than other lakes might be due to
the silicate weathering from surrounding rocks and the ion exchange process
in water bodies (Kumar et al., 2019; Mallick, 2017).
22
Discussion

23. Conclusion
 Jingale is the largest and deepest lake than Batula and Mathilo Dhaune
lakes.
 Area of the studied lakes has increased from 1990 to 2020 A.D due to
artificial check wall.
 The physico-chemical parameters of the lake waters were within the
guidelines of WHO and NDWQS.
 Calcium and bicarbonate were the dominant cation and anion
 WQI of RLCA is belonged to good category
 Factor loading identifies high influence of carbonate type of lithology
which is also supported by piper plot.
23

24.  Enhanced collaborative management of wetlands resources for conservation
and sustainable livelihoods because there are no organizations working for
these issues, except tourism board.
 Wetland biodiversity conservation values integrated into national policy and
planning framework is needed.
24
Recommendations

25. References
 M E.A. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis (Washington: Island Press).
 Sharma, C.M., Sharma, S., Bajracharya, R.M., Gurung, S., Jüttner, I., Kang, S., & Li, Q. (2012). First results on
bathymetry and limnology of high-altitude lakes in the Gokyo Valley, Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park,
Nepal. Limnology, 13(1), 181-192.
 MoFSC. (2003). National Wetland Policy 2003 (2059). Ministry of Forestry and Soil Conservation, Nepal.
 Amadi, A.N., (2011). Assessing the effects of Aladimma dumpsite on soil and groundwater using water quality index
and factor analysis. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(11), 763-770.
 APHA, (2005). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Waste water, American Public Health
Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington D.C.
 Gurung, S., Gurung, A., Sharma, C. M., Jüttner, I., Tripathee, L., Bajracharya, R. M., ... & Kang, S. (2018).
Hydrochemistry of Lake Rara: A high mountain lake in western Nepal. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research &
Management, 23(2), 87-97.
 Piper, A.M., (1944). A graphic procedure in geochemical interpretation of water analyses. Trans Am Geophys Union;
25: 914– 923.
 Khadak, U.K., & Ramanath, A.L. (2021) Hydrochemical analysis of Phewa Lake: A Lesser Himalaya lake in the
Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 19(1), 68-83.
 Thakuri, S., Lama, F., Malla, R., Khadka, N., Ghimire, N. P., & Salerno, F. (2021). Lake watershed dynamics and
bathymetry modeling of Rara and Begnas lakes in Nepal. Earth, 2(2), 272-286.
 GoN. (2063). National Drinking Quality Standards and Directives, 2005 (p. 22). Ministry of Physical Planning and
Works. Government of Nepal.
25

26. Appendices: Photographs of field visit
26

27. Achievements:
27
Research Article
Findings coverage in
Documentary
Newspaper coverage

28.  I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Chhatra Mani Sharma
PhD.
 I would also like to thank Mr. Jiban sharma, Ms. Alina Dangol and Mr Sagar
Rokaya for assisting the field data collection and Mr. Ramesh basnet for
laboratory analysis.
 Central Department of Environmental Science (CDES-TU) for research Grant
 University Grants Commission (UGC) for partial research Grant
 Higher Education Reform Project (HERP-DLI-7B) for Seed Grant to the
supervisor
28
Acknowledgement;

29. 29