nanotechnology in diagnosis of diabetes and coronary heart disease

1. Nanotechnology in Diagnosis
of Diabetes and Coronary Heart Diseases
TAMANNA
MSc. Biotechnology
Roll no.- 201652
Central University of Haryana

2. CURRENT SCENARIO
Source- McGill UniversityFingerprick Blood Sugar Tests: How They Work and Why We
Still Use Them | Office for Science and Society - McGill University
LIMITATIONS TO THIS APPROACH
● including painful sampling,
● analyses cannot be performed if the
patient is otherwise occupied (e.g.
sleeping)
● large fluctuations between sampling
time points are missed

3. NANOTECHNOLOGY
FOR BIOSENSORS
2 primary approaches
● sensors can be designed using macro- or microscale
components (such as electrodes, membranes and
supporting hardware)
● but incorporate either a nanostructured surface or a
nanomaterial into this design.
● Secondly, nanofabrication techniques can
generate glucose sensors that are nanoscale in all
dimensions.
● These sensors would be injectable.

4. A new method that uses nanotechnology to rapidly
measure minute amounts of insulin.
Assesses the health of insulin-producing cells in real time.
● assesses the condition of living cells
● by submerging them in a saline solution
● in a very small chamber
● and measuring variations in their metabolism.
● VOLUME- 3 microliters.
MICROPHYSIOMETER

5. ● The new electrode is built from multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
● The nanotubes operate reliably at pH levels characteristic of living cells. The new sensor detects insulin levels
continuously.
● When the cells produce more insulin molecules, the current in the sensor increases and vice versa, allowing the
researchers to monitor insulin concentrations in real time.
● The nanotubes are electrically conductive and the concentration of insulin in the chamber can be directly related to the
current at the electrode

6. Polyethylene glycol beads coated with fluorescent
molecules to monitor diabetes.
When the glucose molecules reversibly bind to
indicator molecules, fluorescence is produced in
response present in the sensor.
Photodiodes measure the intensity of fluorescence
which rises and falls according to body’s glucose
levels.
IMPLANTABLE SENSOR
Source- youtube (Eversense CGM)

7. SMART TATTOO as sensors would be implanted into the skin of the patient similar to regular tattoos
Professor Heather Clark from Northeastern University
Source- https://youtu.be/E-IPoq3jFNo

8. Source- https://youtu.be/E-IPoq3jFNo
Source- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996880/

9. HEART DISEASES
Heart disease and stroke are the world’s two most deadly
diseases, causing over 15 million deaths in 2016 according to the
World Health Organization.
A key underlying factor in both of these global health crises is
the common condition, atherosclerosis, or the build-up of fatty
deposits, inflammation and plaque on the walls of blood
vessels.
When atherosclerosis occurs in coronary arteries, blockages
due to plaque or calcification-induced ruptures can lead to a
clot, cutting blood flow to the heart
AHA JournalsNetrin-1 and the Grade of
Atherosclerosis Are Inversely Correlated in
Humans | Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and
Vascular Biology

10. SOURCE-Temple HealthPET/CT Scan | Temple Health
CONTRAST DYES-
● Gadolinium
● Iodine
● Barium Sulfate
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES-
● CT SCAN
● MRI

11. NANOPARTICLES THAT CAN BE USED AS CONTRAST AGENTS
● Imaging.
● Nanoparticles offer real potential in medical imaging due to their good bioavailability profiles, versatility of use, and
ease of manipulation.

12. ● Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
(CMR) is a non-invasive method for the
detection of inflammation.
● Superparamagnetic iron oxide-based
contrast agents can provide additional
diagnostic information regarding the
assessment of myocardial infarction and
myocarditis.
● After intravenous administration, these
nanoparticles are taken up by activated
monocytes and macrophages, which
predominantly accumulate in regions
associated with inflammation
superparamagnetic iron oxide particle
comprised of the magnetic core and the
polymeric shell. While the core represents
the active substance of the contrast agent,
the coating stabilizes the particle and can
be used as a grafting platform for various
functional groups. Such iron oxide particles
are taken up by activated monocytes.
INFLAMMATION
DETECTION-
IMAGE Source- Bietenbeck, M., Florian, A., Sechtem, U. et al.
The diagnostic value of iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging
of myocardial inflammation – quo vadis?. J Cardiovasc Magn
Reson 17, 54 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-015-0165-6

13. ● identifying whether blood vessel calcification
is unstable and likely to rupture is particularly
difficult using traditional CT and MRI
scanning methods, or angiography, which has
other risks.
● The research team developed a nanoparticle,
known as a micelle, which attaches itself and
lights up calcification to make it easier for
smaller blockages that are prone to rupture
to be seen during imaging.
● Micelles are able to specifically target
hydroxyapatite, a unique form of calcium
present in arteries and atherosclerotic
plaques.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
DETECTION-
SOURCE- https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB01918A

14. REFERENCES-
https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2008/04/15/new-method-of-measuring-insulin-promises-improvements-in-diabetes-treatment-581
61/
https://youtu.be/AfqlHsTgyf0
Chandarana, M., Curtis, A. & Hoskins, C. The use of nanotechnology in cardiovascular disease. Appl Nanosci 8, 1607–1619 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0856-z
Bejarano J, Navarro-Marquez M, Morales-Zavala F, et al. Nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis and myocardial
infarction: evolution toward prospective theranostic approaches. Theranostics. 2018;8(17):4710-4732. Published 2018 Sep 9.
doi:10.7150/thno.26284
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209161147.htm
https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2019/12/lighting-up-cardiovascular-problems-using-nanoparticles/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996880/