This document discusses different types of industrial sensors used in automatic control systems. It describes contact versus non-contact sensors, with contact sensors having physical contact with the measured parameter and non-contact or proximity sensors not requiring contact. The document then covers various types of industrial sensors including proximity, position, force, vibration, inductive, capacitive, and optical sensors. It provides examples of applications and working principles for each sensor type.

1. Sensor
types

2. Automatic Control System
Automatic Control
System
Construction
• Material or Power
• Object
• Output Signal
• Sensor
• Disturbances
• Converter
• Measuring Device
• Controller
• Industry Controller
• Executive Device

3. 1. Contact versus Non-contact
• Contact sensor : There is physical contact
betwen the sensor an the parametr it
measures
• Non-contact sensor : Also called
proximity sensors. Proximity indicates that
the object is near, but contact is not
required.
SENSORS
SELECTION

4. Contact Sensor
Non- Contact Sensor

5. Industrial sensors
• Proximity
– Mechanical
– Optical
– Inductive/Capacitive
• Position/Velocity
– Potentiometr
– LVDT
– Encoders
– Tachogenerator
• Force/Pressure
• Vibration/Acceleration

6. Inductive sensors

7. Types of inductive sensors
❖ proximity
❖ movement

8. I. Schematic diagram
metal generator
liminal
construction
with hysteresis
output
amplifier
output
signal
Proximity sensors

9. ❖ Hysteresis of jumpering
❖ Corrective coeficiences
❖ Repeatability
❖ Temperature of working
❖ Admission
❖ Residual voltage
❖ Residual current

10. Movement sensors
I. Schematic diagram

11. Movement sensors
II. Principle of working

12. VI. Inductive sensor in use
Quantity control
Detection unevenness
on packaging

13. Capacitive
sensors

14. Capacitive sensors
I. Schematic diagram
object
active surface
screen
periphery of oscillator comparator amplifier

15. Capacitive sensors
II. Principle of working
periphery of
oscillator
amplifier
comparator
O
b
j
e
c
t

16. IV. Capacitive sensor in use
❖ Silicon Wafer deposition & etching
❖ Silicon Wafer proximity
❖ Wafer cutting/processing
❖ Robot arm control
❖ Computer hard disc drive
❖ Printing Press/Photocopiers
❖ Tooling parallelism/alignment

17. IV. Capacitive sensor in use
Detection of movement
Detection of position

18. Optical
sensors

19. Optical (Photoelectric)
Sensors use light to sense
• All optical sensors
objects.
• Operation method:
- Lasers, Incandescend bulbs, or Light emitting diodes
(LEDs) are used as light source
- The light source is turned off and on (modulation) at a
high frequency (could be as hight as several kHz)
- A photodetector senses the pulsed light
- The light emitter and receiver are turned to the
modulation frequency.

20. Example of Sensor using LED as
a light source

21. Types of Optical
Sensors
• Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors
• Retroreflective Sensors
• Thru-beam Sensors
• Polarizing Photo Sensors
• Convergent Photo Sensors
• Fiber Optic Sensors
• Laser Sensors

22. Reflective (Diffuse)
Sensors

23. T - Transmitter
R - Receiver
Transmitter and receiver are
combined into one casing

24. Work relies on the reflective surface on the target to
reflect the light from the transmitter to the receiver
T
R
OBJECT

25. Advantages
• Singular casing (Transmitter +
Receiver)
• Objects detection with high reflect
parameter (0,6 - 0,9)

26. Disadvantages
• Low detecting distance
• Sensitive to colour and quality
• Sensitive to background
• Dead zone

27. Retroreflective Sensors

28. Transmitter and receiver are combined into one
casing
Make use of a reflector to reflect the light from
the transmitter to the receiver

29. Advantages
• Easy instalation
• Singular casing ( Transmitter +
Receiver)
• Good working zone

30. Disadvantages
• Sensitive to lights objects
• Use reflector
• Dead zone

31. Thru-beam
Sensors

32. It’s capable of sensing very small
object by narrowing the light
beam
T R
OBJECT

33. Advantages
• Detection for long distance
• Lack of dead zone
• Detection light objects
• Detection in several environment

34. Disadvantages
• Large separate casings
• Problems with instalation ( set- up
Transmitter and Receiver)

35. Typical
Application
• Detecting the presence or absence of an object
• Positioning and counting
• Detection the end of travel of an object
• Packaging machinery
• Sorting and labelling machinery
• Textile machinery
• Pharmaceutical
• Small part detection
• High speed detection
• Door controls

36. Encoders
An encoder is a device that senses a
modification of speed and position and
converts it to a digital value

37. There are two main types of rotary
encoders:
- Incremental
- Absolute

38. There are two main types of incremental
encoders:
-Tachometer
- Quadrature

39. Principle of working