This document discusses different theories and approaches to mathematics education, including constructivism, behaviorism, and standards. Constructivism posits that students learn effectively through interactions and experiences, with the student playing a major role. Behaviorism treats mathematics as a collection of skills learned through reinforcement. While these theories provide frameworks, applying them in the classroom is challenging. In response, standards like the NCTM Curriculum and Evaluation Standards were published to guide mathematics teaching and focus on developing problem-solving, communication, and reasoning skills in addition to topics like number sense and operations.

2. •
•
•
•

3. Mathematics Education
Constructivism
Instruction
Individual learning
Behaviorism
Stimulus
Reinforcement
Standards
Estimation
Number Sense

4. Spatial Sense
Pattern and Relationship
Mathematical Structure
Body of knowledge
Responsibility
Career
Professional Standards
Mathematical Pedagogy

5. Our task is to determine which
method will be best to the
mathematical teaching of each
student and most effecting

6. Constructivism
Say that children learn
effectively through
interactions with
experiences in their natural
environment .

7. Steffe and Killion (1986) say :
mathematics teaching consist
primerly of mathematical
interactions between a teacher
and children

8. this theory does not focus on
the action of the teacher or
the learner but on the
interactions between the two .

9. Constructivism focuses on
student – centered instruction .
The student plays a major role in
the decision-making process as
what , when and how learning is
to occur .

10. Behaviorism
connections describe the link
between stimuli and responses
that can be initiated through
reinforcement or repeated use of
the stimuli .

11. Behaviorism has been the dominant
strategy for teaching mathematics in
the U.S.A for many years and it
treats mathematics as a collection of
skills , learn all the skill and learn
Mathematics .

12. Behaviorism and Constructivism generate a
question about which is best way to teach
mathematics : give the student the
information or encourage them to use the
various curriculum materials and teacher
support to actively discover the information in
context through learning activity ? this mean
, what the best way direct or indirect
instruction ?

13. Although there are theories discuss the
learning but often of them are created out
of observation , the real world of the
classroom often does not resemble the
theory environment and put the theory to
practice is not simple .

14. The standards
Some member of the mathematics
community realized in the mid-1980s that “
business as usual “ would not be effective
for future mathematics teaching and
learning .
NCTM took the lead and published
Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for
School Mathematics in 1989 .

15. The Standards focus on five general goals are:
1) Learn to value mathematics .
2) Develop confidence in their ability to use
mathematics .
3) Become problem solvers , not answer finders .
4) Learn to communicate mathematically.
5) Know how to reason mathematically

16. The additional standards for grades k-4:
-
Number sense and numeration .
Estimation .
Concepts of whole number operations
Whole-number computation .

17. Geometry and spatial sense .
Measurement .
Statistics and probability
Fractions and decimals