Conservation of Biodiversity from the textbook of Biology for Class 9 students of FBISE, Islamabad Pakistan is explained.

1. 3.6 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Dr. Syed Abdullah Gilani
Textbook of BIOLOGY
CLASS 9
FBISE, Islamabad Pakistan
Chapter 3
BIODIVERSITY

2. Markhor
Chakor
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https://www.geo.tv/assets/uploads/updates/2018-05-26/196961_081618_fullstory.jpg
What is National Animal of Pakistan? What is National Bird of Pakistan?

3. • Increasing loss of biodiversity on earth is due to human actions
(constructions, forest cuttings, cities expansions, industries etc.)
• If biodiversity is continuously reduced, global ecosystem will
collapse.
• Endangered and Extinct Animal Species in Pakistan:
• (1) Lion, (2) Tiger, (3) Asiatic Cheetah, (4) Indian One-horned
rhinoceros, (5) Swamp Deer, (6) Indian Wild Ass, (7) Hangul, (8)
Blackbuck
Extinct Endangered
When there is no doubt that the
last individual of the specific
species has died in that ecosystem
OR
The species no longer lives in an
ecosystem.
When the species is at risk of
extinction in near future

4. https://dailytimes.com.pk/assets/uploads/2019/01/21/Tigerwater_edit2.jpg
Tiger Swamp Deer
Asiatic Cheetah
Lion
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https://media.mehrnews.com/d/2019/01/27/4/3025071.jpg
Indian One-horned rhinoceros
https://k6u8v6y8.stackpathcdn.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Jaldapara-Rhino.jpg
Swamp Deer
https://live.staticflickr.com/7563/27742410862_036a22364d_b.jpg
Indian Wild Ass
https://cdn.dnaindia.com/sites/default/files/styles/full/public/2018/12/27/770350-indian-wild-ass.jpg
Hangul
Blackbuck
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Endangered and Extinct Animal Species in Pakistan

5. IMPACT OF HUMAN BEINGS ON BIODIVERSITY
• 5 million people on earth 10,000 years ago.
• World Population is increasing with addition of 260,000 people
daily Or more than 180 each minute.
• Rapid growth of Human population –
– 700 million people today on earth.
• Greatest Threat to Biodiversity = Habitat Loss
• Main causes of Species Extinction
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7UR7X6Ad8LLYrY2mhS_GGd3fA

6. Main causes of Species Extinction
1. Habitat Loss / destruction (36% includes deforestation)
2. Deforestation
3. Overhunting (23%)
4. Introduction or removal of species (39%)
5. Pollution and climate change
(2% - other causes)
1. Endangered Species
1. Sea Stars (starfish)
1. eats mussels.
2. If sea star is removed from a region in ocean, mussels rapidly increase in number.
3. Large numbers of mussels prey on small animals and become dangerous for existence.
1. Eucalyptus tree
2. Imported from Australia and introduced in Pakistan
3. Disturbed water table (level of underground water) due to high consumption
4. Harms other small plants growing near Eucalyptus tree.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Eucalyptus_tereticornis_flowers%2C_capsules%2C_buds_and_foliage.jpeg/1200px-
Eucalyptus_tereticornis_flowers%2C_capsules%2C_buds_and_foliage.jpeg
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pDHQm8Tu5S2cq21R4Q

7. DEFORESTATION AND OVERHUNTING
• Deforestation means cutting down of trees for the conversion of a
forest to non-forest land.
– Causes Degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
• Causes and Effects of deforestation
• Causes
– Urban Development
– Intentional cutting of forests for wood and agricultural
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8. • Effects of deforestation
1. Amount of water in soil and moisture in atmosphere
2. Soil erosion because of no trees therefore heavy rain falls washes out soil.
3. Washing out of essential nutrients
4. Accumulation of mud and soil in rivers results in floods
5. Reduction of storage water capacity of dams because of accumulation
of silted (polluted) water
6. Decreased transpiration that reduces cloud formation that ultimately
reduces sources of rain.
1. Effects of deforestation in KPK (Pakistan)
1. Closed canopy forests are shrinking at approx. 1% annually.
Soil ErosionSilting of Dams

9. • How do forests support biodiversity?
Forests products industry is the large part of the economy in
developed and developing countries
1. 3 billion people in world rely on wood for heating and cooking.
2. Timber and fuelwood play key role in human societies.
3. Timber for building houses
4. Wood pulp for making paper.
5. Contribute for biosphere stability by extraction of CO2 and
pollutants from the air by the forests.
6. Valued for aesthetic beauty and forest attraction.
https://www.narangbatimbers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/timber-plantations.jpg
https://blog.publicgoods.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/PublicGoods_ContentImagery_201901_WoodPulp_Featured_3200x1600.jpg

10. • Overhunting
Significant cause of the :
• Extinction of hundreds of species and
• Endangerment of many species such as whales, ibex, urial,
markhor (National Animal of Pakistan).
• Commercial (legal and illegal) hunting is the serious threat.
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https://us130urbansustainability.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/over-hunting.jpg

11. STEPS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
• Conservation of Biodiversity is the global concern.
• Biologists urge the National policy makers to devise set of rules for
protection of a endangered species.
Causes of Loss of Natural Habitats and failure of conservation
measures in Pakistan
a. Rapid growth in human population
b. Prevailing poverty in rural areas of Pakistan
c. Low literacy rate

12. • The threat to biodiversity is among the hot topics discussed at the
UN World Summit.
• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Signed by 150
government leaders at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit,
– entered into force on 29 December 1993.
• Collaborative Work between:
– International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN)
– World Wide Fund For Nature - Pakistan (Old Name: World Wildlife Fund-
Pakistan) (WWF-P)
– Ministry of Environment and
– other Government and non-governmet (NGOs) organizations.
• First National Red List (List of Endangered and Threatened
Species) of Pakistan prepared by IUCN.

13. • National Conservation Strategy for Pakistan – 1980 – IUCN
and Government of Pakistan for conservation of Pakistan
Biodiversity
• UN Convention on Combating Desertification (CCD) –
International Treaty – signed by Pakistan in 1997 – Against
Damages and Poverty in Drylands.
• Himalayan Jungle Project (HJP) – 1991 in Palas Valley (KPK)
– protecting one of the richest areas of biodiversity in Pakistan.
• Conservation of Biodiversity of the Suleiman Range,
Balochistan – Largest Chalgoza Forest in the World – 1992 – By
WWF-P.

14. • Northern Areas Conservation Project (NACP) – Habitat for
Musk Deer, Snow Leopard, Astore Markhor, Himalayan Ibex,
Woolly Squirrel, and Brown Bear – WWF-P – Ban on Hunting.
• Conservation of Migratory Birds in Chitral, KPK – Chitral
lies on route of several Migratory Birds – 200,000 of 1 million
migratory birds passing through Chitral are killed – WWF-P –
1992 – successful efforts to reduce hunting pressure.
• Conservation of Chiltan Markhor – Hazar Ganji National Park,
Quetta – Only Remaining Habitat of Chiltan Markhor – WWF-P
– Management Plan of Park.
• Ban on Games – Foreigners visit the Northern Areas play Bears
Fights – Herders capture Bear cubs – sell to trainers (train them) –
sell to foreigners. – WWF-P – successful efforts for ban.

15. • ENDANGERED SPECIES IN PAKISTAN
Indus Dolphin
• Indus River
• Only 600 dolphins are left today (WWF-P Report)
• Decline Causes:
– Water pollution
– Poaching
– Destruction of habitat
Marco Polo Sheep
• Khunjerab National Park and Nearby Areas
• Numbers rapidly decreased in last two decades
• WWF-P Project for Conservation
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16. Houbara Bustard
• Seasonal Migratory Bird from Soviet Territory
• Cholistan and Thar Deserts
• Decline in population due to Hunting
https://c.tribune.com.pk/2016/04/1078288-HoubarabustardAFPx-1459715729.jpg