The document discusses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer. It affects more men than women and is usually the result of long-term liver damage from conditions like cirrhosis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Symptoms often do not appear until later stages and can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and nausea. Screening tests like ultrasound and biopsy can detect tumors early. Treatment depends on cancer stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or liver transplant. Finding HCC early through screening and treatment can potentially cure it.

1. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Capstone DMS 319
Submitted to
Dr. Shahida
Submitted by
Adriana Santibanez
Date
OUTLINE
Abstract or introduction
What is Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
What causes Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Symptoms
Stages
Treatments & cost
Abstract: Heptaocellular Carcinoma is cancer that it is formed
in the liver. There are several factors that can lead to the liver
getting cancer. The mayor factors are Cirrohisis, Heptatis B and
Hepatits C. The symptoms of Heptocellular Carcinoma don’t
appear in early stage but the symptoms that some patients
experience later on are abdominal discomfort, weight loss,
Jaundice which is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes,
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, nausea and persistent itching.
There are screening that a patient can undergo to detect the
tumor such as Ultrasound, Computed tomography, Magnetic

2. resonance imaging (MRI), Angiography and biopsy.
Conclusion : Hepatocellular Carcinoma can be cured if detected
early and if it is given the adequate treatment.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma is the main type of liver cancer
that affects most adults and it is the result of many years of
liver damage. Hepatcoellular Carcinoma is seen as the results of
severe liver damage in men more than women. As mention in
the article Incidence Of Heptaocelluoar Carcinoma “The
average annual percentage change (AAPC) between 2000 and
2012 was higher in men (increase, 3.7%) than in women
(increase, 2.7%), and highest in 55- to 59-year-old individuals
(AAPC, 8.9%; 95% CI, 7.1%–10.7%) and 60- to 64-year-old
individuals (AAPC, 6.4%; 95% CI, 4.7%–8.2%)The cancerous
cell takes place in the Hepatocyte cell which is the main
parenchymal tissue of the liver that is about 80% of the liver
mass. Furthermore, Liver Cancer is related to the DNA
mutation cell which begins to out grow more than normal
becoming cancer which ends up to Hepaticellular Carcinoma.
There are several factors that lead to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
such as Cirrhosis, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. However, some
people don’t get regularly check by a doctor and don’t know
how far in the stage of liver cancer they are at. There are a
variety of tests and treatments they can undergo to prevent their
cancer from advancing.
To begin with, Cirrhosis has been the major factor that
has causes Hepatocellular Carcinoma due to many years of
consuming alcohol. That causes scarring in the liver which then
prevents the liver from functioning properly. Once the scar is in
the liver the patients liver won’t let blood flow properly which
causes the process of nutrients, hormones, natural toxins and
drugs to slow down their process. It also reduces the production
of proteins and other substances made by the liver. If it is not

3. diagnosed and treated on time this could become a life
threatening stage that could terminate a patient’s life. As
mention in the article Cirrhosis of the Liver Scientists estimate
that cirrhosis of the liver affects about one in 400 adults in the
U.S. It affects about 1 in 200 adults age 45 to 54, the age group
most commonly affected by cirrhosis. Cirrhosis causes about
26,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and is the seventh leading
cause of death in the U.S. among adults 25 to 64 years of age.
Patients who are most likely to get cirrhosis are the ones who
abuse alcohol, have viral hepatitis , have unprotected sex, are
obese, have diabetes, inject drugs and have a history of liver
disease. Once cirrhosis is established, however, HCC develops
at an annual rate of 1% to 4%. (El‐ Serag, H. (2003, December
30)
Furthermore, Hepatitis B is an infection that is caused by
HBV which affected the liver. This infection has no cure but
can be prevented from getting infected by getting the vaccine. It
is very vital that everyone gets vaccinated regardless of their
age because kids can be more affected than adults. As mention
in Mayo Clinic most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even
if their signs and symptoms are severe. Infants and children are
more likely to develop a chronic (long-lasting) hepatitis B
infection. The difference between chronic and acute hepatitis is
the time and how quick your immune system can fight the
infection. Acute Hepatitis B lasts less than six months unlike
Chronic Hepatitis which last more than six months leading to
serious liver damage because of immune system taking longer to
fight the disease. People can get infected by a variety of ways
like sexual contact, sharing needles, accidental needle sticks
and mother to child.
To continue, Hepatitis C is also an infection that is has no
cure and no vaccine. People has to be aware of the ways they
could get infected by HCV because it’s a life lasting disease.
The ways they could get infected as similar to the HBV and

4. References
C. (n.d.). Cirrhosis of the liver: What is it, symptoms, causes &
stages. Retrieved February 18, 2021, from
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15572-cirrhosis-
of-the-liver
El‐ Serag, H. (2003, December 30). Hepatocellular carcinoma
and hepatitis C in the United States. Retrieved February 26,
2021, from
https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1053/jhep.
2002.36807
Hopkins, J. (n.d.). Liver cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma).
Retrieved February 18, 2021, from
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-
diseases/liver-cancer-hepatocellular-carcinoma?amp=true
Liver cancer. (2019, May 04). Retrieved February 24, 2021,
from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-
cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659
White, D., Thrift, A., Kanwal, F., Davila, J., & El-Serag, H.
(2017, March). Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in all 50
United States, from 2000 through 2012. Retrieved February 26,
2021, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346030/
References: What is hepatocellular CARCINOMA (HCC)?
(n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2021, from
https://www.mountsinai.org/care/cancer/services/liver/hepatocel
lular-carcinoma
(2020, January). Liver Cancer Statistics. Retrieved February 17,
2021, from https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/liver-
cancer/statistics

5. 1. A program consists of instructions executing one at a time?
No
Yes
2. Variable is a named item, such as x or numPeople, used to
hold a value?
Yes
No
3. A branch is a program path taken only if an expression's
value is true?
No
Yes
4. A loop is a program construct that repeatedly executes the
loop's statements (known as the loop body) while the loop's
expression is true; when false, execution proceeds past the
loop.
No
Yes
5. An array is a special variable having one name, but storing a
list of data items, with each item being directly accessible.
(Vector)? *
Yes
No
6. Object is a grouping of data (variables) and operations that
can be performed on that data (methods)?
No
Yes
7. Class construct defines a new type that can group data and
methods to form an object.
Yes
No
8. Public member methods indicate all operations a class user

6. can perform on the object.
No
Yes
9. A linked list is a list wherein each item contains not just data
but also a reference — a link — to the next item in the list.
No
Yes