Current status of fusarium head blight of wheat

1. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU KRISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA
college of agriculture jabalpur
Department of Plant Pathology
Credit seminar
Topic : Current status and perspective on research
against Fusarium Head Blight of wheat
Seminar Incharge:- Presented by
Dr. U.K. Khare Suryakant Ahirwal
Professor & Head M.Sc. Final Year
Enroll:-190118011
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2.  Fusarium head blight is one of the most important fungal
disease of wheat crops around the world is known to be
caused by complex of Fusarium spp. and among all
Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum is most
pathogenic. (Dill-Marcky2010).
 The disease Fusarium head blight was first described as
wheat scab by W.G. Smith in 1884.
 Currently Fusarium head blight is a disease of minor
importance in India, but with changes in global climate the
increase in temperature and frequent rainfall at the time of
flowering makes wheat crop vulnerable to it.
Introduction
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3. Taxonomic Tree
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
Class: Sordariomycetes
Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Nectriaceae
Genus: Gibberella
Species: G. zeae
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4.  Fusarium head blight of wheat was a disease of minor
importance in India.
 India, disease was first reported in wheat varieties like,
Kalyan Sona, Sonalika from Arunachal Pradesh and
Wellington, Tamil Nadu (Roy 1974; Brahma and Singh
1985)
 Recently it becomes an important constraint to wheat
production in Punjab.
 In 1995-96 severe occurrence of disease was reported in
sub mountainous regions of Punjab and again
reappeared during 2004-05.
Status of Fusarium Head blight
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5.  During 2005, severe FHB incidence was observed on
the ruling wheat variety PBW 343 and durum wheat
variety PDW 274 in Gurdaspur area of Punjab, where
>90% of ear heads were infected (Saharan et al. 2007)
 Extensive surveys carried out during 2000–2012 in
Lahaul valley of Himachal Pradesh, Gurdaspur area of
Punjab and in Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu revealed the
dominance of F. graminearum in causing head scab
(Saharan et al. 2002, 2004a, b; Gupta et al. 2014).
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6. FHB reactions of wheat cultivars
Bagga et.al.2007
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7. Socio-economical Impact
Quantative and Qualitative loss:
 Direct economic impacts of yield loss. This disease can cause about
30-70% reduction in yield of wheat (Perry et.al.2005).
 The estimated yield loss of wheat is around $3 billion due to head
blight epidemics in the United States during the 1990’s (Windels,
2000).
Indirected losses:
 Poor grain quality
 Low test weight
 Mycotoxins contamination
 Reduced milling quality
 Reduced germination
 Decreased feed consumption
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8. Mycotoxins production:
 The quality of food grain is hampered due to
contamination with mycotoxin produced by various
pathogenic species of Fusarium.
 Three most important mycotoxins are the zearalenone,
deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol
 Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is a
trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium
graminearum and Fusarium culmorum (Miller, 1994 and
Desjardins, 2016).
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9. Symptomological Identification
Bleached and shriveled tombstone kernels (left) compared to healthy wheat kernels.
Pinkish salmon growth of fungus
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10. Epidemiology Aspects:
 FHB infection is favoured by warm and humid condition
during flowering and early stages of kernel
development(Gilbert and Takauz, 2000).
 Humidity relates to the severity and intensity of disease
whereas precipitation and total radiation determine
inoculum levels (Gilbert and Harber, 2013).
 Trail et al. reported that an increase in relative humidity
(>90%) results in a build-up of turgor pressure within the
ascus and consequently the forcible discharge of
ascospores.
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11.  F. graminearum is the most predominant at 25°C and grows
well over a wide range of temperatures up to 30 °C.
 Several other factors like frequent irrigation, following wheat-
wheat or wheat-corn cropping system, adopting no-tillage or
reduced tillage or zero tillage practices, cultivation of
susceptible cultivars, etc. also enhance the chance of disease
epidemics.
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12. Disease cycle :
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13. Case study 1st
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14.  Loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) was identified to
achieve isothermal gene replication and becoming an
easy and rapid diagnostic tool for early diagnosis of plant
pathogens because of its higher efficiency (Notomi et al.
2015; Aggarwal et al. 2017).
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15. Validation of LAMP assay and its utilization in field
detection of F. graminearum
 In both cases positive reactions turned blue color, while LAMP assay
of healthy or uninoculated seeds remain purplish colour.
 Positive samples showed blue color with HNB dye and lad-dering
pattern in agarose gel.
Ladder like banding pattern
on agarose gel
Brighter fluorescence
0.6 mg/ml of EtBr
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16. Integrated Disease Management Strategy:
Cultural Management Practices:
 Cultural management options include crop rotation,
appropriate use of fertilizers, irrigation, weed control,
proper land preparation, and timely harvesting.
Crop Rotation:
 Since wheat following corn has higher levels of
disease, rotation with a non-cereals would the very
effective. (Teich and Nelson, 2014).
eg.Planting wheat after soybean may help to reduce
the level of local inoculum(Dill-Macky and Jones
2000).
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17. Tillage:
 The increase in ‘no till’ or minimal tillage fields is believed
to be a major contributor to scab epidemics.
Irrigation Management:
 Irrigation should be avoided from flowering to emergence
of spikes. This will minimize spread of inoculum from the
residue to the head and minimize head wetness.
Biological Management Practices:
 Many bacterial bioagents like Bacillus sp., Streptomyces
sp., Brevibacillus sp., Paenibacillus polymixa, Lysobacter
enzymogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens are the
most predominant antagonist.
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18.  Various fungal antagonists like Trichoderma sp.,
Clonostachys rosea, Cladosporium cladosporioides,
and Cryptococcus flavescensare showing best results
against various Fusarium spp. causing head blight.
Chemical Management Practices:
 Several triazole group of fungicides which includes
metconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole,
prothioconazole + tebuconazole, and propiconazole
are effectively managing fusarium head blight.
 Seed treatment with mancozeb, thiabendazole and
defenoconazole may help in controlling of seedling
blight (Dill-Macky, 1997).
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19. Efficacy of fungicides for controlling Fusarium head
blight in wheat cultivar PBW 502
Treatment
%
Fusarium Head Blight TGW
(g)
Grain yield
( kg/plot)
Incidence
%
Severity
%
2005 2006 2005 2006
Tilt 0.1 59.3
(5.2)
6.27
(22.4)
44.0 46.2 2.6 4.1
Folicular 0.1 34.0
(45.6)
2.39
(70.4)
44.5 43.2 2.9 3.7
Score 0.1 46.0
(26.5)
3.78
(52.2)
44.9 46.5 2.5 4.1
Topas 0.1 41.3
(34.0)
2.91
(63.9)
44.4 44.6 2.8 3.9
Amistar 0.1 16.0
(74.4)
0.86
(89.3)
45.7 46.1 3.3 3.8
Bayleton 0.1 41.3
(34.0)
4.31
(46.6)
42.7 44.5 2.6 3.8
Kavach 0.2 52.6
(15.9)
4.39
(45.6)
38.4 - 2.3 -
(Bagga et.al. 2007)
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20. Case study 2
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21. Utilization of Host Resistance:
 Identification of QTLs associated with head blight resistance from
various resistant sources, viz., Sumai 3, Wangshuibai and Ning
7840 from China; Nobeokabouzu from Japan; Frontana from
Brazil, is becoming very popular(Gilbert and Tekauz, 2000).
 Few Indian varieties like UP 2825 (Free) and HP 1940 (Moderately
Resistant) are showing some degree of resistance
 Indian scientists are now targeting for utilising resistance sources
from other countries via back crossing method.
 The resistant stocks like Sumai3 and Frontana are used for gene
introgression in Indian cultivars.
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22.  Table - The elite crosses showing complete resistance to
head scab at IIWBR. Annual report 2018
Bread Wheat Durum Wheat
HSRBW-1 Sumai#3/ PBW 502 HSRDW-1 Sumai#3/ PDW 274
HSRBW-2 Sumai#3/ HD 2967 HSRDW-2 Sumai#3/ PDW 291
HSRBW-3 Sumai#3/DPW 621-
50
HSRBW-4 Frontana/ Sumai#3 HSRDW-3 Frontana / PDW 23
HSRBW-5 Frontana / PBW
502
HSRDW-4 Frontana / HI 849
Resistance sources in Indian wheat genotype for FHB
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23. Case study 3
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24. Conclusion :
 The sporadic occurrence of Fusarium head blight in North-
western zone of India is becoming very serious.
 More over the complex pathogenic nature of this disease is
also help it to appear in various climatic situations from cool-
wet wheat zones to warm-wet zones of India.
 Fusarium head blight is going to be the main threat to Indian
agriculture in near future.
 Therefore, there is a need to become conscious about this
potential threat which may destroy our national food security
system.
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