Dr. Man Mohan Kumar Krishi Rasayan Export Pvt Ltd New Delhi A major disease of Rice in India

1. Foot Rot or Bakanae Disease
of Rice
Dr. Man Mohan Kumar
Krishi Rasayan New Delhi

2. Presentation Overview
History
Economic Importance
Causal Organism
Symptoms
Disease Cycle
Epidemiology
Management

3. History
 Bakanae disease was first identified during 1828 in Japan.
 Shotaro Hori (1898) first time demonstrated the fungus Fusarium
heterosporium nees induced the bakanae symptom in rice plants. It was
later put in the genus Gibberella under the name G. fujikuroi (Sawada) (Ito
and Kimura, 1931).
 In India, the prevalence and incidence of bakanae disease has been reported
particularly on basmati rice cultivars area like Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and
Punjab. (Pavgi and Singh, 1964)

4. Economic Importance
• The yield losses ranging from 15-25% have been reported
from Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu,
Haryana and Punjab states of India. (Sunder et al., 2014).
• Bakanae pathogen was also found to be associated in highest
percentage (1-24%) in seeds of different basmati rice cultivars
and showed the profound effect of the disease on seed quality
(Butt et al., 2011).

5. Causal Organisms
 Fusarium moniliforme (conidial stage)
 Gibberella fujikuroi (perfect stage)
 Domain: Eukaryota
 Kingdom: Fungi
 Phylum: Ascomycota
 Class: Sordariomycetes
 Order: Hypocreales
 Family: Nectriaceae
 Genus: Gibberella
 Species: Gibberella fujikuroi

6. Symptoms
 It is seed borne fungal disease.
 Seedling appear whitish pale and weaker
 Early infections can cause seedlings to die at early
tillering stage.
 Infected seedlings have lesions on roots.
 In initially stage tips of seedling show symptoms of
wilting.
 The fungus infects plants through roots or crowns.
 It spread through wind or water.
 Infected plants are abnormally tall thin with pale
leaves and few tillers.
 Produce only partially filled or empty grains.

7. Disease Cycle
 The pathogen is also
present in seed and soil
or in plant material.
 There are two type of
infection caused by
bakanae disease
 Primary infection.
 Secondary infection.
 The infection on seed
or with in soil is
primary infection.
 The infection on the
infected plant is
secondary.

8. Epidemiology
 Bakanae is a monocyclic disease. The fungus produces
conidia on diseased plants, which are easily spread by
wind and water.
 The fungus have a wide range of temperature between 27
–35 0cfor optimum growth.
 Disease is further affected by high humidity and moisture
leads to elongation of the culms.
 Higher levels of nitrogen and potassium affect the survival
and population of fungus.

9. Management
Use resistantvariety.
Use disease free seed for sowing .
Store the grains with 12-14% moisture content.
Bagga and Sharma (2006) found seedling treatment with carbendazim or benlate (0.1%)
for 6 and 8 h, significantly reduced the disease incidence up to 92%.
Propiconazole 25 EC at 0.05% was the most effective treatment in controlling foot-rot,
but it showed signs of phytotoxicity along with reduction plant height and grain yield.
(Source- Gupta at al. 2015)
Use a fungicide that contains triflumizole, propiconazole, prochloraz. (Source- RIB)
Seed treatment with (50% carbendazim) was the most effective followed by (25%
Tebuconazole EC), (25% Propiconazole EC)and (2.5% Fludioxonil and 2.5%
Difenoconazole EC . (Source- BRRI))
Field trials indicate that a seed treatment with sodium hypochlorite @ 2.5% solution
(Ultra Clorox Germicidal Bleach) is effective at reducing the incidence of this disease.
(Source - UCIPM)