2. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 2
Basic Concepts of Fire Protection
Introduction
๏ Avoid Initiation
๏ If Initiated โ Stop the Spread
๏ If Spreaded โ Suppress
๏ Safe Refuge & Escape
3. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 3
Control of Combustion Process
โข Quantity, Properties and
Distribution of Combustible
Material within the space.
โข Air supply for Combustion.
โข Room volume, shape and
ceiling height.
โข Thermal properties of Walls,
Floor, Ceiling, etc.,
Automatic Suppression
โข Fire detection and Alarm
warning.
โข Automatic Sprinkler System.
โข Non Electric Conduction
System.
โข Carbon di-oxide System.
โข Foam System.
Control by Construction
โข Protect Structure Member
โข Fire Resistance of Walls,
Floor, Ceilings, Doors, etc.,
โข Fire-Stop Operation.
โข Panel Vents and Charts.
Manual Suppression
โข Fire Detection and Alarm
Warning.
โข Portable Fire Extinguishers.
โข Standard Fire Hose
โข Fire Department Professionals
and Equipment
Methods of
Fire Control
9. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 9
Fire โ Effect of Enclosure
Ventilated Controlled Fire
Fuel Controlled Fire
Model of Pre Flash Over Fire
11. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 11
Fire Resistance
A Structure should be able to withstand a standard fire for a specified time. Hence Fire resistance is defined in
terms of โTimeโ. i.e., the time up to which it will sustain the standard fire.
Collapse is one issue, but spread of fire is an equally important issue.
Fire resistance is the time during for which the element can endure the standard fire in terms if stability,
integrity and insulation.
12. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 12
Fire Resistance
Test for Integrity:
Look for Crack
Bring a standard cotton pad to the crack.
If the pad catches fire within 10 secs, the structure is said to have lost its integrity.
Test for insulation:
If the average temperature rises beyond 150ยฐC, the structure has lost its insulation. No individual point shall
exhibit a temperature rise more than 180ยฐC.
13. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 13
Fire Resistance
Fir severity:
Manifestation of fire โ temperature.
Fire severity is defined in terms of area under the time โ temperature curve.
Two fires are said to be equally severe if their areas under the time โ temperature curve is same.
Area under curve = ส Tdt
21. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 21
Fire: process of combustion
For points 1,2,3 and 4
Point 1 and 4 are inside the compartment,
2 and 3 are just outside.
Pressure at 1, 2 as function of y can be written
as
P1 = P0 โ e1 g y
P2 = P0 โ e0 g y
P1 and p0 are densities of gas inside and
outside air respectively, gas on going out
would expand and attain nearly same density
as outside air.
22. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 22
Fire: process of combustion
Pressure at 3, 4 as a function of y can be
written as given below
P3 = P0 โ e0 g y
P4 = P0 โ e4 g y
For negative values of y P3 and P4 greater
than P0
27. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 27
Fire: process of combustion
For gas flow from point 1 to 2
V1 will be zero (no net directional flow), the pressure difference is due to confinement of hot
gases inside the compartment and once it is out to point 2 at atmosphere, it would expand & the
density would change to nearly atmospheric condition. Hot gases flows so gas density is used in
denominator
38. SUPREETH, ASST. PROFESSOR, B.I.E.T, Davanagere 38
Fire: process of combustion
The ratio works out to be 0.34 โ 0.42 for ษธ = 1, generally the ratio is 0.3 to 0.5
Using typical value of r = 5.7 kg of air for wood, typical ratio of po/pf varying from 1.8 to 5