5. “Management of frailty in
community-living older people”
Sukanya Jongsiriyanyong
The Health Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Thailand
21.Oct.2015
The Development Plan of
Quality of Life
of Older Persons
in Bangkok
Phase 1
(2014 - 2017)
The Development Plan
of Quality of Life
of Older Persons
in Bangkok
Phase 2
(2018 - 2021)
Vision
“Older persons have good quality of life, are valuable,
and happy”
SJ-TDD-AgingCities-May2018
64 indices 32 indices
6. RAMPS
• Reduced body reserve
• Atypical presentation
• Multiple pathology
• Polypharmacy
• Social adversity
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
RAMPS: ลักษณะจำเพาะของผู้สูงอายุ
RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
8. Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
Decreased in hepatic clearance:
alprazolam, amlodipine,
barbiturates,
chlordiazepoxide,
desmethyldiazepam,
diazepam, flurazepam,
imipramine, meperidine,
nortriptyline, propanolol,
quinidine, theophylline
“Pharmacokinetic process”
Absorption: little or no change
Distribution: increased body fat and decreased
body water
Elinimation:
Hepatic:
phase 1 enzyme activity reduction
phase 2 unchanged
Renal: decline in GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
Increased pharmacodynamic sensitivity:
benzodiazepines, anesthetics, opioids, dihydropyridines
Decreased pharmacodynamic sensitivity:
beta adrenergic receptor
RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
9. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; 24(3): 395–413.
Age-related change in
lingual pressure
More pooling/pocketing
in the pharyngeal recesses
Increasing the risk of adverse
consequences due to ineffective
deglutition
Dysphagia
10. Source:
- Survey of the Health Status among the Elderly, 2013, under the Health Promotion Program of the Elderly
and the Disabled, MOPH
Health Complaints of the Elderly, 2013
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
limited mobility
hearing impairment
vision impairment
learning disability
emotional or behavior problems
intellectual decline
%
57.8
23.8
19.2
2.6
2.2
3.7
“Management of frailty in
community-living older people”
Sukanya Jongsiriyanyong
The Health Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Thailand
21.Oct.2015
SJ-TDD-AgingCities-May2018SITUATION OF THE THAI ELDERLY 2014
11. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
Atypical presentation
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypoglycemia
• Infection
• Acute coronary syndrome
• Depression
RAMPS
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
12. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
Multiple pathology
RAMPS
Iatrogenesis
Instability
Immobility
Inanition
Incontinence
Dementia
Depression
Delirium
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
13. with diabetes and 8.6% with osteoarthritis.
ChronicIllnessoftheElderlyin2013
examining prevalence of chronic disease by age group, it can be
osteoarthritis
0
15
30
45
diabeteshypertension
8.6
18.2
41.4
%
“Management of frailty in
community-living older people”
Sukanya Jongsiriyanyong
The Health Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Thailand
21.Oct.2015
SJ-TDD-AgingCities-May2018SITUATION OF THE THAI ELDERLY 2014
15. Multiple pathology
1 E : D M:6 DA9 ;: 6A: M:6 :9I 6H D
: :: 6 :9
- 6 D DI 9 DH :: 9I: HD ;6AA
0ME: H: D H 9 I 9I :9 ED HI 6A MEDH: D
46 D M 6A 6H 6A AA6H D D 6 H D6 IA6 H H : 6EM
. 6 :H: :AA HI H 9 6 :H :H DE6H M
( 3 H:D6 H H D; DH :: D H H H6 A HM
) H6 A :9 D H:DED D H E 6A H: D H :I D : A6I9 6H D
, 7, , , 7. , ,. , . , , .7
8 . .
26 D 9:E : : 9 D 9: : D
26A IH H D H D DE 6 M :6A 9M E 6 6
5 : I 6 M D H : :
RAMPS
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
22. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
Polypharmacy
RAMPS
Medical reconciliation“Start low, go slow”
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
Drug interaction Adherence
Beers’s criteria/STOPP/START
23. n saline nasal rinse
n steroid nasal sprays
such as fluticasone (Flonase)
n Allergy products such as:
- cetirizine (Zyrtec)
- fexofenadine (Allegra)
- loratadine (Claritin)
n selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as:
- citalopram (Celexa)
- sertraline (Zoloft)
n buproprion (Historically known as “Wellbutrin”)
For epilepsy, anticonvulsants such as:
n lamotrigine (Lamictal)
n levetiracetam (Keppra)
Ask your healthcare provider about non-medication sleep
hygiene techniques.
These alternatives listed are for
moderate pain:
n acetaminophen (Tylenol)
n topical capsaicin products
n lidocaine patches
n serotonin–norepinephrine
reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
such as:
- duloxetine (Cymbalta)
- venlafaxine (Effexor)
For anxiety:
n buspirone (Buspar)
n selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs) such as:
- citalopram (Celexa)
- sertraline (Zoloft)
For sleep:
n Ask your healthcare provider
about non-medication sleep
hygiene techniques.
First Generation Antihistamines
(used for allergies)
n chlorpheniramine (AllerChlor)
n diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Triclyclic Antidepressants for depression
n amitriptyline (Elavil)
n imipramine (Tofranil)
Medication Class/Examples
NOTE: This is only a partial list of medications. Medications listed in parentheses are examples of brand names of the generic medications listed.
Possible Alternatives
to Discuss with your Healthcare Provider
Barbituates
n phenobarbital
n other drugs ending in “barbital”
Sleeping Aids
n zolpidem (Ambien)
n zaleplon (Sonata)
n ezopiclone (Lunesta)
Pain Medication
People with chronic kidney disease or chronic
renal failure should avoid all non-aspirin,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications
(NSAIDs).
Benzodiazepines (often used to treat anxiety
and sleep disorders as well as other conditions)
People with a history of falls should avoid ben-
zodiazepines, such as:
n alprazolam (Xanax)
n lorazepam (Ativan)
n diazepam (Valium)
RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
Expert Information from
Healthcare Professionals Who
Specialize in the Care of Older Adults TIP
NSS, CetirizineChlorpheniramine
SertralineAmitriptyline
AcetaminophenNSAIDs
24. MAKE MEDICINES COUNT Download a QR reader to your mobile device and scan this
QR code to view our resources on medicines in older people
Also available at www.nps.org.au/older-people
Make medicines count – consider the appropriateness of prescribing
and medicines burden, when in doubt DON’T
Medicines that accumulate or are nephrotoxic in impaired kidney function3,4
ANALGESICS BLOOD CARDIOVASCULAR ENDOCRINE
codeine
hydromorphone
NSAIDs and
COX-2 inhibitors
morphine
oxycodone
tramadol
apixaban
dabigatran
enoxaparin
rivaroxaban
atenolol
bisoprolol
digoxin
fenofibrate
atorvastatin†
simvastatin†
glibenclamide
glimepiride
gliptins (saxagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin)
metformin‡
GASTROINTESTINAL GENITOURINARY MUSCULOSKELETAL NEUROLOGICAL PSYCHOTROPIC
H2-antagonists solifenacin§
sildenafil
tadalafil
tolterodine§
vardenafil§
allopurinol
bisphosphonates
colchicine
strontium ranelate
teriparatide
baclofen
gabapentin
galantamine
levetiracetam
memantine
methysergide
paliperidone
pramipexole
pregabalin
topiramate
varenicline
acamprosate
amisulpride
benzodiazepines
bupropion
desvenlafaxine
duloxetine
lithium
reboxetine
venlafaxine
† Risk of adverse effects increases in patients with kidney disease co-administered medicines that inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4. A recent study reported increased
adverse effects and a low (but avoidable) absolute risk of kidney injury when atorvastatin or simvastatin were taken in combination with clarithromycin or erythromycin.5
‡ Maximum daily dose of 2 g for patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 60–90 mL/min, and 1 g for patients with a GFR of 30–60 mL/min.6
Metformin is not recommended for patients with a GFR less than 30 mL/min.
§ Not available on the PBS/RPBS.
Prescribing criteria do not substitute for good clinical decision-making but can alert an increase in risk7
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part IRAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
27. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
Improving medication appropriateness in nursing
home residents by enhancing inter-professional
cooperation: A study protocol (Short report)
JOURNAL OF INTERPROFESSIONAL CARE 2018; 34(2): 517–20.
Objective
- Improve the appropriateness of medication of nursing home
resident
- By establishing a long-term structured medication review
process
- By enhancing the inter-professional communication
between general practitioners (GPs), nurses and
pharmacists
Design: Non-Randomised control trial; nursing homes in
Austria, follow-up of 2.5 years
29. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
Phone Number
Healthcare
Provider’s Name
Healthcare Provider’s
Phone Number
Allergies
My Current Medications & Supplements
1. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
2. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
3. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
4. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
5. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
6. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
7. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
8. Name of Drug Dose When Taken
When
Taken
Name
of Drug
Dose
My Drug & Supplement Diary
Your Name
Phone Number
Healthcare
Provider’s Name
Healthcare Provider’s
Phone Number
Make sure that your healthcare provider knows
exactly what drug(s) you are taking. Include medicines
you buy without a prescription and any dietary
supplements such as vitamins, minerals and herbals.
Use this form to write down what medications you are
taking, the dosage, and when you take it. Be sure to
keep this record up-to-date, and to keep a copy with
you at all times, as well as a copy at home.
By providing your healthcare provider with this
completed record during each of your appointments,
you are ensuring that they are able to properly
prescribe medications for you.
In order for medications to work properly they
must be taken correctly. Many things can affect
how medications work:
Diet – Some foods impact the effectiveness or
toxicity of medications.
Adherence – Take your medications exactly as
directed by your healthcare providers. Do not change
or stop your medications without talking to your
providers.
Other medications – Drug-to-drug interactions are
a concern. Some interactions may cause serious
medical problems.
Medication Reconciliation
33. Frailty prevention
Healthy diet
Resistance exercise
Aerobic exercise
Tai-chi
Optimized management of medical conditions
Promising intervention
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
Frailty assessment
RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
34. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 18(7): 624–8.
Polypharmacy Is Associated With Higher Frailty Risk
in Older People: An 8-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study
Objective
- Association of polypharmacy and higher incidence of frailty
- Large cohort of North Americans during 8 years of follow-up
Design: Longitudinal study, follow-up of 8 years
Participants
- 4,402 individuals; High risk or having knee osteoarthritis
- Robust/non-frail at baseline
35. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 18(7): 624–8.
Polypharmacy Is Associated With Higher Frailty Risk
in Older People: An 8-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study
Measurements
- Medication prescription: 0– 3, 4–6, and ≥7
- Frailty: Study of Osteoporotic Fracture index: ≥2/3 conditions
Results
- During the 8-year follow-up: 8.2% became frail
- Incidence of frailty
- Double in those taking 4–6 medications
- 6 times higher in people taking ≥7 medications
36. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 18(7): 624–8.
Polypharmacy Is Associated With Higher Frailty Risk
in Older People: An 8-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study
Conclusions
- Polypharmacy is associated with a higher incidence of frailty
over 8-year follow- up period
- Our data suggest evidence of a dose response relationship
- Future research is required to confirm our findings and explore
underlying mechanisms
37. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
วารสารพิษวิทยาไทย 2561 ; 33(1) : 35-50 43
Figure 1. Common used medications of the study population
Factors associated with polypharmacy
The results of the multivariate this analysis were summarized in Figure 2.วารสารพิษวิทยาไทย 2561 ; 33(1) : 35-50.
Polypharmacy among Older Adults in Outpatient Clinic,
Internal Medicine Department, Ramathibodi Hospital
38. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019วารสารพิษวิทยาไทย 2561 ; 33(1) : 35-50.
Polypharmacy among Older Adults in Outpatient Clinic,
Internal Medicine Department, Ramathibodi Hospital
drugs (2.1%), unnecessary drugs (72.4%),
DDIs (91.4%) and wrong dose (0.2%), as
shown in Table 2. Most DDIs were minor
the present study were statin, vitamin
calcium channel blocker, as shown in Fig
1.
Table 2. Drug-related problems associated with polypharmacy
Category of drug-related
problems
No Polypharmacy
Drug <5 items
(n=114)
Polypharmacy
Drug ≥ 5
(n=338)
p-value
Adverse drug events (ADEs) 3(2.6) 9(2.7) 1.000
Potentially inappropriate
medications (PIMs)
14(12.5) 212(62.9) <0.001
Duplicated drugs - 7(2.1) 0.200
Unnecessary Medications 13(11.6) 244(72.4) <0.001
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) 38(33.9) 308(91.4) <0.001
Wrong dose - 1(0.2) 1.000
39. 02/19/19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2019 | Page 2
Vaccine 19–21 years 22–26 years 27–49 years 50–64 years ≥65 years
Influenza inactivated (IIV) or
Influenza recombinant (RIV)
1 dose annually
Influenza live attenuated
(LAIV)
1 dose annually
Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
(Tdap or Td)
1 dose Tdap, then Td booster every 10 yrs
Measles, mumps, rubella
(MMR)
1 or 2 doses depending on indication (if born in 1957 or later)
Varicella
(VAR)
2 doses (if born in 1980 or later)
Zoster recombinant
(RZV) (preferred)
2 doses
Zoster live
(ZVL)
1 dose
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Female
2 or 3 doses depending on age at initial vaccination
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Male
2 or 3 doses depending on age at initial vaccination
Pneumococcal conjugate
(PCV13)
Pneumococcal polysaccharide
(PPSV23)
1 or 2 doses depending on indication 1 dose
Hepatitis A
(HepA)
2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
Hepatitis B
(HepB)
2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
Meningococcal A, C, W, Y
(MenACWY)
1 or 2 doses depending on indication, then booster every 5 yrs if risk remains
Meningococcal B
(MenB)
2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine and indication
Haemophilus influenzae type b
(Hib)
1 or 3 doses depending on indication
1 dose
Table 1
Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule by Age Group
United States, 2019
or or
oror
Recommended vaccination for adults who meet age requirement,
lack documentation of vaccination, or lack evidence of past infection Recommended vaccination for adults with an
additional risk factor or another indication No recommendation
Primary prevention for frailty RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
40. 02/19/19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2019 | Page 3
Vaccine Pregnancy
Immuno-
compromised
(excluding HIV
infection)
HIV infection
CD4 count
Asplenia,
complement
deficiencies
End-stage
renal
disease, on
hemodialysis
Heart or
lung disease,
alcoholism1
Chronic liver
disease
Diabetes
Health care
personnel2
Men who have
sex with men
<200 ≥200
IIV or RIV 1 dose annually
LAIV CONTRAINDICATED PRECAUTION 1 dose annually
Tdap or Td
1 dose Tdap each
pregnancy 1 dose Tdap, then Td booster every 10 yrs
MMR CONTRAINDICATED 1 or 2 doses depending on indication
VAR CONTRAINDICATED 2 doses
RZV(preferred) DELAY 2 doses at age ≥50 yrs
ZVL CONTRAINDICATED 1 dose at age ≥60 yrs
HPV Female DELAY 3 doses through age 26 yrs 2 or 3 doses through age 26 yrs
HPV Male 3 doses through age 26 yrs 2 or 3 doses through age 21 yrs
2 or 3 doses
through age 26 yrs
PCV13
PPSV23
HepA
HepB
MenACWY
MenB PRECAUTION
Hib
3 doses HSCT3
recipients only
1 dose
1, 2, or 3 doses depending on age and indication
1 or 2 doses depending on indication, then booster every 5 yrs if risk remains
2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine and indication
2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
1 dose
Table 2
or or
Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule by Medical Condition and Other Indications
United States, 2019
Recommended vaccination for adults
who meet age requirement, lack
documentation of vaccination, or lack
evidence of past infection
Recommended vaccination
for adults with an additional
risk factor or another
indication
Precaution—vaccine might
be indicated if benefit of
protection outweighs risk of
adverse reaction
Delay vaccination until
after pregnancy if
vaccine is indicated
Contraindicated—vaccine
should not be administered
because of risk for serious
adverse reaction
No recommendation
oror
1. Precaution for LAIV does not apply to alcoholism. 2. See notes for influenza; hepatitis B; measles, mumps, and rubella; and varicella vaccinations. 3. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
Geriatrics for
Primary prevention for frailty
RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
41. Secondary prevention for frailty
“ใน1ปีที่ผ่านมา เคยหกล้มไหมคะ” “รับประทานได้ไหมคะ”
RAMPS
Frailty assessment
Promising intervention
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part IRAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
44. RAMPS & Frailty: Mar2019
Humanized medicine
การดูแลรักษาอย่างมีมนุษยธรรม
PharmacistFrailtyRAMPS
Ageing
society
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist
Geriatrics for the family pharmacist: part I
Medication Reconciliation