ball and stick models of the valence shell electron pair models

1. VSEPR Models
Stephen Joseph Boylan 2021

3. Outline
VSEPR
12 Models of 12 Molecules
Limitations
Definitions

4. VSEPR Models
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Models

5. 12 Models
Of
12 Molecules

6. 1 Model of Boron Difluoride

7. AX2 Linear sp BeF2
v

8. AX2 Linear sp BeF2
v
F
F
B
BF2

9. AX2 Linear sp BeF2
v
X
X
A
AX2

10. AX2 Linear sp BeF2
v
sp hybrid orbital

11. AX2 Linear sp BeF2
v
linear

12. AX2 Linear sp BeF2
v

13. 1 Boron difluoride
Molecular formula BF2
Species type AX2
Hybrid orbital sp
Shape linear

14. 2 Model of Beryllium trifluoride

15. AX3 Triangular Planar sp2 BeF3
v

16. AX3 Triangular Planar sp2 BeF3
v
F
F
F
Be
BeF3

17. AX3 Triangular Planar sp2 BeF3
v
X
X
X
A
AX3

18. AX3 Triangular Planar sp2 BeF3
v
sp2
hydrid
orbital

19. AX3 Triangular Planar sp2 BeF3
v
Trigonal
planar

20. AX3 Triangular Planar sp2 BeF3
v

21. 2 Beryllium trifluoride
Molecular formula BeF3
Species type AX3
Hybrid orbital sp2
Shape triangular planar

22. 3 Model of Sulfur Dioxide

23. AX2E Bent sp2 SO2
v

24. AX2E Bent sp2 SO2
v
S
O
O
SO2

25. AX2E Bent sp2 SO2
v
A
X
X
AX2E E

26. AX2E Bent sp2 SO2
v
sp2
hydrid
orbital

27. AX2E Bent sp2 SO2
vbent

28. AX2E Bent sp2 SO2
v

29. 3 Model of Sulfur Dioxide
Molecular Formula SO2
Species type AX2E
Hybrid orbital sp2
Shape bent

30. 4 Model of Methane

31. AX4 Tetrahedral sp3 CH4
v

32. AX4 Tetrahedral sp3 CH4
v
H
H
H
H
C
CH4

33. AX4 Tetrahedral sp3 CH4
v
X
X
X
X
A
AX4

34. AX4 Tetrahedral sp3 CH4
v
sp3
hydrid
orbital

35. AX4 Tetrahedral sp3 CH4
v
tetrahedral

36. AX4 Tetrahedral sp3 CH4
v

37. AX4 Tetrahedral sp3 CH4
v

38. 4 Methane
Molecular formula CH4
Species type AX4
Hybrid orbital sp3
Shape tetrahedral

39. 5 Model of Ammonia

40. AX3E Trigonal Pyramid sp3 NH3
v

41. AX3E Trigonal Pyramid sp3 NH3
v
H
H
H N
NH3

42. AX3E Trigonal Pyramid sp3 NH3
v
X
X
X A
AX3E
E

43. AX3E Trigonal Pyramid sp3 NH3
v
sp3
hydrid
orbital

44. AX3E Trigonal Pyramid sp3 NH3
v
Trigonal
pyramid

45. AX3E Trigonal Pyramid sp3 NH3
v

46. 5 Model of Ammonia
Molecular formula NH3
Species type AX3E
Hybrid orbital sp3
Shape trigonal pyramid

47. 6 Model of Water

48. AX2E2 Angular Bent H2O
v

49. AX2E2 Angular Bent H2O
v
H
H
O
H2O

50. AX2E2 Angular Bent H2O
v
X
X
A
AX2E2
E
E

51. AX2E2 Angular Bent H2O
v
sp3
hydrid
orbital

52. AX2E2 Angular Bent H2O
v
Angular
bent

53. AX2E2 Angular Bent H2O
v

54. AX2E2 Angular Bent H2O
v

55. 6 Model of Water
Molecular formula H2O
Species type AX2E2
Hybrid orbital sp3
Shape angular bent

56. 7 Model of
Phosphorous Pentachloride

57. AX5 Triangular bipyramid sp3d PCl5
v

58. AX5 Triangular bipyramid sp3d PCl5
v
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
PCl5
P

59. AX5 Triangular bipyramid sp3d PCl5
v
X
X
X
X
X
AX5
A

60. AX5 Triangular bipyramid sp3d PCl5
v
sp3d
hydrid
orbital

61. AX5
v
sp3d
hydrid
orbital

62. AX5 Triangular bipyramid sp3d PCl5
v
Triangular
bipyramid

63. AX5 Triangular bipyramid sp3d PCl5
v

64. 7 Model of Phosphorous Pentachloride
Molecular formula PCl5
Species type AX5
Hybrid orbital sp3d
Shape triangular bipyramid

65. 8 Model of
Sulfur Tetrafluoride

66. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v

67. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v F
F
F F
S
SF4

68. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v X
X
X X
A
AX4E E

69. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v
sp3d
hydrid
orbital

70. AX5
v
sp3d
hydrid
orbital

71. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v
seesaw

72. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v

73. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v

74. AX4E Seesaw sp3d SF4
v

75. 8 Model of Sulfur Tetrafluoride
Molecular formula SF4
Species type AX4E
Hybrid orbital sp3d
Shape Seesaw

76. 9 Model of
Chlorine Trifluoride

77. AX2E2 T-Shaped sp3d ClF3
v

78. AX2E2 T-Shaped sp3d ClF3
v
Cl
F
F
F
ClF3

79. AX2E2 T-Shaped sp3d ClF3
v
A
X
X
X
E
AX3E2
E

80. AX2E2 T-Shaped sp3d ClF3
v
sp3d
hydrid
orbital

81. AX2E2 T-Shaped sp3d ClF3
v
T-Shaped

82. AX2E2 T-Shaped sp3d ClF3
v

83. 9 Model of Chlorine Trifluoride
Molecular formula ClF3
Species type AX3E2
Hybrid orbital sp3d
Shape T-shaped

84. 10 Model of
Sulfur Hexafluoride

85. AX6 Octahedral sp3d2 SF6
v

86. AX6 Octahedral sp3d2 SF6
v
F
F
F F
F
F
S
SF6

87. AX6 Octahedral sp3d2 SF6
v
X
X
X X
X
X
A
AX6

88. AX6 Octahedral sp3d2 SF6
v
sp3d2
hydrid
orbital

89. AX5
v
sp3d2
hydrid
orbital

90. AX6 Octahedral sp3d2 SF6
v
Octahedral

91. AX6 Octahedral sp3d2 SF6
v

92. 10 Model of Sulfur Hexafluoride
Molecular formula SF6
Species type AX6
Hybrid orbital sp3d2
Shape Octahedral

93. 11 Model of
Iodine pentafluoride

94. AX5E Square Pyramidal sp3d2 IF6
v

95. AX5E Square Pyramidal sp3d2 IF6
v
F F
F
F
F
I
IF5

96. AX5E Square Pyramidal sp3d2 IF6
v
X X
X
X
X
A
E
AX5E

97. AX5E Square Pyramidal sp3d2 IF6
v
sp3d2
hydrid
orbital

98. AX5E Square Pyramidal sp3d2 IF6
v
Square
Pyramid

99. AX5E Square Pyramidal sp3d2 IF6
v

100. AX5E Square Pyramidal sp3d2 IF6
v

101. 11 Model of Iodine pentafluoride
Molecular formula IF5
Species type AX5E
Hybrid orbital sp3d2
Shape Square Pyramidal

102. 12 Model of
Xenon tetrafluoride

103. AX4F2 Square Planar sp3d2 XeF4
v

104. AX4F2 Square Planar sp3d2 XeF4
v
F F
F
F
Xe
XeF4

105. AX4F2 Square Planar sp3d2 XeF4
v
X X
X
X
A
AX4E2
E
E

106. AX4F2 Square Planar sp3d2 XeF4
v
sp3d2
hydrid
orbital

107. AX4F2 Square Planar sp3d2 XeF4
v
Square
planar

108. AX4F2 Square Planar sp3d2 XeF4
v

109. 12 Model of Xenon tetrafluoride
Molecular formula XeF4
Species type AX4E2
Hybrid orbital sp3d2
Shape Square Planar

110. Limitations

111. Limitations
Atoms are not wooden balls.

112. Limitations
Bonds are not wooden sticks.

113. Limitations
Bond angles will be different.

114. Limitations
Bond lengths will be different.

115. Limitations
Even with the limitations, the ball and
stick models provide useful
representations of molecules.

116. Limitations
Even with the limitations, VSEPR
Models provide useful representations
of molecules.

117. Descriptions
Name of Molecule
Molecular formula
Species type
Hybrid orbital
Shape

118. Name of molecule
Words that identify the molecule

119. Molecular formula
Symbols that identify the molecule

120. Species type
general formula representing a class of molecules
A = central atom
X = atoms attached to central atom
E = electron pair connected with central atom
AX2 AX3 AX2E AX4 AX3E AX2E2 AX5 AX4E
AX3E2 AX6 AX5E AX4E2

121. Hybrid Orbital
Combination of atomic orbitals
associated with the central atom
sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2

122. Shape
Description of spacial appearance of
the molecule
Linear Bent Trigonal Bipyramid T-
shape octahedral seesaw

123. The End

124. The End
Thank you for taking the time to watch.
Stephen Joseph Boylan

125. VSEPR Models Stephen Joseph Boylan
Learning Objective: Identify Valence shell electron pair repulsion models. Twelve
ball and stick models. Species type. Shape. Hydrid orbital. Example molecules.
Molecular Formula. Name of molecule. Limitations
Inductive approach with pictures presented first followed by definitions of the
words.
References
Masterton, W. L., Hurley, Chemistry Principles and Reactions eighth edition,
Cengage Learning Boston 2016
Advanced Molecular Model Set, Catalog No. 470150-458 VWR International
.