review in english

1. ENGLISH REVIEW
P R E P A R E D : S T E P H A N I E J A N E G A R D U C E , L P T

2. TOPIC OUTLINE
I. SENTENCE
• Subject and Predicate
• Simple and Complete
• Clauses
• Sentence Fragment
• Run-on Sentences
II. VERB TENSES
III. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

3. SENTENCE
A sentence is a word or a group of words that has a complete
thought.
Compare the two sets of examples below:
A.
1. The woman wearing pink
dress
2. The man who won the
lottery
3. Watching TV
B.
1. The woman wearing pink
dress is reading.
2. He won.
3. The children are watching
Dora the Explorer.

4. What is a subject?
• word or words about which something is said.
•It is either a noun or pronoun.
What is a predicate?
•It tells something about the subject.
IMPORTANT!
A subject and a predicate are called SIMPLE if they have only one word.
The predicate is usually a verb. If they contain modifiers, then they are
called COMPLETE.

5. EXAMPLES:
1. The man standing near the cafeteria says he speaks five different
languages.
2. The man standing near the cafeteria says he speaks five different
languages.

6. Let’s try!
1.Growing children need to drink milk.
2.Your fee includes laboratory expenses.
3.Burnham Park looks stunning even at night.
4.Vivien loves to bake chocolate chip cookies.
5.The principal says that closed books never open one’s mind.

7. What is a CLAUSE?
• A clause is group of words that contains a subject and a
verb.
• Clauses are building blocks of sentences.
An INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
is a clause that can stand
alone in the sentence.
A DEPENDENT CLAUSE is a
clause that cannot stand
alone because it lacks
complete thought.

8. THREE BASIC KINDS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES:
A. A NOUN CLAUSE can be any of the following:
1. Noun clauses as subject
Example: What you don’t know won’t hurt you.
2. Noun clauses as an object
Example: I didn’t tell him how he should react to the incident
3. Noun clauses as an object of preposition
Example: The president’s speech focused on what he accomplished in his
first 100 days in office.

9. B. An ADJECTIVE CLAUSE describes the subject in a sentence.
Examples:
 The girl, who was accidentally killed by her father through gun fire,
was Matilda Crabtree.
 The Internet, which allows people to connect to every person around
the globe, is considered the most important innovation in information
technology.

10. C. An ADVERB CLAUSE answers the following questions: a.) When
b.)Where? C.)Why? D.)under what conditions?
Examples:
• I never saw him again after he won millions in the lottery.
• He cried because his best friend betrayed him.
• I want to hang out in a place where nobody stays.

11. Sentence Fragment
&
Run-On Sentences

12. A sentence fragment is a group of words which does not convey
complete thought. It is not a sentence, but just a piece of a sentence.
FRAGMENTS
1. The professors who
organized a
committee to review
the academic
policies
2. The subject that is
difficult to pass
SENTENCES
1. The professors who organized
a committee to review the
academic policies were given
significant honorarium.
2. Calculus, for me, is the
subject that is difficult to
pass

13. A RUN-ON sentence contains two or more independent clauses which
are incorrectly joined.
Read the following run-on sentences:
1. Singing is my favourite hobby dancing is his interest.
2. Watching TV makes me forget about doing my assignments I avoid
watching when I have the class the following day.

14. Ways to Correct Run-on Sentences:
1 Separate two independent clauses. Use a period.
Example:
Singing is my favorite hobby. Dancing is his
interest.
2
Use a comma, followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for,
not, yet, or so)
Example:
Watching TV makes me forget about doing my assignments, so I
avoid watching when I have classes the following day.

15. 3 Use a semi-colon. Don’t capitalize the first letter of the succeeding word.
Example:
His cell phone is ringing; he didn’t mind a bit.
4
Use a semi-colon followed by an appropriate transitional device like
however, moreover, therefore, as a result, consequently.
Example:
It’s been raining hard last night; as a result, classes were suspended.

16. 5 Use appropriate subordinating conjunctions e.g. although, until, if,
while, as, after, unless.
Example:
I was taking a shower when she arrived.

17. Let’s try!
1. The leader of the band promised not to sign the contract he didn’t
keep his promise.
A. contract, he
B. contract; although
C. contract, but
2. I have to go my dad is calling me.
A. go, but
B. go. My
C. go until

18. VERB TENSES:
A. SIMPLE TENSES
 Present Tense
 Past Tense
 Future Tense
C. PROGRESSIVE TENSES
 Present Progressive Tense
 Past Progressive Tense
 Future Progressive Tense
B. PERFECT TENSES
 Present Perfect Tense
 Past Perfect Tense
 Future Perfect Tense

19. Present tense refers to action that is taking place at the present
time.
It expresses an action being done at present.
Ex: The student listens carefully to the professor.
It is also used to express habitual action.
Ex: Kyla sings at ASAP every Sunday.
It also expresses a general truth.
Ex: Planet Jupiter contains 90% hydrogen and 10% helium.

20. Past tense refers to action that happened at a definite time in the
past.
Ex: Tobey Maguire played the role of Peter Parker in the movie Spider-
man 3.
It is also used for statement that is true in the past but no longer
true today.
Ex: Chelsea used to admire Jennifer Love Hewitt’s acting in If Only.

21. Future tense refers to action that will take place in the future.
It has no inflected form but the words WILL and SHALL help the main
verbs.
Ex: I shall return.
We will pay the bills tomorrow.
Thou shall not kill.

22. Present Perfect Tense indicates either that an action was done in the
recent past or that an action still happens at present.
Forming present perfect tense:
Has/have + past participle of the verb
Examples: I have already spent 500 pesos for my school project.
I have lived here for eight years.
The guest has not arrived yet.

23. Past Perfect Tense indicates that an action was completed before
another action took place.
Forming past perfect tense:
had + past participle of the verb
Examples: Marian had earned millions of pesos before she gave up
her career.
My dad had read two novels when we arrived home from
airport.

24. Future Perfect Tense shows that an action will take place in specific
time in the future.
Forming future perfect tense:
will + have + past participle of the verb
Examples: I will have finished my course by April next year.
Shane will have done her homework by eight o’clock
tonight.

25. Present Progressive Tense expresses action that is currently
happening.
Forming present progressive tense:
verb “to be” + main verb with -ing
Examples: The child is eating his lunch right now.
The singers are signing a contract with the recording
company.
I am worrying about the result of the exam these days.

26. Past Progressive Tense expresses an action that was happening at
some point in the past.
Forming past progressive tense:
verb “to be” in the past tense + main verb with -ing
Examples: I was reading the book all day yesterday.
The kids were making noise in the conference last year.

27. Past Progressive Tense is also used to indicate that an action was
happening when another action took place.
Examples: I was talking to my dad on the phone
when the police knocked on the door.

28. Future Progressive Tense expresses an action that will be happening
in a specific time in the future.
Forming future progressive tense:
will + be + main verb with -ing
Examples: Diane will be getting her diploma in time.
The band will be performing tonight.

29. SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT

30. 1 When the subject of a sentence composed of two or more nouns
or pronouns connected by AND, use a plural verb.
•Danica and Daniela are sisters.
2
When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by
OR or NOR, use a singular verb.
•The storm or the strong wind is the reason for the suspension of
classes.
3
A compound subject containing both a singular and a plural
noun or pronoun joined by OR or NOR, the verb must agree with
the nearest subject.
•The men or the woman is taking charge of the program.

31. Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and
the verb. The verb agrees with the subject, not with a noun or a
pronoun in the phrase.
•One of the cats is pampered by its owners.
•The book, which talked about different Filipino traditions, is
interesting.
4
5
Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and
the verb. The verb agrees with the subject, not with a noun or a
pronoun in the phrase.
•One of the cats is pampered by its owners.
•The book, which talked about different Filipino traditions, is
interesting.

32. 6
Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news
require singular verbs.
•The news does not sound good.
•Economics is a very interesting subject.
7
Time, distance, and money requires singular form of the verb.
•Four hours is not enough for me to stroll in the mall.
•Two million pesos is a big money.
8
In sentence beginning with there is or there are, the subject
follows the verb. Since there is not the subject, the verb agrees
with what follows.
•There are many questions about the new planet.
•There is hope for those who believe.

33. 9
Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but
these are considered singular and take a singular verb.
•The blue team is always winning.
•The committee formulates new policies for the department.
10
Fractional expressions are sometimes singular and sometimes
plural, depending on the meaning.
•A percentage of the population does not vote for her.
•Half of the students are attending the seminar.
11
The relative pronouns (who, whom, which, and that) are either
singular or plural , depending on the words they refer to
•Jessica is one of the mothers who participate in the activity.
•The UP contestants are students who perform well academically.

34. 12
The phrase A NUMBER always take a plural form of the verb and
THE NUMBER requires a singular form of the verb.
•A number of participants come from Central Luzon.
•The number of participants is unexpected.
13
Some subjects with AND may be considered as one. In such case,
the verb is singular.
•Bread and butter is my daily food.
•Bow and arrow was used by the native Filipinos in hunting food.

35. 14
The word ALL should not create confusion. If the noun that ALL
modifies in non-countable, then the verb is singular but if ALL
modifies a count noun which is in the plural form, then the verb
must agree with the subject.
•All of the Filipino doctors go to the US to practice their
profession.
All of my life is spent only with you.
15
Phrases and clauses that function as a subject usually requires a
singular form of the verb.
•Begging for money is all she knows.
•Texting while driving is a dangerous thing to do.