Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

1) Scientists study a _________ and then generalize the results of their investigation to a
__________.
a. sample; population
b. population; sample
c. convenience sample; random sample
d. random sample; convenience sample
Answer: a
Page Reference: 33
Objective: Module 2.1
2) Which of the following is an example of demand characteristics affecting an
experiment?
a. An experimenter draws the wrong conclusions from a study because she did not use the
correct statistical analysis.
b. A participant changes his response to a question because he has the feeling he knows
what the experimenter wants.
c. An experimenter changes her behaviour because she can predict how the participant
will respond.
d. A participant in a double-blind experiment believes she is in the control group.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 35
3) Why it is a bad idea to draw conclusions from anecdotal evidence?
a. Such conclusions usually go against common sense and conclusions against common
sense are not usually valid.
b. Anecdotes are reliable only if they come from experts, which they rarely do.
c. Anecdotes are a single-blind technique, not a double-blind method.
d. There is no way to know if the anecdote is true or if it will generalize to other people
and situations.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 39
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4) What does a correlation coefficient of –0.94 indicate about the relationship between
two variables?
a. The variables are weakly associated, with both increasing together.
b. The variables are strongly associated, with both increasing together.
c. The variables are weakly associated, with one increasing as the other decreases.
d. The variables are strongly associated, with one increasing as the other decreases.
Answer: d
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5) Most people would agree that anxiety can lead to sleep loss. However, Dr. Jenkins
believes that sleep deprivation can also cause increased anxiety. Which research method
would allow him to test a cause–effect relationship between the two?
a. naturalistic observation
b. experimental
c. correlational
d. survey
Answer: b
Page Reference: 49–50
6) Which of the following statements describes the amount of cognitive and emotional
risk to participants allowed in psychological research today?
a. Any amount of risk is acceptable.
b. No amount of risk is acceptable.
c. Low levels of risk are always acceptable, but more than minimal risk is never
acceptable.
d. The amount of acceptable risk depends in part on the possible benefits from the study.
Answer: d
7) The use of deception in psychological research is
a. considered necessary and completely acceptable in all research.

b. not considered acceptable.
c. generally acceptable when shown to be absolutely necessary for the research.
d. acceptable only in nonhuman research.
Answer: c
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8) Under which of the following circumstances would the mean be the best measure of
central tendency to use?
a. The data have a normal distribution.
b. The data are positively skewed.
c. The data are negatively skewed.
d. The mean is robust and always considered the best measure of central tendency.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 63
9) A teacher notices that, on the last science test, some students did very well while other
students performed poorly or had grades somewhere in the middle. If she wanted to
measure how "spread out" the scores were, which descriptive statistic could she use?
a. median
b. mode
c. standard deviation
d. mean
Answer: c
Page Reference: 65
10) Keisha performs an experiment with two randomly assigned groups of school
children. The first group is allowed 15 minutes of recess play before a math test, while
the second group watches a video before the test. When she analyzes the test scores, she
finds that there is a statistical difference between the groups, with the recess group
scoring higher, on average, on the test. Which conclusion can be drawn from this result?
a. The difference between the scores for the two groups is not likely due to their differing
pre-test activities and it is probably due to random chance.

b. The difference between the scores for the two groups is likely due to their differing
pre-test activities, and did not happen by chance.
c. Students who are good at math prefer recess to watching a video.
d. Students who are good at math prefer watching a video to recess.
Answer: b

1) What are the five characteristics of good research described in the textbook? Briefly
explain each one.
Answer:
2) Explain why anecdotal evidence, appeals to authority, and appeals to common sense
are all considered poor forms of evidence and provide an example (not covered in the
textbook) of each.
Answer:
Answer (examples will vary):
Anecdotal evidence is the experience of one person generalized into a theory, such as
when a person listens to hypnosis CDs and loses 58 pounds in three months. This is
anecdotal evidence and not real evidence because no hypothesis was tested in developing
the theory. The weight loss could have been caused by any number of things other than
the CDs. Appeal to authority is evidence from an "expert" that is assumed to be valid and
reliable simply because an expert says it is true. An expert may claim to have found a
great weight-loss program but experts can be wrong and experts can have hidden
agendas. It is important to see what the expert may have to gain by claiming an untested
theory is true. Appeal to common sense is evidence that sounds like it must be true but
hasn't necessarily been tested. A great example is that people long thought that the earth
was stationary and the centre of the universe because this theory made sense based on
their (limited) knowledge of the cosmos. The best theory is always based on the results of
hypotheses tested using the scientific method.
3) Describe and compare correlational research designs and experimental research
designs. Give one pro and one con for each type of design.
Answer:

1) 02-3-01
Before beginning an experiment, researchers use operational definitions to define
exactly how variables like "intelligence" or "happiness" will be measured.
2) 02-3-02
Demand characteristics are a major problem in psychological research, and can cause
participants to change their behaviour based on how they think they are supposed to
behave.
3) 02-3-03
Prior to publication in scholarly journals, papers go through a peer review process, in
which they are read and critiqued by experts in the specific field of study.
4) 02-3-04
Tabitha is convinced that vaccines cause autism because her friend's child was diagnosed
with autism only a week after being vaccinated. Tabitha's conclusions are based on
anecdotal evidence and as such, cannot be considered reliable.
5) 02-3-05
Case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys, and questionnaires are all types of
descriptive research, because they can only be used to collect observations.
6) 02-3-06
Experimental designs are the only research method that can provide strong evidence for
cause-and-effect relationships.
7) 02-3-07

To study the effect of subliminal advertising on consumer behaviour, participants were
randomly assigned to watch a movie either with or without subliminal advertising. The
group of participants that saw the movie without the ads is called the control group .
8) 02-3-08
Research participants must give informed consent , meaning that they are told about the
experiment—including any potential risks—and then freely agree to participate.
9) 02-3-09
A normal distribution is characterized by its symmetrical shape with values clustered
around a mean value.
10) 02-3-10
If the difference between groups in an experiment is unlikely to have occurred by random
chance alone, the difference is said to be statistically significant .

1) Which of the following is subjective?
a. the height of a tree
b. the speed of a reflex
c. the weight of a soil sample
d. the value of a painting
Answer: d
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Applied
Objective: Know the key terminology related to the principles of scientific research.
2) _______________assumes that there are facts about the world that can be observed
and tested independently from the individual who describes them.
a. Subjectivity
b. Objectivity
c. Validity
d. Generalizability
Answer: b
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Conceptual
3) Which of the following is one of the five characteristics of quality research listed in the
textbook?
a. using subjective measurements
b. protecting the public from distressing results and keeping them secret
c. making sure results can be replicated
d. avoiding generalizing results
Answer: c
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand the five characteristics of quality scientific research.
4) In an effort to ensure objectivity, psychologists typically measure

a. behaviour.
b. introspection.
c. thoughts.
d. feelings.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Conceptual
5) A group of researchers are studying depression in a sample of patients. Each
researcher independently assesses the level of depression in each patient, but find that
their assessments are not the same. This suggests that
a. depression cannot be studied scientifically.
b. the researchers are not using a reliable measurement.
c. the results are generalizable.
d. the patients likely do not have depression.
Answer: b
Skill: Applied
6) In research, the object, concept, or event being measured is called a
a. unit of data.
b. population.
c. variable.
d. sample.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Factual

7) A researcher measures participants' blood pressure while they are shown sexual,
violent, or relaxing videos. The blood pressure measurement in this study is an example
of
a. a variable.
b. a sample.
c. self-reporting.
d. a demand characteristic.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Applied
8) In science, operational definitions are used to
a. keep participants from knowing which treatment group they are in.
b. reduce demand characteristics.
c. increase ecological validity.
d. define terms and variables so they can be objectively measured.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Conceptual
9) Before beginning a study on the health effects of obesity, a group of researchers agree
that, for the purposes of their study, anyone with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2
will be considered obese. This is an example of a(n)
a. control variable.
b. operational definition.
c. convenience sample.
d. dependent variable.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Applied

10) According to the textbook, what have researchers concluded about the "Mozart
effect"?
a. Listening to classical music, but not other types of music, causes a lasting
improvement in several types of thinking and reasoning.
b. Listening to all types of music causes a lasting improvement in several types of
thinking and reasoning.
c. Listening to classical music appears to have only a small, short-term effect on spatial
reasoning in adults.
d. Listening to classical music has no effect on any type of thinking or reasoning.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Factual
11) __________ refers to the consistency of a measurement.
a. Generalizability
b. Validity
c. Reliability
d. Objectivity
Answer: c
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Factual
12) Dr. Sparks gave Julie a new intelligence test that he personally designed, but her
scores are different each time he tests her. These results suggest that Dr. Sparks'
intelligence test has poor
a. validity.
b. generalizability.
c. reliability.
d. social desirability.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 32

Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply the concepts of reliability and validity to examples.
13) Dr. Hashmi is assessing patients' personalities using an "ink blot" test that she
created, and is gaining confidence in the test's reliability. Which of the following is likely
leading her to have increased confidence about the test's reliability?
a. Her patients are reporting high levels of enjoyment with daily testing.
b. Patients are generating approximately the same results each time they are tested
c. The test seems to be measuring what it is supposed to be measuring (personality).
d. The test appears to be objective.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Applied
14) Brittany, a hockey player who plays for the local university, has finished the last
three years with 8, 32, and 14 points. Considering her performance, what type of player
would Brittany be considered?
a. a valid player
b. an objective player
c. a reliable player
d. not a reliable player
Answer: d
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Applied
15) __________ is the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure.
a. Generalizability
b. Reliability
c. Validity
d. Objectivity
Answer: c

Page Reference: 32
Skill: Factual
16) Jasmine took a self-administered online intelligence test three times yesterday and
obtained scores of 124, 128, and 125. This made her feel great because the score she
received from the psychologist last month at school was only a 95. What characteristic
might the online test be lacking?
a. reliability
b. validity
c. both reliability and validity
d. nothing, the test appears to be both reliable and valid
Answer: b
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Applied
17) The degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals,
or events is called
a. objectivity.
b. reliability.
c. validity.
d. generalizability.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 33
Skill: Factual
18) To increase the generalizability of their results, researchers try to study a ________
sample of participants.
a. small
b. large
c. single-person
d. convenience

Answer: b
Skill: Factual
19) Which of the following is TRUE?
a. Researchers typically study whole populations because it the most efficient method for
gathering data.
b. Researchers typically study samples because it is often too difficult to study whole
populations.
c. Researchers typically aim to include both samples and populations in their research.
d. Researchers typically avoid studying both populations and samples to avoid researcher
bias.
Answer: b
Skill: Factual
20) The most important factor to ensure that results from one study will generalize in
other settings, is to use
a. a convenience sample.
b. small sample sizes.
c. random assignment.
d. a random sample.
Answer: d
Skill: Factual
21) Researchers at Universities often use Psychology students as their participants
because they are readily available and eager to volunteer. This form of a sample is
referred to as a(n) ____________ sample.
a. random
b. confound

c. ecological
d. convenience
Answer: d
Skill: Applied
22) Ecological validity refers to
a. whether the results of a laboratory study can be applied to the real world.
b. the impact of a scientific study on the environment.
c. the degree to which animal research can be applied to humans.
d. the degree to which naturalistic research techniques are used.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 34
Skill: Conceptual
23) Ursula works in an office. One day, her boss tells her that upper-management will be
in the office to observe employee productivity. Because she knows she is being observed,
Ursula works harder than she normally does, a phenomenon known as
a. the placebo effect.
b. the Heisenberg principle.
c. ecological validity.
d. the Hawthorne effect.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 34
Skill: Applied
Objective: Understand how biases might influence the outcome of a study.
24) The term demand characteristics refers to
a. a set of personality traits that most good scientists share.
b. unintended cues that suggest how study participants should behave.
c. statements that describe the specific measures that are used to record observations.

d. the specific set of instructions for an experiment.
Answer: b
Skill: Conceptual
25) Bandar is participating in a survey on undergraduate drug use. When the interviewer
asks Bandar whether he has used illegal drugs in the last 6 months, he lies and says "no"
because he knows drug use is frowned upon by many people. Bandar's response is an
example of
a. socially desirable responding.
b. the Hawthorne effect.
c. experimenter bias.
d. over-generalization.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 34
Skill: Applied
26) Priya, a university student, wants to know how many of the students living in her
residence have tried cannabis, so she decides to interview everyone in her building.
Despite rumours to the contrary, the results suggest that fewer than five percent of her
classmates have tried the drug. What is the most likely explanation for her findings?
a. The student responses were influenced by social desirability.
b. Priya's question was unclear.
c. Priya miscalculated the results.
d. Interviews often lead to exaggerated results.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 34
Skill: Applied
27) Eila is participating in a psychological experiment for one of the graduate students at
her university. She is fairly certain that she knows the true intent of the study and is
trying to answer the questions accordingly. Eila is adjusting her responses based on

a. the Hawthorne effect.
b. social desirability bias.
c. observer bias.
d. demand characteristics.
Answer: d
Skill: Applied
28) The risk of bias in a research study is that biases can lead us
a. to become anxious or depressed about our knowledge of the world.
b. to draw incorrect conclusions and then become convinced that they are accurate.
c. to doubt our intuition and gut feelings in important real-life circumstances.
d. to underestimate our general levels of cognitive abilities and skills.
Answer: b
Skill: Conceptual
29) One difficulty in conducting medical research is that participants often assume that
the treatment will be effective in alleviating their symptoms, hence they report that their
symptoms are alleviated. Therefore, a researcher must design an experiment that accounts
for the possible influence of
a. random selection.
b. medical confounds.
c. the Rosenthal effect.
d. the placebo effect.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Conceptual

30) When people report feeling better after taking medication even though it hasn't had
time to exert any physical effects, they are experiencing
a. the experimenter bias effect.
b. low reliability.
c. the placebo effect.
d. confirmation bias.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Conceptual
31) Dr. Wilkins randomly assigns subjects to one of two groups. He is interested in the
effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. He gives subjects in the first group an extra two cups
of coffee a day for six months. The second group receives an extra two cups of
decaffeinated coffee a day for the same time period. Importantly, subjects do not know
whether they are being given regular or decaffeinated coffee. By providing one group
with decaffeinated coffee, Dr. Wilkins is trying to account for which potential element of
the experiment?
a. the Hawthorne effect
b. generalizability
c. the placebo effect
d. variability
Answer: c
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Applied
32) Elle, a university student, had a great time at a party last night. She danced, sang
karaoke, and played the Rock Band video game—all behaviours that she had never
exhibited in public before. She had been drinking the "punch" all night long, which she
was told contained a lot of alcohol. Elle was quite surprised to find out the next morning
that the punch did NOT contain any alcohol. What may explain Elle's behaviour at the
party?
a. the Hawthorne effect
b. confirmation bias
c. the nocebo effect

d. the placebo effect
Answer: d
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Applied
33) What is the best way to reduce the social desirability bias in research?
a. use random sampling
b. provide anonymity and confidentiality
c. use random assignment
d. submit the research to peer review
Answer: b
Skill: Conceptual
34) In a single-blind study, who is "blind" to the treatment?
a. the peer reviewers
b. the participants
c. the experimenters
d. both the experimenters and participants
Answer: b
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Factual
35) An experiment is said to be __________ when neither researchers nor participants are
aware of who is in the experimental or control group.
a. single-blind
b. generalizable
c. peer-reviewed
d. double-blind

Answer: d
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Factual
36) Dr. Leblanc is conducting a clinical drug trial. She wants to reduce bias as much as
possible, so she has her assistant label the different drug doses as A, B, or C. Neither Dr.
Leblanc or her patients know which dose of the drug the patients are receiving. This
experimental design is known as a _________ study.
a. single-blind
b. placebo
c. peer-reviewed
d. double-blind
Answer: d
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Applied
37) The process by which experts in a field carefully critique the work of their colleagues
prior to publication, is known as
a. ecological validation.
b. social desirability.
c. peer review.
d. replication
Answer: c
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Conceptual
38) The peer review process is designed to
a. limit alternative therapies from being made available to the general public.
b. identify potential flaws in a research study's methods, findings, and conclusions.
c. eliminate the placebo effect.
d. translate scientific journal articles into easy-to-understand articles for social media.

Answer: b
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Conceptual
39) Without the process of replication as part of the scientific process, what would
happen?
a. Incorrect results would often go uncorrected.
b. Demand characteristics would have a larger effect on data.
c. The Hawthorne effect would increase.
d. Samples would be less representative of the populations they came from.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Conceptual
40) The main purpose of replicating research is to
a. keep the scientific community up-to-date on current findings.
b. renew drug and technology patents based on the research.
c. ensure that the findings are correct and not statistical flukes.
d. increase a researcher's number of publications.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Conceptual
41) Chen believes that red cars are more likely to be stolen than non-red cars because one
week after she bought a red car, it was stolen. This is an example of which type of
evidence?
a. anecdotal
b. falsified
c. common-sense
d. authoritative

Answer: a
Page Reference: 39
Skill: Applied
Objective: Analyze whether anecdotes, authority figures, and common sense are reliably
truthful sources of information.
42) Support for a claim that is based on a story about an individual or event is called
___________ evidence.
a. anecdotal
b. narrative
c. objective
d. socially desirable
Answer: a
Page Reference: 39
Skill: Factual
43) In general, which of the following is TRUE about anecdotal evidence?
a. It is reliable as long as it comes from an expert.
b. It is an efficient method for gathering complex data.
c. It is the basis for most scientific conclusions.
d. It is poor and unreliable evidence.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 39
Skill: Conceptual
44) Appeals to authority are generally considered a(n) ____________ form of evidence
because _______________________.
a. reliable; expertise is equivalent to evidence
b. reliable; experts would not present erroneous information
c. unreliable; experts are unable to assess the quality of their research

d. unreliable; expertise is not equivalent to evidence
Answer: d
Page Reference: 40
Skill: Conceptual
truthful sources of information
45) Claims based on common sense
a. are high in ecological validity.
b. should be considered false, unless stated by a scientist.
c. may be true, but require scientific evidence for support.
d. should be considered true, but only if the majority of the public supports the claim.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 40
Skill: Conceptual
46) Kia and her friend are discussing why so many child actors become troubled adults.
Kia says, "Everyone knows that if a child is spoiled, they will not develop the coping
skills needed in adulthood." From a scientific point of view, what is wrong with Kia's
statement?
a. It is based on anecdotal evidence.
b. It is an appeal to authority.
c. It is an appeal to common sense.
d. Nothing; it is a well-supported conclusion.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 40
Skill: Applied
47) When designing a study, researchers must take into account all of the following
factors EXCEPT

a. how to best organize the stimuli to test the hypothesis.
b. how to analyze the data to prove the hypothesis.
c. how they will gather the data.
d. how they will analyze and interpret the results.
Answer: b
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Apply the terms and concepts of experimental methods to research examples.
48) _____________ research does not attempt to explain how or why something
happened, but instead it is an opportunity to present observations about the characteristics
of the subject.
a. Descriptive
b. Quasi-experimental
c. Experimental
d. Correlational
Answer: a
Page Reference: 43
Skill: Factual
Objective: Know the key terminology related to research designs.
49) Which of the following is NOT a descriptive research method?
a. case study
b. naturalistic observation
c. experiment
d. survey
Answer: c
Skill: Factual
50) A(n) ____________ involves describing a single individual's behaviour in great
detail, rather than testing a specific hypothesis.

a. case study
b. correlational study
c. experiment
d. naturalistic observation study
Answer: a
Page Reference: 43
Skill: Factual
51) Fudah, a graduate student in psychology, just heard about a five-year-old child who
has already learned calculus. She is thinking about conducting an in-depth study of the
child for her thesis. What research method is Fudah considering?
b. experimental
c. correlational
d. case study
Answer: d
Page Reference: 43
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply terms and concepts of experimental methods to research examples.
52) Why is it difficult to make generalizations based on the results of case study
research?
a. Case studies are typically conducted over a very short period of time, making
generalizations about long-term effects difficult.
b. Case studies are conducted in strict laboratory environments, which reduces ecological
validity.
c. Since a case study involves only one or a few subjects, their actions may be atypical
and not representative of a larger group of people or population.
d. The statistics involved in case study research do not allow one to draw larger
conclusions about a population.
Answer: c
Skill: Conceptual

Objective: Analyze the pros and cons of descriptive, correlational, and experimental
research designs.
53) Which of the following statements is TRUE about naturalistic observation?
a. It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an
experiment more ecologically valid.
b. It involves observing behaviour of organisms in their natural environment.
c. It focuses on environmental research.
d. It involves observing behaviour in the lab without the use of technological instruments.
Answer: b
Skill: Factual
54) Measuring or recording behaviour in a real-world setting is known as
a. a case study.
b. a correlational study.
c. naturalistic observation.
d. a self-report.
Answer: c
Skill: Factual
55) Dr. Deska was interested in social hierarchies in teenagers, so he went to the local
high school and observed students' interactions during break periods. Dr. Deska is using
____________ to gather his data.
a. a case study
b. naturalistic observation
c. an experimental design
d. a peer review process
Answer: b

Skill: Applied
56) A researcher is interested in determining how frequently bullying behaviour occurs in
real-life settings. This researcher would best be advised to use a(n) _______ design.
a. case study
b. correlational
c. experimental
d. naturalistic observation
Answer: d
Skill: Applied
57) ______________ is a method where researchers typically use interviews, phone
surveys, and questionnaires to directly collect responses from the people being studied.
a. Naturalistic observation
b. Random sampling
c. Self-reporting
d. Blind sampling
Answer: c
Page Reference: 46
Skill: Conceptual
58) Dr. Potter, a psychology professor, is curious about his students' attitudes toward
marginalized populations. What research method is he most likely to use to gather
information about this topic?
b. survey
c. experiment
d. correlational study
Answer: b

Page Reference: 46
Skill: Applied
59) If you are interested in examining the relationship between a student's grade and the
number of classes they missed, you would likely use a(n) ________ to study this
relationship.
a. case study design
b. correlational design
c. experimental design
d. naturalistic observation design
Answer: b
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
60) Two variables are said to be correlated when scores on one variable
a. do not increase or decrease with the scores on the second variable.
b. increase or decrease with the scores on the second variable.
c. directly cause the scores on the second variable.
d. differ from the scores on the second variable.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand what it means when variables are positively or negatively
correlated.
61) "As one variable increases, the other decreases." This statement describes a ________
correlation.
a. positive
b. weak
c. strong
d. negative

Answer: d
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Factual
correlated.
62) As the average daily temperature in Edmonton, Alberta, decreases the number of
persons who are observed drinking iced coffee decreases. This is an example of a(n)
________ correlation.
a. unrelated
b. negative
c. positive
d. strong
Answer: c
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.
63) Often, the amount of time a student spends studying is __________ correlated with
the student's grades.
a. negatively
b. not
c. positively
d. inversely
Answer: c
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.
64) There is a negative correlation between wearing one's seat belt and the severity of
injuries received during an accident. Which statement correctly illustrates this
correlation?
a. The more often you wear your seat belt, the more serious the injury you are likely to
receive in an accident.

b. The more you wear your seat belt, the less likely you are to suffer serious injuries in an
accident.
c. Wearing your seatbelt prevents you from being injured in an accident.
d. Failing to wear your seat belt increases the likelihood that you will sustain serious
injuries in an accident.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.
65) A graph that can be used to illustrate the pattern of the relationship between scores
from two variables is called a
a. bar graph.
b. line graph.
c. pie chart.
d. scatterplot.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 49
Skill: Factual
66) Dr. Schott's scatterplot reveals no real patterns or clusters. In fact, the data points
appear completely random on the graph. This pattern of results is most likely from which
type of correlation?
a. positive
b. zero
c. negative
d. skewed
Answer: b
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.

67) Dr. Oickle is trying to determine which type of correlation is represented on her
scatterplot. She notes that nearly all the data are clustered along a diagonal line running
from top left to bottom-right. What would be the correct interpretation of the data?
a. There appears to be a positive correlation.
b. There appears to be no correlation.
c. There appears to be a negative correlation.
d. We need more information to draw a conclusion.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.
68) Mr. Gauthier, a sixth-grade science teacher, has tried to predict his students' end-of-
the-year grades by looking at their grades from the previous year. Unfortunately, there
does not seem to be any systematic relationship between these two variables. Which of
the following coefficients best fits this scenario?
a. +.01
b. –.92
c. –.36
d. +.89
Answer: a
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.
69) Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between
brushing one's teeth and the number of cavities one gets?
a. –.62
b. +.83
c. –.08
d. +.45

Answer: a
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.
70) A correlation coefficient will always range between
a. 0 and +1.
b. –10 and +10.
c. 0% and 100%.
d. –1.0 and +1.0.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Factual
correlated.
71) Which of the following correlations represents the weakest degree of relation
between two variables?
a. Daily calcium intake and bone mass density = +.11
b. Degree of exposure to lead and IQ scores in children = –.12
c. Hours of exposure to media violence and aggressive behaviour = +.31
d. Number of cigarettes smoked per day and incidence of lung cancer = +.39
Answer: a
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Applied
correlated.
72) Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest degree of
relation between two variables?
a. +.19
b. –.25
c. +.43

d. –.47
Answer: d
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Conceptual
correlated.
73) Correlational research designs are NOT appropriate for purposes of
a. determining causation.
b. describing relationships.
c. predicting possible outcomes.
d. understanding the association between two variables.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 47
Skill: Factual
research designs
74) The perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists is
known as ______________.
a. confirmation bias
b. an illusory correlation
c. a negative correlation
d. a third variable problem
Answer: b
Page Reference: 48
Skill: Conceptual
75) When asked if there are more ice cream cones sold in November or July, Mary
answers "July" immediately. Then, she is surprised to find out that there is little to no
difference between the two months in terms of ice-cream-cone sales. Mary's error
exemplifies
a. an imaginary correlation.

b. a negative correlation.
c. a positive correlation.
d. an illusory correlation.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 48
Skill: Applied
76) Dr. Janusz conducts a correlational study and finds a strong negative relationship
between behavioural issues in children and the amount of time the parents spend with the
child. Dr. Janusz immediately holds a press conference warning parents that spending
less time with their children will cause behavioural issues. Was this the appropriate
conclusion for Dr. Janusz to draw?
a. Yes, researchers can conclude causation as long as it is a strong correlation.
b. Yes, Dr. Janusz's results were strong and are in agreement with common sense.
c. No, a third variable might be impacting both variables (e.g., poverty).
d. No, Dr. Janusz is reporting on an illusory correlation.
Answer: c
Skill: Applied
research designs
77) ____________ are the only form of research that allow one to make inferences about
causation.
a. Descriptive designs
b. Correlational designs
c. Experimental designs
d. Naturalistic observations
Answer: c
Page Reference: 49
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand how experiments help demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.

78) What is the main difference between an experiment and a correlational study?
a. A correlational study involves the manipulation of variables, while an experiment does
not.
b. An experiment uses random sampling, while a correlational study uses random
assignment.
c. A correlational study looks at the relationship between independent and dependent
variables, while an experiment looks at the relationship between confounding variables.
d. An experiment involves the manipulation of variables, while a correlational study does
not.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 49
Skill: Factual
79) One key aspect of an experiment that is missing in other research designs is
a. the ability to test predictions.
b. the use of variables.
c. the use of operational definitions.
d. random assignment.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 49
Skill: Factual
80) A research design characterized by the random assignment of participants to
conditions is called a(n)
a. quasi-experimental design.
b. random sample.
c. experimental design.
d. correlational design.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 49
Skill: Conceptual

81) Professor Golder is studying hyperactivity in preschool-age children. She is
concerned that differences in child rearing, diet, and home environment may affect her
results. To minimize these potential pre-existing variables, she should be sure to do
which of the following?
a. Use random assignment when forming her groups.
b. Include more than one independent variable.
c. Only measure a single dependent variable.
d. Only select children from homes with a high socioeconomic status (SES).
Answer: a
Page Reference: 49
Skill: Applied
82) Why is it important to make sure that different participant groups are roughly
equivalent in terms of personal characteristics (e.g., age, gender) before any independent
variable is introduced?
a. It is important to treat all research participants equally so that they feel that they are not
being manipulated.
b. Research ethics forbid any experiment to take place when the participant groups are
fundamentally different from each other.
c. It is important so that no major differences between the groups inadvertently bias the
results of the experiment.
d. Research ethics required all participants in a sample to have the same personal
characteristics.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 49-50
Skill: Conceptual
83) The __________ variable is what the experimenter manipulates (or varies).
a. confounding
b. dependent
c. experimental

d. independent
Answer: d
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Factual
84) The variable that an experimenter measures is called the
a. control variable.
b. confounding variable.
c. dependent variable.
d. independent variable.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Factual
85) An administrator believes that the placement of motivational posters on the walls in
classrooms of academic buildings will lead to better grades at his school. To test his
theory, he randomly assigns certain classrooms within the university's Faculty of Science
to have the posters while others do not. None of the remaining four faculties will have
any posters placed in their classrooms. What is the independent variable in this study?
a. the five different faculties
b. the presence or absence of classroom posters
c. the classrooms
d. student grades
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Applied
86) A medical doctor believes that the presence of aromatherapy candles will reduce the
anxiety of first-time mothers-to-be during labour and will increase their reported
satisfaction with their care at his hospital. He randomly assigns mothers to give birth in a
room either with or without aromatherapy candles. What is the independent variable in
this example?

a. anxiety levels during labour
b. labour duration
c. room environment (presence or absence of candles)
d. reported satisfaction with hospital care
Answer: c
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Applied
87) Professor McCormick decides to test her hypothesis that eating chocolate prior to
exams increases students' test scores. She randomly assigns students to two groups at the
beginning of the semester. One group receives a bar of chocolate before each test, while
the other group receives another type of candy. She compares their scores at the end of
the year and finds that the students who ate the chocolate scored an average of ten points
higher on their exams. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
a. students' test scores
b. chocolate bars
c. the students themselves
d. the exams themselves
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Applied
88) Professor McCormick decides to test her hypothesis that eating chocolate prior to
exams increases students' test scores. She randomly assigns students to two groups at the
beginning of the semester. One group receives a bar of chocolate before each test, while
the other group receives another type of candy. She compares their scores at the end of
the year, and finds that the students who ate the chocolate scored an average of ten points
higher on their exams. What is a fair conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment?
a. Eating chocolate causes students' test scores to increase.
b. Eating chocolate is negatively correlated with students' test scores.
c. Eating chocolate likely increases students' level of happiness.
d. Eating chocolate increases general intelligence.
Answer: a

Page Reference: 50
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply terms and concepts of experimental methods to research examples.
89) A(n) _____ variable is one that is outside of the experimenter's control.
a. confounding
b. dependent
c. independent
d. random
Answer: a
Skill: Factual
90) In an experiment, the __________ group receives no manipulation.
a. control
b. dependent
c. independent
d. experimental
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Factual
91) A researcher wants to see whether she can make the typical administrative assistant
job more motivating at Acme, Inc. To experimentally investigate this possibility, she
randomly assigns administrative assistants to one of the following conditions: (I) doing
the job as it has always been done, (II) having a computer performance monitoring device
installed, (III) receiving feedback about their performance on a weekly basis, or (IV)
being given a say in how one's workload is structured and done. Which of the preceding
conditions is an example of a control group?
a. being given a say in how one's workload is structured and done
b. doing the job as it has always been done
c. having a computer performance monitoring device installed

d. receiving feedback on a weekly basis
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Applied
92) Ryan, a professional bass fisherman, is trying to determine which lure is most
effective: the scented silicone worm he normally uses or the new minnow-style lure he
bought yesterday. Based on this scenario, what would constitute the control?
a. the new minnow lure
b. the scented silicone worm
c. both the minnow lure and the silicone worm
d. there is no control in this example
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Applied
93) Dr. Johansen randomly assigned subjects to three different groups during her last
experiment. She then proceeded to give all the participants in the experiment a new study
technique designed to enhance their learning for the upcoming test. What critical error
did she make during her experiment?
a. She failed to identify the independent variable.
b. She failed to identify the dependent variable.
c. She failed to include an experimental group.
d. She failed to include a control group.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Applied
94) The group that receives the manipulation of an independent variable is called the
a. control group.
b. dependent group.

c. experimental group.
d. independent group.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Factual
95) Quasi-experimental designs are similar to experimental designs, except in quasi-
experimental designs
a. random assignment is not possible.
b. there is more than one independent variable.
c. there is more than one dependent variable.
d. there is no dependent variable.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Factual
96) If researchers wanted to study the effect of various factors on reaction time, which
factor would require the researchers to use a quasi-experimental design instead of an
experimental design?
a. alcohol
b. sleep deprivation
c. gender
d. caffeine
Answer: c
Page Reference: 50
Skill: Conceptual
97) The MKUltra project is often cited as an example of
a. unethical research on animals.
b. unethical research on humans.

c. necessary deception in research.
d. the effective use of strict ethical guidelines in research.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 53
Skill: Factual
Objective: Apply the ethical principles of scientific research to examples.
98) What is the purpose of a research ethics board?
a. to help protect research participants from unnecessary risk
b. to slow the research process by placing hurdles in the way of researchers
c. to help protect universities and institutions from lawsuits
d. to raise funds for ongoing research
Answer: a
Page Reference: 54
Skill: Factual
Objective: Know the key terminology of research ethics.
99) Kendra serves on a committee whose job is to review proposed psychology studies.
The committee refuses to approve one study because it feels the possible benefit from the
research is too little given the potential risk to the participants. Kendra's committee is
most accurately called
a. an ethics commission.
b. the psychological harm board.
c. the academic safety advisory committee.
d. the research ethics board.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 54
Skill: Applied
100) According to the textbook, which of the following is true about studies that
potentially increase mortality salience in participants?
a. Studies that increase mortality salience increase the incidence of suicide in their
participants.

b. Studies that increase mortality salience are considered unethical.
c. Stress from mortality salience is typically short term and can be considered an
acceptable risk.
d. Studies that increase mortality salience are always acceptable.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 54
Skill: Factual
101) What is informed consent?
a. Volunteers agree to participate in a study after the purpose, tasks, and risks of the study
are explained to them.
b. Research ethics boards (REBs) must be informed about the purpose, tasks, and risks of
a study before they approve it.
c. Researchers agree to be legally responsible for the physical and psychological safety of
their participants.
d. Participants must be informed of the results of the study they participated in and give
their consent before the research is published.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 55
Skill: Conceptual
102) Which of these is an essential component of ethical human research?
a. Research participants must give informed consent.
b. Research participants must personally benefit from the research.
c. Research participants must be compensated (paid) for their participation.
d. By providing informed consent, participants must complete the experiment in its
entirety.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 55
Skill: Conceptual

103) What effect does the planned use of deception have on the approval of a study by a
Research Ethics Board (REB)?
a. Studies with deception can be approved, but only if the deception is necessary and the
risk to participants is minimal.
b. The use of deception has no effect on the whether the study will be approved by the
REB.
c. Studies that involve deception go through a more rigorous approval process.
d. Studies with deception are considered unethical and are rarely approved.
Answer: a
Skill: Factual
Objective: Analyze the role of using deception in psychological research.
104) Professor Wagner has just completed an experiment. He is now explaining to his
subjects the purpose behind the experiment and giving them a general description of the
results. Professor Wagner is engaging in what aspect of a research study?
a. debriefing
b. informed consent
c. ethical review
d. deception
Answer: a
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Applied
105) Participants in modern psychology experiments are given the right to
a. select which treatment group they are in.
b. withdraw from a study or withhold responses to questions they feel uncomfortable
answering.
c. review the results of the study before they are published.
d. write a formal response to the published paper.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Factual

106) Confidentiality requires researchers to do which of the following?
a. Provide complete anonymity when collecting data.
b. Erase all confidential data as soon as the results of the study are published.
c. Use a double-blind procedure.
d. Remove any specific information that can be connected with a participant when
sharing data.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Conceptual
107) Dr. Novella wants to know the effects of removing portions of one's hippocampi (an
area of the brain) on long-term memory, in the hopes of one day finding a cure for
patients with Alzheimer's disease. The subjects for his study are most likely to be
a. humans.
b. nonhuman animals.
c. robots.
d. insects.
Answer: b
Skill: Applied
Objective: Understand why animals are often used in scientific research.
108) According to the textbook, which of the following is true of the use of animal
research in psychology?
a. Animal research is important for several reasons and requires attention to many of the
same ethical issues that apply to human research.
b. Animal research is generally regarded as cruel and unnecessary.
c. Animal research does not help the advancement of our understanding of human
behaviour.
d. Animal research is useful because risk and discomfort to nonhuman subjects do not
need to go through ethical review.

Answer: a
Skill: Conceptual
109) Which of the following is an advantage of using nonhuman subjects in
psychological research?
a. Research on nonhumans does not have to be reviewed by ethics committees.
b. Many lab animals have relatively short life spans, so several generations can be
observed.
c. Researchers do not have to justify risk and discomfort with the potential scientific
value of the research.
d. There are no advantages of animal research over human research.
Answer: b
Skill: Conceptual
110) In general, what should researchers do with data after the results of a study have
been published?
a. Destroy it immediately.
b. Keep it forever.
c. Keep it secure for around 25 to 50 years.
d. Keep it secure for around 3 to 5 years.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand the importance of reporting and storing data.
111) _______________ are a set of techniques used to organize, summarize, and interpret
data.
a. Central tendencies
b. Inferential statistics
c. Distributions

d. Descriptive statistics
Answer: d
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
Objective: Know the key terminology of statistics.
112) To organize and summarize a large set of data, researchers use a set of mathematical
techniques called
a. distribution statistics.
b. inferential statistics.
c. descriptive statistics.
d. variability tests.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Conceptual
113) Which of the following is the correct description of frequency?
a. the number of observations that fall within a certain category or range of scores
b. a measure of how spread out values are within a distribution
c. a measure of the central point of a distribution
d. the distance between the highest and lowest value in a distribution
Answer: a
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Conceptual
114) What does the height of the bars on a histogram indicate?
a. mean
b. range
c. frequency
d. score or value

Answer: c
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
Objective: Apply your knowledge to interpret the most frequently used types of graphs.
115) The scores on most standardized tests have a _____________ distribution.
a. normal
b. positively skewed
c. negatively skewed
d. bimodal
Answer: a
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
116) A teacher is disappointed to find that most of her students' test scores are clustered
together at the low end of the grading scale, with only a few students having high grades.
If she were to graph the distribution, what shape would you expect it to have?
a. normal
c. negatively skewed
d. central
Answer: b
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply your knowledge to interpret the most frequently used types of graphs.
117) A frequency distribution with a cluster of scores on the far right and a long tail to its
left is a ________________ distribution.
a. negatively skewed
c. normal
d. biased

Answer: a
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
118) Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
a. mode
b. variability
c. range
d. standard deviation
Answer: a
Skill: Factual
119) A university president asks the head of the data analytics department if more
students come from cities or rural locales. What measure of central tendency is she
asking about?
a. mean
b. median
c. mode
d. range
Answer: c
Skill: Applied
120) If a set of data has a perfectly normal distribution, which measure of central
tendency should be used?
a. mean
b. median
c. mode
d. It doesn't matter; they will be the same.

Answer: d
Skill: Factual
Objective: Analyze the choice of central tendency statistics based on the shape of the
distribution.
121) If a set of data has a skewed distribution, which measure of central tendency should
be used?
a. mean
b. median
c. mode
d. standard deviation
Answer: b
Skill: Factual
Objective: Analyze the choice of central tendency statistics based on the shape of the
distribution.
122) If all the scores in a distribution are clustered closely together, the distribution has
a. low variability.
b. high variability.
c. a positive skew.
d. a negative skew.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 65
Skill: Factual
123) Conceptually, the standard deviation for a distribution can be thought of as
a. the centre of the distribution.
b. the average frequency for each category.
c. the average distance from the mean.
d. the distance between the highest and lowest values.

Answer: c
Skill: Conceptual
124) Standard deviation is a measure of
a. central tendency.
b. variability.
c. statistical significance.
d. correlation.
Answer: b
Skill: Factual
125) Ada's professor tells her class that the average score on the last test was 72 points.
Ada wants to know if most students actually scored near 72, or if the grades were more
spread out, with many students doing much better or worse than a 72. What statistic
could Ada ask her professor to calculate to help answer her question?
a. standard deviation
b. median
c. mode
d. correlation coefficient
Answer: a
Skill: Applied
126) The term statistically significant implies that the results are
a. important.
b. reliable.
c. valid.
d. not likely due to chance.

Answer: d
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Understand how and why psychologists use significance tests.
127) Dr. Kwan hypothesizes that allowing factory employees to listen to music while
working will improve productivity. After conducting his experiment, Dr. Kwan finds that
the group of participants that was allowed to listen to music was more productive than the
group that did not, but this difference was not statistically significant. What should Dr.
Kwan conclude about the difference between the two groups?
a. His results support his hypothesis.
b. He is likely to find the same effect if he replicated the study.
c. It is possible that the difference was due to random chance.
d. Music improves productivity in factory settings.
Answer: c
Skill: Applied
Objective: Analyze the conclusions that psychologists can make based on significance
tests.
128) Researchers use _____________ to determine whether the difference between
groups is statistically significant.
a. correlation coefficients
b. descriptive statistics
c. hypothesis testing
d. vector analysis
Answer: c
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Conceptual
129) The ____________ assumes that any differences between groups is due to chance.
a. null hypothesis
b. p-value
c. experimental hypothesis

d. central tendency
Answer: a
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Factual
130) A(n) ________ represents the probability that the results from an experiment are
due to chance.
a. hypothesis test
b. standard deviation
c. p-value
d. normal distribution
Answer: c
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Conceptual
131) Dr. Googoo compares the results of experimental and control groups, then calculates
the p-value for his results as p = 0.63. What is the appropriate conclusion for him to
make?
a. There is likely no difference between his two groups.
b. There is a statistically significant difference between the two groups.
c. Dr. Googoo can reject the null hypothesis.
d. The two groups are strongly correlated.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Applied

1) A large group of people whom you want to know about is called a
a. control group.
b. treatment group.
c. population.
d. sample.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 33
2) A psychologist is studying pilot trainees. She picks a select group of trainees that she
hopes is representative of all other trainees. The group of trainees being studied by this
psychologist is collectively known to researchers as a
a. sample.
b. population.
c. target group.
d. control group.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 33
3) A subset of cases selected from a larger population is a
a. control group.
b. target group.
c. treatment group.
d. sample.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 33
4) A scientist is conducting a research study on sleep and learning. She questions her own
objectivity and decides to let a third person, who is not associated with conducting the
experiment, score the tests. The scientist is probably trying to eliminate
a. researcher bias.
b. sample bias.
c. control bias.
d. treatment bias.

Answer: a
Page Reference: 34
5) Expectations by the experimenter that might influence the results of an experiment or
their interpretation are called
a. experimental blinds.
b. researcher bias.
c. sample bias.
d. treatment bias.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 34
6) Dr. Welsh is doing experiments using drugs. He is concerned that his subjects will
respond to demand characteristics. He may want to control for this by using which of the
following strategies?
a. stratification
b. two independent variables
c. a placebo
d. randomization
Answer: c
7) Mr. Marshall hired June to collect data from a group of subjects. Neither June nor the
subjects were aware of the independent variable that Mr. Marshall had manipulated. This
is an example of
a. randomization.
b. a placebo.
c. double-blind control.
d. experimenter bias.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 37
8) A "fake treatment" is one way to define a
a. decoy.

b. demand characteristic.
c. control group.
d. placebo.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 37
9) Researcher bias can best be controlled by using
a. a placebo.
b. double-blind control.
c. randomization.
d. subjects who do not know the purpose of the study.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 37
10) A research method in which the real-life behaviour of a pre-selected person or a
group is studied in depth for some time through the use of observation, interviews, and
writings (such as letters) is the _____________ method of research.
a. survey
b. psychometric
c. case study
Answer: c
11) Observing behaviour as it happens in real-life, natural settings without imposing
laboratory controls is known as the
a. naturalistic observation method.
b. experimental method.
c. correlational method.
d. psychometric approach.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 45

12) Naturalistic observation is
a. recreating natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an
experiment more valid.
b. studying behaviour in its natural context.
c. basically the same process as objective introspection.
d. observing behaviour in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological
equipment to measure the experiment findings.
Answer: b
13) Collecting objective data without interference in the subject's normal environment is
associated with
a. survey research.
b. applied research.
c. laboratory research.
d. naturalistic observation.
Answer: d
14) As part of an assignment, Bill's class was asked to complete an anonymous
questionnaire on prejudice. Which research method was Bill's professor using?
a. field experiment
b. survey
c. naturalistic observation
d. laboratory experiment
Answer: b
Page Reference: 46
15) Positive correlation shows
a. the extent to which two independent variables change together.
b. that as one independent variable increases, another decreases.
c. that as one variable changes, another changes in the same direction.
d. that as one variable changes, another changes in the opposite direction.

Answer: c
Page Reference: 47
16) Sasha read about a study in the newspaper that reported a relationship between
schizophrenia and crime. What type of research design was most likely used in this
study?
b. case study design
c. correlational design
d. experimental design
Answer: c
Page Reference: 47
17) A researcher wished to study the relationship between high school grades and post-
secondary grades. Of the following research methods, which would be the most
appropriate?
a. case study
b. correlation
c. experiment
d. survey
Answer: b
Page Reference: 47
18) A correlation of .00 means
a. you made a mistake in calculation.
b. you did not find out anything about the relationship between the two variables.
c. the two variables are unrelated.
d. everyone who scored low on one variable scored high on the other variable, and vice
versa.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 47
19) A correlation tells us
a. whether a cause–effect relationship exists.

b. whether two variables are related
c. whether or not a test is efficient.
d. if people are responding to demand characteristics.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 47
20) A psychologist uses the correlational method to
a. explain the effects of one variable on another.
b. compare two groups of subjects.
c. determine what causes a variable to change.
d. identify relationships between variables.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 47
21) Which term best describes the correlation between the full moon and violent crime?
a. positive
b. negative
c. zero
d. illusory
Answer: d
Page Reference: 48
22) In psychological studies, random assignment is used to ensure that
a. there will be an independent and a dependent variable.
b. each person has an equal chance of being assigned to each group.
c. the control group does not know the purpose of the study.
d. the experimenter won't know who is in each group.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 49
23) Which of the following is a strength of experiments?
a. They cannot be repeated by anyone other than the experimenter.

b. They allow for the establishment of cause–effect relationships.
c. They are not subject to demand characteristics since the subjects do not know they are
being observed.
d. They allow us to draw definitive conclusions about behaviour in the natural
environment based on subjects' behaviour in the laboratory.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 49
24) If explanation of the causes of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour is a psychologist's
goal, then the __________ method of research should be used.
a. correlational
b. experimental
c. survey
Answer: b
25) The process of establishing causal relationships is associated most with
a. naturalistic observation.
b. experiments.
c. correlation.
d. surveys.
Answer: b
26) Cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn from the results of an experiment because
a. it is almost always performed in a laboratory setting.
b. statistical analysis can be applied to data from an experiment.
c. the independent variable is manipulated while other possible causes of change in the
dependent variable are held constant.
d. several groups of subjects, not just one sample, are typically investigated in a
laboratory experiment.
Answer: c

27) In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research
participants are allowed to sleep either four or eight hours on each of three consecutive
nights. This research is an example of
a. naturalistic observation.
b. survey research.
c. a case study.
d. an experiment.
Answer: d
28) To determine if sugar-rich diets affect hyperactivity in kids, a researcher prepared
two daily menus that children would receive for a 30-day period. A high-sugar diet was
given to the boys, while the girls had a menu that seemed identical but was not a high-
sugar diet. At the end of 30 days, the boys and girls were evaluated to determine their
levels of hyperactivity. In the study, the high-sugar diet is the
a. placebo.
b. independent variable.
c. dependent variable.
d. control group.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
29) In an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent variable
is the
a. amount of anxiety.
b. age of the person.
c. person's performance.
d. cause of the anxiety.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 50
30) In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second
variable. The second variable, which is observed for any possible effects, is called the

a. dependent variable.
b. control variable.
c. independent variable.
d. hypothetical variable.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
31) In a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent
variable is called the __________ group.
a. independent
b. experimental
c. dependent
d. control
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
32) In a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent
variable, and used for comparison with the group receiving the experimental change, is
the __________ group.
a. independent
b. experimental
c. dependent
d. control
Answer: d
Page Reference: 50
33) In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second
variable. The manipulated variable is called the
b. experimental variable.
d. placebo.
Answer: c

Page Reference: 50
34) A researcher, based on her review of relevant scientific studies, believes that there is
a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set
intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally
manipulating feeding schedules, the feeding schedule would be called the
a. independent variable.
b. dependent variable.
c. extraneous variable.
d. control factors.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
35) A researcher, based on her review of relevant scientific studies, believes that there is
a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set
intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally
manipulating feeding schedules, frequency of crying would be called the
a. latent factor.
d. control factor.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
36) A researcher tests the hypothesis that students who study in the room where they take
their tests will perform better on the tests than students who study in other rooms. She
requires one group to study in the classroom where the exam is given and another group
to study in the library. All students take the test in the classroom, and their test
performance is compared. In this example, the location that students study is the
c. manipulation.
d. hypothesis.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50

37) Professor McSpell designed an experiment to test her hypothesis that exercise will
increase spelling ability. She divided children into three groups and had one group do 10
minutes of exercises, one group do 30 minutes of exercises, and the third group do no
exercise. She then tested all three groups of children to see how many words they could
spell correctly on a spelling test. In this experiment, the scores on the spelling test serve
as the
b. independent variable.
c. control group.
d. reliability measure.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
38) In an experiment, the "measurable aspect of the behaviour of the subject" is called the
__________ variable.
a. dependent
b. focal
c. independent
d. control
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
39) The purpose of an experiment is to discover whether there is a relationship between
the ___________ and the ___________.
a. independent variable; control variable
b. dependent variable; control variable
c. control group; experimental group
d. independent variable; dependent variable
Answer: d
Page Reference: 50
40) In an experiment on the effects of level of motivation on the performance of typists,
the researcher randomly assigned one-third of her subjects to each of three levels of
motivation (and then induced different levels of motivation in the three groups). She
measured the average words typed per minute by each group, and found that performance

was highest under medium motivation, average under low motivation, and worst under
high motivation. What was the independent variable in this experiment?
a. motivation
b. typing speed
c. variation in typing speed
d. manipulation of typing speed
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
41) A psychologist wanted to see if people were more prone to seek the company of
others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an
anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric
shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many
subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be
"tested" alone. What was the independent variable in this study?
a. tendency to desire the company of others
b. level of shock
c. level of anxiety
d. the anxious group
Answer: c
Page Reference: 50
42) In an experiment, four groups of college students used different memorizing
strategies to learn the material in one chapter of a textbook. Then each group was given
the same multiple-choice test on the material. What was the dependent variable in this
study?
a. the students' performance on the test
b. the four different groups
c. the four different memorizing strategies
d. manipulation of memorizing strategies
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50

"tested" alone. What was the dependent variable in this study?
a. the two groups
b. the level of anxiety
c. preference for being alone or in a group
d. manipulation of anxiety
Answer: c
Page Reference: 50
"tested" alone. In this study, the group that was not frightened would be called the
____________ group.
a. experimental
b. control
c. placebo
d. test
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
45) The purpose of a control group in an experiment is to
a. serve as a check on the interpretation of results.
b. increase the ability to generalize the findings.
c. manipulate the dependent variable.
d. represent the general, nonlaboratory population.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
46) In an experiment concerning the effect of auditory feedback on accuracy in writing
computer programs, one group hears a computer-simulated voice say each character or
symbol that they type in as they are writing their programs. The second group does not

receive the auditory feedback as they type their program code. This second group is the
___________ group.
a. experimental
b. control
c. placebo
d. confederate
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
47) Why is it essential that the experimental and control groups be treated identically in
every respect but one?
a. so that the dependent variable can be accurately measured
b. so that the results will apply outside the laboratory setting
c. so that if the behaviour of the two groups differs, the difference can be credited to the
one thing that distinguished the groups from one another
d. so that if the behaviour of the two groups differs, that difference can be used to
establish a functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Answer: d
Page Reference: 50
48) In an experiment, group A was given 3 minutes to study a word list, while group B
was given 10 minutes to study the same list. Later, both groups were asked to recall
words from the list. In this study, the number of words recalled was the
c. placebo.
d. control group.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 50
49) To obtain objective information, researchers sometimes must deceive their subjects.
Ethically, researchers using deception must always
a. pay participants.
b. maintain subject anonymity.

c. use double-blind control.
d. explain the deception to the subjects after the data are collected and obtain their
informed consent to use the information obtained.
Answer: d
50) Under which circumstance is the use of deception justified by ethics review boards?
a. when the study could not have been conducted without deception
b. when the research involves a medical or therapeutic intervention
c. when participants might not agree to participate unless deception is used
d. when the placebo effect is likely to occur
Answer: a
51) When plotting data, Dr. Ryeburn notes that the distribution has an elongated tail to
the right. Which descriptive statistic would offer the best measure of central tendency in
this case?
a. mean
b. median
c. standard deviation
d. range
Answer: b
Page Reference: 63

1) Good scientific research is based on measurements that are objective, valid, and
reliable.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Page Reference: 31
2) If someone takes an intelligence test several times and receives the same score, the test
is considered to have high validity.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
3) Using random sampling increases the likelihood that the results from a sample will
generalize to the population.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Page Reference: 33
4) In a double-blind experiment, neither the participant nor the researcher knows which
treatment group the participant is in.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Page Reference: 37
5) Once the results of a study have been peer reviewed and published, they are considered
accurate, even if other researchers cannot replicate them.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Page Reference: 38
6) Surveys and questionnaires are used to collect self-report data.
a. True

b. False
Answer: a
Page Reference: 46
7) A correlation coefficient of –.80 represents a stronger relationship than a correlation
coefficient of +.50.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Page Reference: 47
8) If researchers find that the number of books read by fifth-grade students is positively
correlated with their scores on an intelligence test, it would be correct to conclude that
having children read more increases their intelligence.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
9) Emmerson designs an experiment to test whether drinking a protein shake after
weightlifting increases muscle development. The independent variable in Emmerson's
experiment is the protein shake.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Page Reference: 50
10) Asking participants to write about upsetting or traumatic experiences can put them at
risk for cognitive and emotional stress. However, there might also be potential benefits of
coping through expression. Research ethics boards (REB) weigh the risks and benefits of
research.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
11) Researchers are NOT allowed to deceive participants about the purpose of a study.

a. True
b. False
Answer: b
12) The right to give informed consent stays with a volunteer throughout the entire study,
and they should be able to withdraw at any point.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
13) Researchers must give participants total anonymity.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Page Reference: 56
14) For security and confidentiality reasons, once the results of a study are reported in a
journal or at a conference, the data should be destroyed.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
15) A negatively skewed distribution has a long tail on the right of the cluster.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Page Reference: 63
16) The mean, median, and mode are all measures of central tendency.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a

17) When a distribution is skewed, the median is a better measure of the "average" than
the mean.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
18) If the distribution of quiz scores for a class has high variability, most of the students
scored within a few points of each other.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
19) If researchers find a statistically significant result, they would be likely to find the
same result if they replicated the study again.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Page Reference: 68
20) If researchers calculate a large standard deviation, it indicates that there is a low level
of variability in the data.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Page Reference: 65
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