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1. A+ answers | Science homework help
1)Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental features of science?A)
empirical questionsB) public knowledgeC) mathematical equationsD) systematic
empiricism2) A set of beliefs can be said to be pseudoscientific if it lacks one or more of the
three features of science and _____.A) its adherents claim or imply that it is scientificB) it has
been discredited by scientific researchC) it seems “crazy”D) it refers to phenomena that
cannot be directly observed3) Research questions in psychology can come from which of
the following?A) previous researchB) informal observationsC) practical problems to be
solvedD) all of the above4) Which of the following is a categorical variable?A) eye colorB)
IQC) number of lifetime sexual partnersD) shoe size5) A research methods student conducts
a study on the relationship between people’s level of extroversion and the number of close
friends they have. She computes Pearson’s r, which comes out to be – 1.70. Which of the
following is most clearly true?A) The relationship between the two variables is weak.B)
More extroverted people have fewer friends.C) She ought to use a bar graph to display her
results.D) She made an error in computing Pearson’s r.6) When you want to show that
Variable X has a direct effect on Variable Y, what is the best kind of study to conduct?A) a
non experimental studyB) an experimentC) an observational studyD) a survey7) The
relationship between people’s heights and weights is positive.TrueFalse8)In a negative
relationship, higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on another
variable.TrueFalse9) Pearson’s r cannot be negative.TrueFalse10) In Milgram’s famous
study, who was the confederate?A) the person being shockedB) the experimenterC)the
person doing the shockingD)none of the above11) Which of the following occurred in the
infamous Tuskegee syphilis study?A)Research participants were told they had syphilis even
though they did not to see how they would react.B)Research participants were denied
treatment for their syphilis.C)Research participants were injected with syphilis
bacteria.D)Research participants were give experimental treatments for syphilis.12)
Research on the effectiveness of normal educational activities would generally be
categorized as which of the following?A)exemptB)minimal riskC)at riskD)none of the
above13) Measuring characteristics of potential participants to identify those who may be
at risk of harm in the study is called _____.A)debriefingB)prescreeningC)informed
consentD)risk reduction14) The difference between phenomena and theories is essentially
the same as the difference between which of the following?A)observations and
modelsB)correlational studies and experimentsC)significant and non significant
resultsD)models and hypotheses15) How does a framework differ from a theory?A)A

2. framework is usually more specific than a theory.B)A framework is usually more general
than a theory.C)A framework cannot be tested but a theory can.D)A framework can be
tested but a theory cannot.16) For every _____ there are many plausible _____.A)fact;
phenomenaB)theory; researchersC)phenomenon; theoriesD)researcher; variables17) As a
general rule, every phenomenon has which of the following?A)no real explanationB)one
clear explanationC)many plausible explanationsD)one discoverer18) Theories in
evolutionary psychology tend to take which
approach?A)functionalB)mechanisticC)typologicalD)stage19) A theory that explains a
behavior primarily in terms of why it happens is which of the following?A)a mechanistic
theoryB)a typologyC)a functional theoryD)a hypothesis20) The general approach that
scientists use to create and test theories is called which of the following?A)the functional-
mechanistic methodB)the theory-model-phenomenon approachC) the quasi-logical
hypothesisD) the hypothetico-deductive method21)What is the first thing that you should
do in constructing a new theory?A)Create a set of mathematical equations that might
account for the phenomena of interest.B)Understand the phenomena of interest in detail,
along with any existing theories of them.C)Conduct at least four to six new empirical
studies.D)Decide which type of theory you want to construct.22) Measurement is best
defined as which of the following?A)directly comparing one individual to a standard
reference individualB)the assignment of scores to individuals so the scores represent some
characteristic of the individualsC)the use of an established measuring instrument such as a
ruler or scale to describe an individualD)an objective method of counting
individuals23)Which of the following is the best example of a
construct?A)depressionB)number of siblingsC)heightD)annual income24)What is it called
when a researcher measures the same construct in different ways?A)multiple
measurementB)exploratory researchC)inconsistent assessmentD)converging
operations25)There is a single best conceptual definition of every psychological
construct.TrueFalse26)There is a single best way to measure every psychological
construct.TrueFalse27)Face validity is the extent to which a psychological measure appears
to measure the construct of interest.TrueFalse28)A Cronbach’s alpha of .90 would indicate
good internal consistency.TrueFalse29) A psychological measure is valid to the extent that
the scores it produces are consistent over time.TrueFalse30) Psychological constructs can
be observed directly by looking or listening.TrueFalse31)What are the two defining features
of an experiment?A)control of extraneous variables; statistical analysis of the
resultsB)statistical analysis of the results; a comparison of two groupsC)a comparison of
two groups; manipulation of an independent variableD)manipulation of an independent
variable; control of extraneous variables32) Why are confounding variables bad?A)They
provide an alternative explanation for any observed difference between conditions.B)They
reduce internal validity.C)They make it difficult to tell if the independent variable was
responsible for the effect on the dependent variable.D)all of the above33)Why do
researchers randomly assign participants to conditions?A)to control extraneous
variablesB)to ensure that they find a strong statistical relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variableC)to discover whether there is a placebo
effectD)to avoid fatigue effects34) Imagine that you are a participant in an experiment on

3. the effects of morning exercise on mathematics performance. If this study uses a within-
subjects design, which of the following would you do?A)One day you take a math test after
having exercised in the morning; another day you take a math test after not having
exercised in the morning.B)Either you exercise in the morning and then take a math test or
you do not exercise in the morning and then take a math test.c. You eat a healthy breakfast
consisting ofC)You eat a healthy breakfast consisting of milk, juice, toast, and eggs.D)You
take a math test and then tell the researcher whether or not you exercised that morning.35)
Imagine an experiment with one independent variable: noise level (quiet vs. noisy). If the
researcher is using a between-subjects design and wants to have 20 participants per
condition, how many participants will he need all together?A)10B)20C)40D)40036) What is
the main advantage of conducting an experiment using a within-subjects design rather than
a between-subjects design?A)A within-subjects design eliminates the need for pilot
testing.B)A within-subjects design controls more extraneous variables.C)A within-subjects
design does not require manipulation of an independent variable.D)A within-subjects
design prevents carryover effects.37)A researcher is conducting a study in which the
dependent variable is mental concentration. If it is a within-subjects design with lots of
different conditions, then which of the following is most likely to be a problem for the
researcher?A)practice effectB)fatigue effectC)context effectD)floor effect38) Experimenters
manipulate independent variables and control extraneous variables.TrueFalse39)In a
between-subjects experiment, each participant is tested in only one condition.TrueFalse40)
In a within-subjects experiment, each participant is tested in more than one
condition.TrueFalse41)What is the defining feature of nonexperimental research?A)It is
about personality and individual differences.B)It lacks the manipulation of an independent
variable, random assignment, or both.C)It involves only one variable.D)It has high external
validity.42)Which of the following is a reason to conduct nonexperimental research?A)The
researcher is interested in thinking.B)The researcher wants to maximize the internal
validity of the study.C)The researcher wants to avoid carryover effects.D)It would be
unethical to manipulate the independent variable.43)Which of the following is a type of
nonexperimental research?A)qualitative studiesB)correlational studiesC)quasi-
experimentsD)all of the above44)Which of the following is the defining feature of
correlational research?A)An independent variable is manipulated while extraneous
variables are controlled.B)One variable is measured and described.C)Research participants
are interviewed in depth about their experiences.D)Two variables are measured and the
relationship between them is assessed.45)Coding of participant behaviors is generally an
important part of which of the following?A)archival data collectionB)sport
psychologyC)quasi-experimental researchD)naturalistic observation46)Qualitative
research is meant to do which of the following?A)generate novel research
questionsB)explore people’s “lived experience”C)address broad questionsD)all of the
above47)Which of the following is a common data collection method in qualitative
research?A)administering questionnaires with rating scale responsesB)taking multiple
physiological measuresC)using computer simulationsD)giving unstructured interviews48)
Data analysis in qualitative research is most likely to include which of the
following?A)means and standard deviationsB)inferential statisticsC)unfalsifiable

4. theoriesD)detailed examples of participant responses49)What are the two main
characteristics of survey research?A)large random samples and self-report measuresB)self-
report measures and face-to-face interviewsC)face-to-face interviews and statistical
analysisD)statistical analysis and large random samples50) “Is there anything else you
would like to tell us about?” is an example of an open-ended item.TrueFalse51) Closed-
ended items provide a set of response options for respondents to choose from.TrueFalse52)
A researcher who stands in a shopping mall and approaches anyone who looks to him like
they would complete a survey is using random sampling.TrueFalse53) Researchers are
most likely to use open-ended items under which of the following conditions?A)They have a
specific construct that they want to measure.B)They do not have preconceived ideas about
how people will respond.C)They want their data to be quick and easy to analyze.D)They are
conducting their survey over the Internet.54) Survey research tends to use which of the
following?A)nonrepresentative samplingB)convenience samplingC)nonprobability
samplingD)probability sampling55)What is the best way to address the problem of
nonresponse bias?A)ignore the nonresponders when analyzing the dataB)force everyone to
respondC)do everything possible to maximize response ratesD)write unbiased
questionnaire items56)What are the two main functions of the introduction to a survey
questionnaire?A)to encourage participation and establish informed consentB)to establish
the legitimacy of the survey and put respondents at easeC)to inform the respondents of
their rights and protect the researcher from lawsuitsD)to hide the true purpose of the
survey and to establish rapport with respondents57) High-level APA style consists of rules
about grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting.TrueFalse58)An APA-style abstract is
usually about two pages long.TrueFalse59) Which of the following presents the major
sections of an APA style empirical research report in the correct order?A)Introduction,
Method, Results, DiscussionB)Method, Results, Discussion, AbstractC)Abstract, Discussion,
Method, ResultsD)Method, Introduction, Discussion, Results60)The two broad themes of
high-level APA style writing are that it is _____ and _____.A)technical; thought
provokingB)creative; engagingC)formal; straightforwardD)interesting;
controversial61)Which of the following is an example of a low-level rule of APA
style?A)Avoid personally insulting other researchers.B)Use number words for numbers
lower than 10.C)An empirical research report should start with a title page.D)Write in a
simple and clear manner.62) The title of an APA style research report should generally be
which of the following?A)typed in all capital lettersB)cute and attention grabbingC)highly
technicalD)no more than 12 words long63) The literature review of an APA style
introduction section should do which of the following?A)cite and discuss the three most
important studies on the current topicB)provide an exhaustive list of all research conducted
on the current topicC)make an argument for why the current research question is worth
addressingD)discuss only new research that has been published in the past five years64)
Below you will find names of various research methods and examples of research
studies. Identify which method best describes each of the research study examples.A
clinical psychologist collects considerable information concerning each patient that she
sees, including information concerning their childhood (family and school experiences), job
and career, romantic relationships, and so on. Her goal is to put together a comprehensive

5. picture of each patient.A researcher is interested in whether there are sex differences in
grades in the Introduction to Psychology course. She compares the grades of the female
students to those of the male students in the course.A psychology professor wants to
determine whether showing videotapes as an adjunct to his lecture improves students’
performance. He randomly creates two groups of student: those in one group watch
videotapes that illustrate the material in the lecture, while those in the other just attend the
lectures (no tapes). He then compares their grades on the exam.Every term, the university
asks students to complete a questionnaire evaluating the course they are taking and the
professor who teaches it. The information is used to provide feedback to the department
and to the professors concerning both course content and teaching methods.The relation
between college students’ final exam grades adn the number of hours they spent studying
for the exam is examined.A team of developmental psychologists, interested in the
phenomenon of bullying, spends several weeks observing children at recess and lunch
break in their playgroup.1.Naturalistic Observation2.Survey Research3.Quasi-
Experimental4.Case Study5.Correlational Research6.Experiment65) Situation: A researcher
is interested in whether taking vitamin C has an effect on the number of colds people
get.Questions to Answer:1. If she wants to determine whether taking vitamin C actually
reduces the number of colds people get, what type of research procedure should she
use?2. What procedures would she follow in setting up the study? (hint: what are the
components of scientific research?)3. What could she select for independent and
dependent variables?4. Do you think a control group would be important? Why? What kind
of condition could she use with a control group?66) Traumatic Brain Injury Linked to
Criminal Behavior in Youth: Young offenders are more likely to have suffered a traumatic
brain injury compared with the rest of society, according to new research. A study of 197
young male offenders found about half of them reported having had a childhood
neurological injury—three times higher than in non-offenders. Multiple head injuries were
linked with carrying out more violent crimes, according to research published in the journal
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. The researchers say that while a brain injury alone is
unlikely to increase a child’s chances of engaging in crime, it appeared to play a role in
children who were already at risk of committing offenses. (Time, 11/11/10)1. Is the study
above: CORRELATIONAL or EXPERIMENTAL?2a. If the study is correlational, is the
correlation: POSITIVE or NEGATIVE?2b. If the study is experimental, the independent
variable is ___________ and the dependent variable is _________________.3. Can the authors of the
study claim that traumatic brain injuries cause people to commit violent crimes? Why or
why not?67) Meditation May Change Brain Structure: Meditation causes structural changes
in the brain associated with memory, empathy, and stress, according to new research.
Researchers, whose findings are reported in the journal Psychiatry Research:
Neuroimaging, examined MRI scans of participants over a period of 8 weeks. Daily
meditation sessions of 30 minutes produced measurable changes in subjects with no
previous meditation history. The anxiety and stress region of the brain, the amygdala,
produced less gray matter. In a non-meditating control group, these positive changes did
not take place. (The New York Times, 1/28/11)1. Is the study above: CORRELATIONAL or
EXPERIMENTAL?2a. If the study is correlational, is the correlation: POSITIVE or

6. NEGATIVE?2b. If the study is experimental, the independent dependent variable is
___________ and the dependent variable is ______________.3. Can the authors of the study claim
that meditation caused the observed change in brain structure? Why or why not? (be
specific)